الفلسفة اليونانية: هيراقليطس
philosophy|Greek|Heraclitus
Griechische Philosophie: Heraklit
Filosofia greca: Eraclito
Graikų filosofija: Herakleitas
Filozofia grecka: Heraklit
Filosofia Grega: Heráclito
Yunan Felsefesi: Herakleitos
Greek Philosophy: Heraclitus
السلام عليكم ومرحبا بكم في عالم الفلسفة
peace|be upon you||to you|in|world|philosophy
Peace be upon you and welcome to the world of philosophy
سنتعرف اليوم على الفيلسوف هيراقليطس
We will learn|today|about|philosopher|Heraclitus
Today we will learn about the philosopher Heraclitus
وهو واحد من أهم فلاسفة اليونان قبل سقراط،
and he|one|of|the most important|philosophers|Greece|before|Socrates
He is one of the most important philosophers of Greece before Socrates,
وقد عاش بين 535 و475 ق.م،
and|lived|between|and||
and he lived between 535 and 475 BC,
وقد وصل أوج ازدهاره حوالي عام 500 ق.م. وقد " كان رجلا سامي المشاعر، ... أكثرَ من أي إنسان آخر ...
and|reached|peak|prosperity|around|year||||was|a man|noble|of feelings|more|than|any|human|other
It reached its peak around 500 BC. He was "a man of profound feelings, ... more than any other human ...
وكان منذ حداثته موضوعا للدهشة " هكذا يصفه ديوجين اللايريتي.
And he was|since|his youth|a subject|of amazement|thus|he describes him|Diogenes|Laertius
Since his youth, he was a subject of amazement," thus describes him Diogenes Laertius.
والقارئ للشذارت الباقية من كتابه "في الطبيعة" سيلاحظ احتقاره للعامة،
And the reader|of the remaining fragments|remaining|from|his book|on|nature|will notice|his contempt|for the common people
The reader of the remaining fragments of his book "On Nature" will notice his contempt for the masses,
كما لم يسلم المفكرون والشعراء من ...حيث أنه هاجم
as|not|are spared|thinkers|and poets|from|where|he|attacked
and thinkers and poets were not spared ... as he attacked
هوميروس، هزيود، اكسنوفان و فيتاغورس ...
Homer|Hesiod|Xenophanes||Pythagoras
Homer, Hesiod, Xenophanes, and Pythagoras ...
كان يقول أن " كثرة الحفظ لا تعلم الحكمة "
was|saying|that|abundance|memorization|not|teaches|wisdom
He used to say that "a lot of memorization does not teach wisdom."
ويشعر أنه هو الذي يملك الحكمة الحقيقية وكأنما أوحي إليه،
and he feels|that he|he|who|possesses|wisdom|true|as if|revealed|to him
And he feels that he is the one who possesses true wisdom as if it were revealed to him.
ولما كان أغلب البشر لا يستطيعون بلوغ هذه المرتبة فإن هيراقليطس لا يكشف الحجاب عن الحقيقة
and when|was|most|humans|not|can|reaching|this|level|then|Heraclitus|not|reveals|veil|about|truth
Since most people cannot reach this level, Heraclitus does not unveil the veil of truth.
بل يلمح فقط.
but|hints|only
He only hints at it.
لهذا اعتمد أسلوبا غامضا واستخدم الجمل القصيرة،
for this|he relied|a method|ambiguous|and used|sentences|short
For this reason, he adopted an ambiguous style and used short sentences.
وهو لا يكتفي بالإشارة فقط ( مثلا: " تؤثر الحمير التبن على الذهب " ) ..
and he|not|is satisfied|with the indication|only|for example|affects|donkeys|hay|on|gold
He does not just rely on hints (for example: "donkeys affect hay on gold") ..
لكل هذا لقب بالمظلم، الغامض والحزين.
for all|this|title|of the dark|mysterious|and sad
For all this, he was given the title of dark, mysterious, and sad.
أهم ما ميز فلسفة هيراقليطس هو اعتماده على العقل،
most important|what|distinguished|philosophy|Heraclitus|he|reliance|on|reason
The most important feature of Heraclitus's philosophy is his reliance on reason,
فالعقل بالنسبة له مشترك بين كل الناس،
and the mind|for|him|shared|among|all|people
for reason, to him, is shared among all people,
حيث يرى هيراقلطيس أن الفيلسوف يجب أن يعرف الكثير من الأشياء، إلا أن الأهم هو أن يبدأ بعد ذلك بإعمال عقله في كل المعارف للوصول إلى "اللوجوس" ..
where|sees|Heraclitus|that|philosopher|should|to|knows|many|of|things|except|that||||he begins|after|that|by exercising|his mind|in|all|knowledge|to reach|to|logos
where Heraclitus believes that a philosopher should know many things, but the most important is to then start using his mind in all knowledge to reach the "logos" ..
فما هو اللوجوس ؟
so what|is|the logos
What is the logos?
يعتبر اللوغوس من أهم المفاهيم في فلسفة هيراقليطس،
is considered|logos|one of|the most important|concepts|in|philosophy|Heraclitus
The logos is considered one of the most important concepts in the philosophy of Heraclitus,
وإن كان له عدة معان سواء حاليا أو في القرن الخامس ق.م ،
and if|was|to him|several|meanings|whether|currently|or|in|century|fifth||
and it has several meanings both currently and in the fifth century BC,
فهو قد يعني المبدأ العام، القانون العام، التعريف، المقياس، الكلام المنطوق، العقل ...
it|might|mean|principle|general|law||definition|measure|speech|spoken|mind
it can mean the general principle, the general law, the definition, the measure, the spoken word, the mind ...
لكن المعنى الأساسي للوجوس عند هيراقليطس هو "القانون العام "،
but|meaning|primary|of logos|at|Heraclitus|is|law|universal
but the primary meaning of logos for Heraclitus is "the general law."
فهذا اللوجوس قانون عام يسيطر على كل شيء،
so this|logos|law|universal|governs|over|everything|thing
This logos is a general law that governs everything,
بمعنى أنه يفسر الموجودة وتخضع له في نفس الآن،
meaning|that|explains|existing|and is subject|to it|in|same|now
meaning that it explains what exists and is subjected to it at the same time,
يقول في إحدى شذراته " الذين يتكلمون بالعقل يجب أن يتمسكوا بما هو مشترك للجميع،
He says|in|one of|his aphorisms|Those who|speak|with reason|should|to||to what|is|common|for everyone
it says in one of its fragments, "Those who speak with reason must adhere to what is common to all,
كما تتمسك المدينة بالقانون، بل و أشد. لأن جمي القوانين البشرية مستمدة من قانون واحد إلهي يحكم كل شيء كما يشاء و يكفي لكل شيء
as|adheres|the city|to the law|rather|and|more strongly|because||laws|human|derived|from|law|one|divine|governs|everything|thing|as|He wills|and|suffices|for every|thing
just as the city adheres to the law, and even more so. Because all human laws are derived from one divine law that governs everything as it wishes and is sufficient for everything.
و هو مع هذا فوق كل شيء " ..
and|he|with|this|above|all|things
And it is, with this, above all things."
إذن بلوغ اللوغوس هو غاية الحكمة لكن الطريق إلى ذلك ليس هو: 1 -
then|attainment|logos|is|goal|wisdom|but|path|to|that|is not|it
Thus, reaching the logos is the goal of wisdom, but the path to that is not: 1 -
اتباع الشعراء 2-
following|poets
Following the poets 2-
ولا اتباع ...التقليدية التي توصي ب..... 3-
and not|following|traditional|that|recommends|with
Nor following ... the traditional methods that recommend ... 3-
ولا الأوريفية التي يهاجمها هيراقليطس هجوما شديدا
nor|the Orphic|that|he attacks it|Heraclitus|attack|severe
Nor the orphic teachings that Heraclitus attacks fiercely.
لأن هذه الأمور تفقد تابعها عقله، في حين أن الوصول إلى الحكمة يتطلب بقاء العقل في حالة يقظة دائمة.
because|these|matters|lose|its follower|mind|in|while|that|reaching|to|wisdom|requires|keeping|mind|in|state|alertness|permanent
Because these matters cause their follower to lose their mind, while attaining wisdom requires the mind to remain in a state of constant alertness.
ورغم تكبره إلا أنه كان يرى أن الحقيقة أهم من الأشخاص،
and despite|his arrogance|except|he|was|sees|that|truth|more important|than|people
And despite his arrogance, he believed that the truth is more important than people,
ولهذا فإنه يقول :" الحكمة تقضي ليس بأن تنصتوا إلي أنا بل إلى اللوغوس ..."
and for this|he|says|wisdom|dictates|not|that|you listen|to me||but|to|the logos
and for this reason, he says: "Wisdom dictates that you should listen not to me but to the logos..."
لهيراقليطس مذهب طبيعي على غرار الفلاسفة الطبيعيين،
Heraclitus|doctrine|natural|similar to|to|philosophers|naturalists
Heraclitus has a natural philosophy similar to that of the natural philosophers,
فإذا كان طاليس، أناكسماندرس وأناكسيمنس يقولون بأصل واحد للكون،
then|were|Thales|Anaximander|and Anaximenes|say|of a single origin|one|for the universe
so if Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes say there is one origin for the universe,
فهيراقليطس يرى أن هذا الجوهر هو النار،
Heraclitus|sees|that|this|essence|is|fire
Heraclitus believes that this essence is fire,
يقول في إحدى شذراته: " هذا العالم، وهو واحد للجميع لم يخلقه إله أو بشر
says|in|one of|his aphorisms|this|world||one|for everyone|not||God|or|human
He says in one of his aphorisms: "This world, which is one for all, was not created by a god or a human.
ولكنه كان منذ الأبد وهو كائن وسوف يوجد إلى الأزل،
but he|was|since|eternity|and he|exists|and will|exist|until|infinity
But it has existed since forever, it is being and will exist until eternity.
إنه النار، التي تشتعل بحساب [بمقياس، بنسبة] وتخبو بحساب ".
It is|fire|that|ignites|by calculation|by measure|by proportion|and dims|by calculation
It is the fire, which ignites by measure and dims by measure."
وانطلاقا من النار تظهر سائر العناصر الأخرى
and starting|from|fire|appear|all|elements|other
And from the fire, all other elements emerge.
يقول: " وهذه هي الصور التي تتحول إليها النار: أولا البحر، ثم يتحول نصف البحر أرضا ونصفه الآخر أعاصير (أو ينابيع)
says|and these|are|the images|that|turn|into|fire|first|the sea|then|turns|half|the sea|into land|and half of it|the other|hurricanes|or|springs
He says: "And these are the forms that fire transforms into: first the sea, then half of the sea turns into land and the other half into storms (or springs).
وتصبح الأرض بحرا، وذلك طبقا لنفس القانون الذي تحولت به الأرض من قبل"
and becomes|the earth|a sea|and that|according to|the same|law|which|transformed|by it|the earth|from|before
And the earth becomes a sea, according to the same law by which the earth transformed before.
ويقول في نص آخر " النار تحيا بموت الأرض والهواء يحيا بموت النار،
and he says|in|text|another|fire|lives|by the death of|earth|and air|lives|by the death of|fire
And he says in another text, "Fire lives by the death of the earth, and air lives by the death of fire,
والماء يحيا بموت الهواء والأرض تحيا بموت الماء "
and water|lives|by the death of|air|and the earth|lives|by the death of|water
and water lives by the death of air, and the earth lives by the death of water."
وظاهر من هذه النصوص أن النار عند هيراقليطس هي أصل كل الأشياء وليس فقط جوهرها،
and it appears|from|these|texts|that|fire|according to|Heraclitus|it is|origin|all|things|and not|only|its essence
It is clear from these texts that for Heraclitus, fire is the origin of all things, not just their essence,
فكل الأشياء تنبع منها وتعود إليها
and all|things|originate|from it|and return|to it
for all things spring from it and return to it.
" هناك تبادل بين النار وبين جميع الأشياء كالتبادل بين السلع والذهب، أو الذهب والسلع "
There is|exchange|between|fire|and between|all|things|like the exchange|between|goods|and gold|or|gold|and goods
" There is an exchange between fire and all things, like the exchange between goods and gold, or gold and goods "
وهو يرى أن العالم سينتهي عندما تلتهم النار كل شيء.
and he|sees|that|world|will end|when|devours|fire|everything|thing
He believes that the world will end when fire consumes everything.
وظاهر اختلاف هيراقليطس عن الفلاسفة الطبيعيين الذين لم يرتقوا مثله إلى تصور للعام للكون كله،
and the appearance of|difference|Heraclitus|from|philosophers|naturalists|who|not|rose|like him|to|conception|for the whole|of the universe|all
The apparent difference between Heraclitus and the natural philosophers is that they did not rise, like him, to a conception of the entire universe,
لكن الإختلاف الرئيسي يكمن في أن مذهب النار ليس مركز فلسفة هيراقليطس
but|difference|main|lies|in|that|doctrine|fire|is not|the center|philosophy|Heraclitus
but the main difference lies in the fact that the doctrine of fire is not the center of Heraclitus's philosophy.
بل مجموعة من الأفكار نلخصها فيما يلي :
but|a group|of|ideas|we summarize them|in what|follows
Rather, it is a collection of ideas that we summarize as follows:
أول الأفكار المهمة التي جاء بها هيراقليطس مفهوم "الصراع "،
first|ideas|important|that|brought|with|Heraclitus|concept|conflict
One of the important ideas that Heraclitus introduced is the concept of "conflict."
فالصراع عنده هو أساس الوجود، يقول في إحدى شذراته "
so the struggle|in his view|is|the foundation|existence|he says|in|one|of his aphorisms
For him, conflict is the foundation of existence; he says in one of his fragments, "
ملك كل شيء وأب كل شيء، وهي التي جعلت بعض الأشياء آلهة و بعضها الآخر بشرا
King|all|things|and Father|all|things|and She|who|made|some|things|gods||||
It is the king of all things and the father of all things, and it is what made some things gods and others humans.
وبعضها أحرارا وبعضها ...ا"
and some of them|free|and some of them|
Some are free and some are ..."
ويقول في نص آخر "
and he says|in|text|another
And he says in another text, "
يجب أن نعرف أنها عامة لكل شيء و أن التنازع عدل،
must|to|know|that it|general|for all|things|and|that|dispute|justice
We must know that it is general for everything and that conflict is justice,
و أن جميع الأشياء تكون وتفسد بالتنازع " .
and|that|all|things|exist|and perish|through conflict
and that all things come into being and perish through conflict."
ولهذا كان ينتقد هوميروس قائلا أنه أخطأ في قوله "
and for this|he was|criticizing|Homer|saying|that he|erred|in|his saying
This is why he criticized Homer, saying that he was wrong in saying "
لو أن التنازع زال من الآلهة و البشر "
if|that|conflict|were to disappear|from|gods|and|humans
If conflict were to disappear from the gods and humans,"
لأن زوال الصراع يعني زوال كل شيء ..
because|elimination|conflict|means|elimination|everything|thing
because the disappearance of conflict means the disappearance of everything..
والصراع يكون بين الأضداد، لكن هذه الأضداد بينها نوع من الوحدة
and the struggle|is|between|opposites|but|these|opposites|among them|kind|of|unity
And the conflict is between opposites, but there is a kind of unity among these opposites.
ومن هنا جاء مفهوم آخر لهيراقليطس
and|here|came|concept|another|for Heraclitus
From here came another concept of Heraclitus.
وهو " وحدة الأضداد "
and it is|unity|opposites
It is "the unity of opposites."
يقول موضحا في أحد نصوصه "
he says|clarifying|in|one of|his texts
He explains in one of his texts, "
في محيط الدائرة يلتقي البدء والنهاية "
In|circumference|circle|meet|start|and end
In the circumference of the circle, the beginning and the end meet."
و يقول " يجهل الناس كيف يكون الشيء مختلفا ومتفقا مع نفسه،
|he says|ignorant|people|how|is|thing|different|and consistent|with|itself
He says, "People are ignorant of how something can be both different and in agreement with itself,
فالوحدة تقوم على الشد والجذب بين الأضداد كالحال بين القوس والقيثارة "،
for unity|is based|on|tension|and attraction|between|opposites|as is the case|between|bow|and lyre
for unity is based on the tension and attraction between opposites, like the relationship between a bow and a lyre."
وهذا النص يتضمن نقاط مهمة نلخصها كالتالي: 1 -
and this|text|includes|points|important|we summarize it|as follows
This text includes important points that we summarize as follows: 1 -
الناس يجهلون الحقيقة الأساسية التي تقول إن الصراع هو أساس
People|are ignorant of|truth|fundamental|that|says|that|conflict|is|basis
People are unaware of the fundamental truth that states that conflict is the basis
الوجود. 2-
existence
of existence. 2-
هذا الصراع يحدث بين أضداد. 3-
this|conflict|occurs|between|opposites
This conflict occurs between opposites. 3-
رغم ذلك، ونتيجة هذا الصراع نفسه، تحصل وحدة بين هذه
despite|that|and as a result of|this|conflict|itself|there is|unity|among|these
Nevertheless, as a result of this very conflict, unity occurs among these
الأضداد !
antonyms
opposites!
4- هذا الصراع وهذه الوحدة لا يكونان فقط بين الأشياء
this|conflict|and this|unity|not|are|only|between|things
4- This conflict and this unity are not only between things
بعضها وبعض
some of them|and some
with each other.
بل أيضا في الشيء الواحد نفسه.
but|also|in|thing|one|itself
But also in the same thing itself.
الفكرة الاخيرة التي سنشير إليها، هي فكرة التغير الدائم،
idea|last|that|we will refer|to it|is|idea|change|permanent
The last idea we will refer to is the idea of constant change,
فكل شيء في تغير دائم والتغير يتم من الضد إلى الضد.
So every|thing|in|constant|permanent|and change|occurs|from|opposite|to|opposite
for everything is in constant change and change occurs from one opposite to another.
وإشهر نصوص هيراقليطس في هذا الموضوع
and the most famous|texts|Heraclitus|on|this|subject
And the most famous texts of Heraclitus on this subject
هو " إننا ننزل و لا ننزل النهر الواحد، إننا نكون ولا نكون "
He|We|descend|||descend|river|one|We|exist|nor|cease to exist
is "We both descend and do not descend the same river, we are and we are not."
(المشهور : إنك لا تنزل النهر مرتين)،
the famous saying|that you|not|enter|river|twice
(The famous saying: You cannot step into the same river twice),
وهذا النص لا يشير فقط إلى التغير الدائم بل كذلك إلى وجود حقيقة ومظهر،
and this|text|not|refers|only|to|change|permanent|but|also|to|existence|reality|appearance
This text not only refers to constant change but also to the existence of reality and appearance,
وإن المظهر هو الثبات
and indeed|appearance|is|stability
and that the appearance is stability.
أما الحقيقة فهي التغير الدائم.
as for|truth|it is|change|constant
While the reality is constant change.
نظرية المعرفة
theory|knowledge
Theory of knowledge.
رأينا أن اللوغوس
we saw|that|the logos
We saw that the logos
وهو القانون الإلهي العام للكون
and it is|law|divine|general|for the universe
is the universal divine law of the universe
مشترك بين كل شيء بما في ذلك الإنسان
common|between|all|things|including|in|that|human
shared by everything including humans.
لكن الذين يبلغون هذا القانون قليلون،
but|those who|reach|this|law|few
But those who realize this law are few,
حيث يقول هيراقليطس:
where|says|Heraclitus
as Heraclitus says:
" مع أن اللوغوس مشترك إلا أن معظم الناس يعيشون وكأن لكل واحد منهم حكمته الخاصة "
although|that|logos|is common|except|that|most|people|live|as if|for each|one|of them|his wisdom|private
"Although the logos is common, most people live as if each one of them has their own wisdom."
و" لا يفهم كثير من الناس هذه الأمور التي تقع عيونهم عليها،
|not|understands|many|of|people|these|matters|that|fall|their eyes|on them
"Many people do not understand these matters that their eyes fall upon,
وهم لا يفهمونها حتى إذا تعلموها، وإنما هم يظنون ذلك فقط"،
and they|not|understand it|even|if|they learn it|but|they|think|that|only
and they do not understand them even if they learn them; they only think so."
ومن خلال هذه النصوص نلاحظ أن هيراقليطس ينتقد المعرفة التعادية
and|through|these|texts|we notice|that|Heraclitus|criticizes|knowledge|empirical
"Through these texts, we notice that Heraclitus criticizes the superficial knowledge
التي تكتفي بالجزئيات ولا ترتقي إلى الجوهر الذي هو القانون العام،
which|is satisfied|with particulars|and does not|rise|to|essence|which|is|law|general
that is satisfied with particulars and does not rise to the essence, which is the general law."
وبالتالي يكون فهمهم للكون قاصرا رغم اعتقادهم أنهم يعرفونه معرفة حقيقية،
and thus|their understanding|their understanding|of the universe|limited|despite|their belief|that they|know it|knowledge|true
Thus, their understanding of the universe is limited despite their belief that they truly know it.
ولذلك كان نقد هيراقليطس شديدا لمن سماهم " جامعي المعارف الكثيرة "
and therefore|was|criticism|Heraclitus|severe|to those who|he called|collectors|of knowledge|many
Therefore, Heraclitus's criticism was severe towards those he called "collectors of many knowledges."
مثل كسينوفان وفيتاغورس.
like|Xenophanes|and Pythagoras
Such as Xenophanes and Pythagoras.
فكثرة المعارف ليست غاية بل هي وسيلة لبلوغ القانون العام.
And the abundance of|knowledge|is not|an end|but|it|a means|to reach|the law|general
The abundance of knowledge is not an end but a means to reach the general law.
وبلوغ القانون العام متاح للجميع،
and reaching|law|public|accessible|to everyone
And reaching the general law is accessible to everyone.
لأن اللوغوس مسترك بين كل شيء كما سبق واشرنا،
because|logos|shared|among|all|things|as|previously|we indicated
Because the logos is shared among everything as previously mentioned,
لكن المطلوب هو توخي الحذر وعدم التسرع في الحكم، وتجاوز الظاهر إلى الباطن،
but|required|is|exercising|caution||rushing|in|judgment|and going beyond|apparent|to|hidden
but what is required is to be cautious and not rush to judgment, and to go beyond the apparent to the hidden,
وبالتالي فهيراقليطس يدعو لإعمال العقل والتأمل وعدم اتباع الآخرين
and thus|Heraclitus|calls for|to the use of|reason|and contemplation|and not|following|others
therefore Heraclitus calls for the exercise of reason and contemplation and not to follow others.
لذلك يقول:" ماذا عندهم من عقل أو حكمة؟ إنهم يتبعون الشعراء ويقتدون بالجمهور ".
so|he says|what|with them|of|reason|or|wisdom|they|follow|poets|and imitate|the crowd
That is why he says: "What do they have of reason or wisdom? They follow the poets and imitate the crowd."
ولهذا يجب على الفكر أن ينمي نفسه بنفسه لذلك نجد عند هيراقليطس شذرة مهمة
and for this|must|on|thought|to|develop|itself||therefore|we find|with|Heraclitus|fragment|important
For this reason, thought must develop itself, and thus we find an important fragment from Heraclitus.
تقول " بحثت بنفسي " .
You say|I searched|
She says, "I searched for myself."
فمنهج هيراقليطس إذن منهج عقلي،
and the method|Heraclitus|then|method|rational
So, Heraclitus's method is a rational method,
لأن الظاهر ليس هو الحقيقة،
because|appearance|is not|it|reality
because the apparent is not the truth,
وكذلك لأن الحواس مضللة،
and also|because|senses|misleading
and also because the senses are misleading,
حيث أنه ... الحواس هجوما شديدا في بعض النصوص نورد
where|that|senses|attack|severe|in|some|texts|we mention
as there is a strong attack on the senses in some texts that we will mention.
منها: " العيون والآذان شهود سيئة للبشر إذا كانت نفوسهم لا ثقافة لها"،
from it|the eyes|and the ears|witnesses|bad|for humans|if|they were|their souls|not|culture|for them
Among them: "The eyes and ears are bad witnesses for humans if their souls lack culture."
ولنلاحظ أنه يضع شرطا لكون الحواس شهودا سيئة وهو كون النفوس بلا ثقافة،
and let us note|that|he puts|a condition|for being|the senses|witnesses|bad|and it is|being|the souls|without|culture
And let us note that he places a condition for the senses to be bad witnesses, which is that the souls are without culture.
فانتقاده إذن ليس للحواس في ذاتها بل لاتباعها دون أن يحلل العقل ما يتلقاه منها.
and his criticism|then|is not|for the senses|in||but|for following them|without|that||the mind|what|it receives|from them
His criticism, then, is not of the senses themselves but of following them without the mind analyzing what it receives from them.
كانت هذه بعض الأفكار حول فلسفة هيراقليطس،
were|these|some|ideas|about|philosophy|Heraclitus
These were some thoughts on the philosophy of Heraclitus,
وهي فلسفة قوية كان لها تأثير عميق في تطور الفكر الفلسفي عبر التاريخ.
and it is|philosophy|strong|had|it|influence|deep|in|development|thought|philosophical|throughout|history
which is a strong philosophy that had a profound impact on the development of philosophical thought throughout history.
SENT_CWT:AFkKFwvL=6.17 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=2.48
en:AFkKFwvL
openai.2025-01-22
ai_request(all=144 err=0.00%) translation(all=120 err=0.00%) cwt(all=1081 err=2.96%)