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Kurzgesagt (In a Nutshell), Are GMOs Good or Bad? Genetic Engineering & Our Food

Are GMOs Good or Bad? Genetic Engineering & Our Food

GMOs are one of the most controversial areas of science.

Genetic engineering is used in many fields, but even though medical applications like GM insulin are widely accepted,

The debate heats up when it comes to food and agriculture.

Why is that?

Why is the same thing treated so differently?

Let's try to get to the bottom of this and explore the facts, the fears, and the future of GMOs.

Humans have been genetically modifying plants and animals for thousands of years.

Maybe a few of your crops had very good yields.

Maybe one of your wolves was especially loyal.

So you did the smart thing, and bred the plants and animals that had traits beneficial to you.

Traits suggest an expression of genes.

So with each generation, those genes got more pronounced.

After thousands of years, almost every single plant and animal around us is vastly different from its pre-domesticated state.

If humans have been changing genes for millennia, what makes a so called "Genetically Modified Organism", or GMO, different?

Selective breeding is basically hoping for lucky hits.

Genetic engineering eliminates this factor. We can choose the traits we want.

Make fruit grow bigger,

immune to pests, and so on.

So, why are people concerned about them ?

Let's start with one of the most common objections to GMOs.

Gene flow, meaning GM crops could mix with traditional crops and introduce unwanted new characteristics into them.

There is a method that might guarantee complete prevention, but is a big anti-GMO argument by itself.

Terminator seeds.

The idea is that they could produce sterile plants, requiring farmers to buy new seeds every year.

The very concept of this, however, caused a public outcry, stopping the technology being put to use.

This brings us back to the unintentional spreading of engineered DNA.

There have been cases of GMOs growing where they weren't planted, and traces of modified genes found in foreign crops.

But GM plants can't run wild entirely.

Many crops pollinate themselves, and all crops have to be related to mingle.

There are also cultural methods like buffer zones, to keep unintentional crossing at a minimum.

But if it's possible in principle that a GMO could unintentionally cross with a non-GMO,

there's actually a more important question.

Is food that comes from GM crops different to food from non-GM crops?

This question has been a major concern from the very beginning.

GM plants that are destined to be eaten are checked for possible dangers, and the results are evaluated by multiple agencies.

After more than 30 years and thousands of studies, the science is in.

Eating GMO plants is no more risky than their non-GMO equivalent.

But don't just take it our word for it, the sources for this and other claims are in the video description.

But what about plants that have been engineered to be toxic?

For example, BT crops.

A gene borrowed from the bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis, lets engineered plants produce a protein that destroys the digestive system of specific insect pests.

The plant makes its own pesticide.

Insects that eat it die.

That sounds alarming!

Pesticide sprays could be washed off.

While the poison in BT crops is inside the plant.

But actually, it's not a big deal.

Poison is really just a question of different perspectives.

What's harmless to one species, might kill another.

Coffee, for example, is a poison that kills insects but is harmless to us.

Or take chocolate, it's dangerous for dogs but a pleasure for humans.

BT crops produce a protein that is tailored to the specific design of the digestive tract of certain insects; it's completely harmless for us.

There's also the opposite approach.

Plants that are engineered to be resistant to certain weed killers.

This way, farmers can use them widely, killing the other plants competing for resources without harming the crop.

Here, we get to the dark underbelly of GMOs.

For the pesticide industry, they are big business.

Over 90% of all cash crops in the US are herbicide resistant, mostly to glyphosate.

As a result, the use of glyphosate has increased greatly.

That isn't only bad, glyphosate is much less harmful to humans than many other herbicides.

Still, this means farmers have a strong incentive to rely on this one method only, casting more balanced ways of managing weeds aside.

That's one of the most fundamental problems with the GMO debate.

Much of the criticism of this technology is actually criticism of modern agriculture and a business practice of the huge corporations that control our food supply.

This criticism is not only valid, it's also important.

We need to change agriculture to a more sustainable model.

GMOs as a technology are actually an ally and not a enemy in that fight, helping to save and protect nature and minimize our impact on the environment.

Let's look at some positive examples.

Eggplant is an important crop in Bangladesh but often, whole harvests are destroyed by pests.

Farmers had to rely heavily on pesticides.

Not only was this very expensive,

Farmers also frequently got sick.

The introduction of a new GM eggplant in 2013 stopped this.

The same BT protein we talked about before, an effective killer of insects but harmless to humans, was engineered into them.

This reduced insecticide use on eggplants by more than 80%. The health of farmers improved, and their income rose dramatically.

And sometimes, the GM approach is the only option.

In the 1990s, the papaya industry in Hawaii was under attack from the ringspot virus which threatened to wipe out Hawaiian papaya.

The solution was a papaya genetically modified to be vaccinated against the virus. Without it, the state's papaya industry would have collapsed.

All these stories show a very narrow application. 99% of all GMOs we use right now produce pesticides, or are resistant against them.

There is so much more we could do. The scientists are working on GMOs that could improve our diet.

Plants that produce more or different nutrients, like fruit with higher antioxidant levels that help to fight diseases

or rice with additional vitamins.

On a larger scale, we're trying to engineer plants more resilient to climate change,

plants that can better adapt to erratic weather and adverse soil conditions,

making them resistant to droughts or floods.

GMOs could also not only reduce agriculture's impact on the environment, but actively help to protect it.

Scientists are working on crops that can draw nitrogen from the air, like microbes.

Nitrogen is a common fertilizer, but its build-up pollutes the ground water and speeds up climate change.

Plants that collect their own nitrogen could fix two problems at once.

The over use of fertilizers in the developed world, as well as the shortage of it in developing countries.

We could even modify plants to become super-effective carbon collectors, like the American chestnut tree, to mitigate and actually reverse climate change. With the tools we have today, our imagination is the limit.

The world eats 11 million pounds of food every day.

A UN estimate suggests we'll need 70% more by 2050.

We could grow that food by clearing more and more forests to create fields and pastures and by using more pesticides.

Or we find a way to do it on the land we've got right now, with more effective methods like GM crops.

Intensifying farming instead of expanding it means GMOs could become the new organic.

In a nutshell, GMOs have the potential to not only drastically change agriculture but to also dampen the effects of our own irresponsible behavior.

GMOs could be our most powerful weapon to save our biosphere.

This video took more than 600 hours to make, which would be impossible without viewer support on Patreon.com.

If you'd like to support carefully researched content made with love, it's really very helpful!

And you can get your own bird as a reward.

If you want to learn more about genetic modification, we have more videos explaining the opportunities and risks of the technology and how it could impact our future.

Caption credits are in the description.

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Are GMOs Good or Bad? Genetic Engineering & Our Food |遺伝子組み換え作物||||||| ||||||||żywność modyfikowana genetycznie Sind GVOs gut oder schlecht? Gentechnologie und unsere Lebensmittel ¿Son buenos o malos los OMG? La ingeniería genética y nuestra alimentación آیا GMO ها خوب هستند یا بد؟ مهندسی ژنتیک و غذای ما Les OGM sont-ils bons ou mauvais ? Le génie génétique et notre alimentation 遺伝子組み換え作物は善か悪か?遺伝子組み換えと私たちの食 GMO는 좋은가요 나쁜가요? 유전공학과 우리 먹거리 Czy GMO są dobre czy złe? Inżynieria genetyczna i nasza żywność Os OGM são bons ou maus? Engenharia genética e a nossa alimentação ГМО - это хорошо или плохо? Генная инженерия и наша пища GDO'lar İyi mi Kötü mü? Genetik Mühendisliği ve Gıdalarımız ГМО - це добре чи погано? Генна інженерія та наші продукти харчування 转基因生物是好是坏?基因工程与我们的食物 基因改造生物是好是壞?基因工程與我們的食物

GMOs are one of the most controversial areas of science. GVO||||||umstritten|||

Genetic engineering is used in many fields, but even though medical applications like GM insulin are widely accepted, A engenharia genética é usada em muitos campos, mas mesmo que aplicações médicas como a insulina GM sejam amplamente aceitas,

The debate heats up when it comes to food and agriculture. Debata na temat żywności i rolnictwa rozgrzewa się do czerwoności. O debate esquenta quando se trata de alimentos e agricultura.

Why is that?

Why is the same thing treated so differently? |||||behandelt||anders Dlaczego ta sama rzecz jest traktowana w tak różny sposób?

Let's try to get to the bottom of this and explore the facts, the fears, and the future of GMOs. Let us||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||恐れ|||||遺伝子組み換え作物 Vamos tentar chegar ao fundo disso e explorar os fatos, os medos e o futuro dos OGMs.

Humans have been genetically modifying plants and animals for thousands of years. |||genetisch|||||||| 数千年来,人类一直在对植物和动物进行基因改造。

Maybe a few of your crops had very good yields. |||||||||yields Talvez algumas de suas colheitas tenham tido rendimentos muito bons.

Maybe one of your wolves was especially loyal. ||||||特に| Może jeden z twoich wilków był szczególnie lojalny. Talvez um de seus lobos fosse especialmente leal.

So you did the smart thing, and bred the plants and animals that had traits beneficial to you. |||||||||||||||nützlich|| |||||||繁殖した|||||||特性||| Así que hiciste lo más inteligente, y criaste las plantas y animales que tenían rasgos beneficiosos para ti. Zrobiłeś więc mądrą rzecz i wyhodowałeś rośliny i zwierzęta, które miały korzystne dla ciebie cechy. Então você fez a coisa inteligente e criou as plantas e animais que tinham características benéficas para você.

Traits suggest an expression of genes. Los rasgos sugieren una expresión de genes. Os traços sugerem uma expressão de genes.

So with each generation, those genes got more pronounced. ||||||||ausgeprägt |||||||より顕著に|顕著になった だから、各世代ごとに、それらの遺伝子はより顕著になっていった。 Tak więc z każdym pokoleniem geny te stawały się coraz bardziej wyraźne. Assim, a cada geração, esses genes ficaram mais pronunciados.

After thousands of years, almost every single plant and animal around us is vastly different from its pre-domesticated state. |||||||||||||völlig|||||domestizierten| 何千年も経った後、私たちの周りのほとんどすべての植物や動物は、家畜化される前の状態とは大きく異なっている。 Po tysiącach lat prawie każda roślina i zwierzę wokół nas znacznie różni się od stanu sprzed udomowienia. Depois de milhares de anos, quase todas as plantas e animais ao nosso redor são muito diferentes de seu estado pré-domesticado.

If humans have been changing genes for millennia, what makes a so called "Genetically Modified Organism", or GMO, different? |||||||千年以上||||||||||| Si el ser humano lleva milenios modificando genes, ¿qué diferencia a los llamados "organismos modificados genéticamente" (OMG)? もし人類が何千年も遺伝子を変えてきたのなら、いわゆる「遺伝子組み換え生物」、またはGMOは何が違うのか? Se os humanos vêm mudando os genes há milênios, o que torna o chamado "Organismo Geneticamente Modificado", ou OGM, diferente?

Selective breeding is basically hoping for lucky hits. |Zucht|||||| 選択的||||||| La cría selectiva es básicamente esperar tener suerte. A criação seletiva basicamente espera por acertos de sorte.

Genetic engineering eliminates this factor. We can choose the traits we want. |||||||||Eigenschaften|| La ingeniería genética elimina este factor. Podemos elegir los rasgos que queremos.

Make fruit grow bigger,

immune to pests, and so on. ||害虫|||

So, why are people concerned about them ? ||||besorgt|| Entonces, ¿por qué la gente se preocupa por ellos? Então, por que as pessoas estão preocupadas com eles?

Let's start with one of the most common objections to GMOs.

Gene flow, meaning GM crops could mix with traditional crops and introduce unwanted new characteristics into them. |||||||||||einführen||||| 遺伝子|||||||||||導入する||||| Flujo de genes, lo que significa que los cultivos modificados genéticamente podrían mezclarse con los cultivos tradicionales e introducir en ellos nuevas características no deseadas. 遺伝子フロー、つまりGM作物が伝統的な作物と混ざり、望ましくない新しい特性をそれらに導入する可能性があること。 Przepływ genów, co oznacza, że uprawy zmodyfikowane genetycznie mogą mieszać się z tradycyjnymi uprawami i wprowadzać do nich niepożądane nowe cechy. O fluxo gênico, o que significa que as culturas GM podem se misturar com as culturas tradicionais e introduzir novas características indesejadas nelas.

There is a method that might guarantee complete prevention, but is a big anti-GMO argument by itself. ||||||garantieren||||||||||| 完全な防止を保証するかもしれない方法があるが、それ自体が大きな反GMOの主張である。 有一种方法可以保证完全预防,但它本身就是一个反转基因的重大论据。

Terminator seeds. Terminator|Saat ターミネーター| ターミネーターシード。 Sementes de exterminador. 终结者种子。

The idea is that they could produce sterile plants, requiring farmers to buy new seeds every year. |||||||無菌||||||||| A ideia é que pudessem produzir plantas estéreis, obrigando os agricultores a comprar novas sementes todos os anos.

The very concept of this, however, caused a public outcry, stopping the technology being put to use. |||||||||抗議||||||| Sin embargo, el mero concepto de esta tecnología provocó una protesta pública que impidió su aplicación. O próprio conceito disso, no entanto, causou um clamor público, impedindo que a tecnologia fosse colocada em uso.

This brings us back to the unintentional spreading of engineered DNA. ||||||意図しない|||| Esto nos lleva de nuevo a la propagación involuntaria del ADN manipulado. To prowadzi nas z powrotem do niezamierzonego rozprzestrzeniania się zmodyfikowanego DNA. Isso nos traz de volta à disseminação não intencional de DNA manipulado. 这又让我们重新回到工程 DNA 无意传播的问题上。

There have been cases of GMOs growing where they weren't planted, and traces of modified genes found in foreign crops. Ha habido casos de OMG que han crecido donde no estaban plantados, y rastros de genes modificados encontrados en cultivos foráneos. Houve casos de OGMs crescendo onde não foram plantados e traços de genes modificados encontrados em culturas estrangeiras.

But GM plants can't run wild entirely. ||||||vollständig Mas as plantas GM não podem correr soltas inteiramente.

Many crops pollinate themselves, and all crops have to be related to mingle. ||||||||||||sich vermischen ||自家受粉する||||||||||交じり合う Muchos cultivos se polinizan solos, y todos tienen que estar relacionados para mezclarse. 多くの作物は自己受粉を行い、すべての作物は交配するために関連している必要があります。 Wiele roślin zapyla się samoczynnie, a wszystkie rośliny muszą być ze sobą spokrewnione. Muitas culturas se autopolinizam, e todas as culturas devem estar relacionadas à mistura.

There are also cultural methods like buffer zones, to keep unintentional crossing at a minimum. ||||||緩衝材|||||||| También existen métodos culturales, como las zonas tampón, para reducir al mínimo los cruces involuntarios. 意図しない交配を最小限に抑えるためのバッファゾーンのような文化的手法もあります。 Istnieją również metody kulturowe, takie jak strefy buforowe, aby ograniczyć niezamierzone przekraczanie granic do minimum. Existem também métodos culturais, como zonas de amortecimento, para reduzir ao mínimo as travessias não intencionais.

But if it's possible in principle that a GMO could unintentionally cross with a non-GMO, ||||||||||unbeabsichtigt||||| ||||||||||意図せず||||| しかし、原則的にGMOが非GMOと意図せず交雑する可能性がある場合、

there's actually a more important question. há realmente uma pergunta mais importante.

Is food that comes from GM crops different to food from non-GM crops?

This question has been a major concern from the very beginning. Esta questão tem sido uma grande preocupação desde o início.

GM plants that are destined to be eaten are checked for possible dangers, and the results are evaluated by multiple agencies. ||||bestimmt||||||||||||||||Behörden |||||||||||||||||評価された||| As plantas GM destinadas ao consumo são verificadas quanto a possíveis perigos, e os resultados são avaliados por várias agências.

After more than 30 years and thousands of studies, the science is in.

Eating GMO plants is no more risky than their non-GMO equivalent. |||||||||||Äquivalent Comer plantas OGM não é mais arriscado do que o seu equivalente não OGM.

But don't just take it our word for it, the sources for this and other claims are in the video description. Pero no te fíes sólo de nuestra palabra, las fuentes de esta y otras afirmaciones están en la descripción del vídeo. Mas não acredite apenas em nossa palavra, as fontes para esta e outras reivindicações estão na descrição do vídeo.

But what about plants that have been engineered to be toxic? しかし、毒性を持つように遺伝子操作された植物はどうでしょうか? Mas e as plantas que foram projetadas para serem tóxicas?

For example, BT crops. ||BT(1)|Pflanzen ||遺伝子組み換え| 例えば、BT作物です。 Por exemplo, culturas BT. 例如BT作物。

A gene borrowed from the bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis, lets engineered plants produce a protein that destroys the digestive system of specific insect pests. |||||細菌|バチルス|チューリンゲンシス||||||||||||||| バチルス・チューリンゲンシスという細菌から借りた遺伝子は、遺伝子操作された植物が特定の昆虫害虫の消化器系を破壊するタンパク質を生成することを可能にします。 Een gen dat is geleend van de bacterie Bacillus Thuringiensis, laat gemanipuleerde planten een eiwit produceren dat het spijsverteringsstelsel van specifieke insectenplagen vernietigt. Gen zapożyczony od bakterii Bacillus Thuringiensis pozwala zmodyfikowanym roślinom wytwarzać białko, które niszczy układ trawienny określonych szkodników owadzich. Um gene emprestado da bactéria Bacillus Thuringiensis permite que plantas modificadas produzam uma proteína que destrói o sistema digestivo de pragas específicas de insetos. 从苏云金芽孢杆菌中借用的一种基因,可以让工程植物产生一种可以破坏特定害虫消化系统的蛋白质。

The plant makes its own pesticide. Roślina wytwarza własny pestycyd. A planta produz seu próprio pesticida.

Insects that eat it die.

That sounds alarming! ||驚くべき Isso soa alarmante!

Pesticide sprays could be washed off. Sprays de pesticidas podem ser lavados.

While the poison in BT crops is inside the plant. Enquanto o veneno nas culturas BT está dentro da planta.

But actually, it's not a big deal. ||||||Sache Mas, na verdade, não é grande coisa.

Poison is really just a question of different perspectives.

What's harmless to one species, might kill another. ある種にとって無害なものは、別の種には致命的かもしれません。 To, co jest nieszkodliwe dla jednego gatunku, może zabić inny. O que é inofensivo para uma espécie pode matar outra.

Coffee, for example, is a poison that kills insects but is harmless to us. ||||||||Insekten||||| 例えば、コーヒーは昆虫を殺す毒ですが、私たちには無害です。

Or take chocolate, it's dangerous for dogs but a pleasure for humans. |||||||||Vergnügen|| あるいはチョコレートも、犬には危険ですが人間には喜びです。

BT crops produce a protein that is tailored to the specific design of the digestive tract of certain insects; it's completely harmless for us. ||||||||||||||Verdauungssystem||||||||| |||||||特化した||||||||消化管|||||完全に||| BT作物は、特定の昆虫の消化管の設計に合わせたタンパク質を生成します。それは私たちにとって完全に無害です。 Uprawy BT wytwarzają białko, które jest dostosowane do specyficznej budowy przewodu pokarmowego niektórych owadów; jest ono całkowicie nieszkodliwe dla nas.

There's also the opposite approach. ||||Ansatz 逆のアプローチもあります。 Há também a abordagem oposta.

Plants that are engineered to be resistant to certain weed killers. 特定の除草剤に耐性を持つように設計された植物。 Rośliny, które zostały zaprojektowane tak, aby były odporne na niektóre środki chwastobójcze. Plantas que são projetadas para serem resistentes a certos herbicidas.

This way, farmers can use them widely, killing the other plants competing for resources without harming the crop. Dessa forma, os agricultores podem usá-los amplamente, matando as outras plantas que competem por recursos sem prejudicar a lavoura.

Here, we get to the dark underbelly of GMOs. ||||||Unterseite|| ||||||暗い側面|| Tutaj dochodzimy do mrocznego podbrzusza GMO. Aqui, chegamos ao ponto fraco dos OGMs.

For the pesticide industry, they are big business.

Over 90% of all cash crops in the US are herbicide resistant, mostly to glyphosate. |||||||||||||Glyphosat |||||||||除草剤||||グリホサート Meer dan 90% van alle marktgewassen in de VS is resistent tegen herbiciden, meestal tegen glyfosaat. Ponad 90% wszystkich upraw w USA jest odpornych na herbicydy, głównie na glifosat. Mais de 90% de todas as culturas comerciais nos EUA são resistentes a herbicidas, principalmente ao glifosato. 美国 90% 以上的经济作物都具有抗性,其中大部分是草甘膦。

As a result, the use of glyphosate has increased greatly. als||||||||| ||||||グリホサート||| Como resultado, o uso de glifosato aumentou muito.

That isn't only bad, glyphosate is much less harmful to humans than many other herbicides. ||||||||schädlich|||||| ||||||||||||||除草剤

Still, this means farmers have a strong incentive to rely on this one method only, casting more balanced ways of managing weeds aside. |||||||||||||||選択する||||||雑草| Sin embargo, esto significa que los agricultores tienen un fuerte incentivo para confiar en este único método, dejando de lado formas más equilibradas de gestionar las malas hierbas. それでも、これは農家がこの一つの方法に依存する強いインセンティブを持つことを意味し、雑草管理のよりバランスの取れた方法が脇に置かれています。 Oznacza to jednak, że rolnicy mają silną motywację do polegania tylko na tej jednej metodzie, odrzucając na bok bardziej zrównoważone sposoby radzenia sobie z chwastami. Ainda assim, isso significa que os agricultores têm um forte incentivo para confiar apenas nesse método, deixando de lado formas mais equilibradas de manejo de ervas daninhas. 尽管如此,这意味着农民有强烈的动机只依赖这一种方法,而抛弃更平衡的杂草管理方法。

That's one of the most fundamental problems with the GMO debate. これはGMO論争における最も根本的な問題の一つです。

Much of the criticism of this technology is actually criticism of modern agriculture and a business practice of the huge corporations that control our food supply. ||||||||||||Landwirtschaft||||||||||||| この技術に対する批判の多くは、実際には現代農業に対する批判と、私たちの食料供給を管理する巨大企業のビジネス慣行への批判です。 Muitas das críticas a essa tecnologia são, na verdade, críticas à agricultura moderna e uma prática comercial das grandes corporações que controlam nosso suprimento de alimentos.

This criticism is not only valid, it's also important. この批判は有効であるだけでなく、重要でもあります。 Essa crítica não é apenas válida, é também importante.

We need to change agriculture to a more sustainable model. 私たちは農業をより持続可能なモデルに変える必要があります。 Musimy zmienić rolnictwo na bardziej zrównoważony model.

GMOs as a technology are actually an ally and not a enemy in that fight, helping to save and protect nature and minimize our impact on the environment. |||||||味方|||||||||||||||||||| 技術としてのGMOは、実際には敵ではなくその戦いにおける味方であり、自然を守り、環境への影響を最小限に抑える手助けをしています。 GMO jako technologia jest w rzeczywistości sprzymierzeńcem, a nie wrogiem w tej walce, pomagając ratować i chronić przyrodę oraz minimalizować nasz wpływ na środowisko.

Let's look at some positive examples. Vejamos alguns exemplos positivos.

Eggplant is an important crop in Bangladesh but often, whole harvests are destroyed by pests. Aubergine|||wichtiges|||||||Ernten|||| ナス||||||||||収穫|||| Bakłażan jest ważną rośliną uprawną w Bangladeszu, ale często całe zbiory są niszczone przez szkodniki. A berinjela é uma cultura importante em Bangladesh, mas muitas vezes colheitas inteiras são destruídas por pragas. 茄子是孟加拉国的重要作物,但经常会有整批收成被害虫毁坏的情况。

Farmers had to rely heavily on pesticides. Os agricultores tiveram que depender fortemente de pesticidas.

Not only was this very expensive, Não só era muito caro,

Farmers also frequently got sick. Os agricultores também adoeciam com frequência.

The introduction of a new GM eggplant in 2013 stopped this.

The same BT protein we talked about before, an effective killer of insects but harmless to humans, was engineered into them.

This reduced insecticide use on eggplants by more than 80%. The health of farmers improved, and their income rose dramatically. ||殺虫剤|||||||||||||||| Zmniejszyło to zużycie insektycydów na bakłażany o ponad 80%. Zdrowie rolników poprawiło się, a ich dochody dramatycznie wzrosły. Isso reduziu o uso de inseticidas em berinjelas em mais de 80%. A saúde dos agricultores melhorou e sua renda aumentou dramaticamente. 茄子杀虫剂使用量减少了80%以上,农民的健康状况得到改善,收入也大幅增加。

And sometimes, the GM approach is the only option.

In the 1990s, the papaya industry in Hawaii was under attack from the ringspot virus which threatened to wipe out Hawaiian papaya. |||||||||||||リングスポットウイルス|||||||ハワイの| In de jaren negentig werd de papaja-industrie op Hawaï aangevallen door het ringspotvirus dat de Hawaïaanse papaja dreigde uit te roeien. Na década de 1990, a indústria do mamão no Havaí estava sob ataque do vírus da mancha anelar que ameaçava acabar com o mamão havaiano.

The solution was a papaya genetically modified to be vaccinated against the virus. Without it, the state's papaya industry would have collapsed. ||||パパイヤ|||||||||||||||||

All these stories show a very narrow application. 99% of all GMOs we use right now produce pesticides, or are resistant against them. Todas essas histórias mostram uma aplicação muito restrita. 99% de todos os OGMs que usamos atualmente produzem pesticidas ou são resistentes a eles.

There is so much more we could do. The scientists are working on GMOs that could improve our diet. Há muito mais que poderíamos fazer. Os cientistas estão trabalhando em OGMs que podem melhorar nossa dieta.

Plants that produce more or different nutrients, like fruit with higher antioxidant levels that help to fight diseases |||||||||||||||||Krankheiten |||||||||||抗酸化物質|||||| Plantas que produzem mais ou diferentes nutrientes, como frutas com níveis mais altos de antioxidantes que ajudam a combater doenças

or rice with additional vitamins. ou arroz com vitaminas adicionais.

On a larger scale, we're trying to engineer plants more resilient to climate change, Na większą skalę staramy się projektować rośliny bardziej odporne na zmiany klimatu, Em uma escala maior, estamos tentando projetar plantas mais resistentes às mudanças climáticas,

plants that can better adapt to erratic weather and adverse soil conditions, ||||||unbeständig|||ungünstig|| ||||||不規則な||||| rośliny, które mogą lepiej przystosować się do zmiennej pogody i niekorzystnych warunków glebowych, plantas que podem se adaptar melhor ao clima errático e condições adversas do solo,

making them resistant to droughts or floods. ||||干ばつ|| dzięki czemu są odporne na susze i powodzie.

GMOs could also not only reduce agriculture's impact on the environment, but actively help to protect it. ||||||der Landwirtschaft|||||||||| ||||||農業の||||||||||

Scientists are working on crops that can draw nitrogen from the air, like microbes. Wissenschaftler||||||||Stickstoff||||| Os cientistas estão trabalhando em culturas que podem extrair nitrogênio do ar, como micróbios.

Nitrogen is a common fertilizer, but its build-up pollutes the ground water and speeds up climate change. ||||||||増加||||||||| El nitrógeno es un fertilizante habitual, pero su acumulación contamina las aguas subterráneas y acelera el cambio climático. Azot jest powszechnie stosowanym nawozem, ale jego nagromadzenie zanieczyszcza wody gruntowe i przyspiesza zmiany klimatyczne. O nitrogênio é um fertilizante comum, mas seu acúmulo polui as águas subterrâneas e acelera as mudanças climáticas.

Plants that collect their own nitrogen could fix two problems at once. 自分自身で窒素を収集する植物は、一度に二つの問題を解決できるかもしれない。 Plantas que coletam seu próprio nitrogênio podem resolver dois problemas ao mesmo tempo.

The over use of fertilizers in the developed world, as well as the shortage of it in developing countries. ||||Dünger|||||||||||||| 先進国における肥料の過剰使用と、発展途上国における肥料の不足。 Nadmierne stosowanie nawozów w krajach rozwiniętych, a także ich niedobór w krajach rozwijających się. O uso excessivo de fertilizantes no mundo desenvolvido, bem como a escassez dele nos países em desenvolvimento.

We could even modify plants to become super-effective carbon collectors, like the American chestnut tree, to mitigate and actually reverse climate change. ||||||||||||||Eiche|||||||| ||||||||||||||アメリカのクリ|||緩和する||||| 私たちは、アメリカンチェスナットのような超効果的な炭素収集植物に改良することさえできるかもしれない。それにより、気候変動を軽減し、実際に逆転させることができる。 Moglibyśmy nawet zmodyfikować rośliny, aby stały się super-skutecznymi kolektorami dwutlenku węgla, takimi jak kasztanowiec amerykański, w celu złagodzenia i odwrócenia zmian klimatycznych. Poderíamos até modificar as plantas para se tornarem coletoras de carbono supereficazes, como a castanheira americana, para mitigar e realmente reverter as mudanças climáticas. With the tools we have today, our imagination is the limit.

The world eats 11 million pounds of food every day. O mundo come 11 milhões de quilos de comida todos os dias.

A UN estimate suggests we'll need 70% more by 2050. Una estimación de la ONU sugiere que necesitaremos un 70% más en 2050.

We could grow that food by clearing more and more forests to create fields and pastures and by using more pesticides. |||||||||||||||牧草地||||| Poderíamos cultivar esse alimento desmatando cada vez mais florestas para criar campos e pastagens e usando mais pesticidas.

Or we find a way to do it on the land we've got right now, with more effective methods like GM crops. それとも、現在持っている土地で、GM作物のようなより効果的な方法を使って、実現する方法を見つけます。 Ou encontramos uma maneira de fazer isso na terra que temos agora, com métodos mais eficazes, como cultivos GM.

Intensifying farming instead of expanding it means GMOs could become the new organic. 集約化|||||||||||| 農業を拡大するのではなく、強化することは、GMOが新しいオーガニックになる可能性があることを意味します。 Intensificar a agricultura em vez de expandi-la significa que os OGMs podem se tornar o novo orgânico.

In a nutshell, GMOs have the potential to not only drastically change agriculture but to also dampen the effects of our own irresponsible behavior. ||||||||||||||||||||||unverantwortliches Verhalten| ||||||||||||||||和らげる||||||無責任な| 要するに、GMOは農業を根本的に変えるだけでなく、私たち自身の無責任な行動の影響を和らげる可能性を秘めています。 Krótko mówiąc, GMO mogą nie tylko drastycznie zmienić rolnictwo, ale także złagodzić skutki naszego nieodpowiedzialnego zachowania.

GMOs could be our most powerful weapon to save our biosphere. ||||||||||生物圏

This video took more than 600 hours to make, which would be impossible without viewer support on Patreon.com.

If you'd like to support carefully researched content made with love, it's really very helpful! ||||||慎重に調査された|||||||| Se você gostaria de apoiar conteúdo cuidadosamente pesquisado feito com amor, é realmente muito útil!

And you can get your own bird as a reward. W nagrodę możesz otrzymać własnego ptaka. E você pode obter seu próprio pássaro como recompensa.

If you want to learn more about genetic modification, we have more videos explaining the opportunities and risks of the technology and how it could impact our future.

Caption credits are in the description. キャプション||||| Os créditos das legendas estão na descrição. 字幕来源在描述中。