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Oxford Online English, How to Use Must in English - English Modal Verbs

How to Use Must in English - English Modal Verbs

Hi, I'm Oli.

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

In this lesson, you can learn about the verb 'must'.

'Must' can have many different meanings in English.

In this video, you can learn about the different meanings of 'must', and how to use 'must'

in English.

Part one, using 'must' to talk about obligations.

First, you can use must to talk about obligations and rules.

For example:

"I must remember to call her—it's her birthday."

This is an obligation.

It's very important to me.

"All passengers must hold a valid ticket."

This is a rule.

You can't choose to travel without a ticket.

These are things that it is necessary or important to do.

If you must do something, you have no choice.

When you use must for obligations, it can mean that the obligation is important to you

personally.

It's not just a rule that someone else made; using 'must' means that something matters

to you.

For example:

"You must be here on time, otherwise we'll miss the start."

Using 'must' shows that you care about whatever you're going to see.

Maybe you're going to see a concert that you've been looking forward to for ages,

and you'll be really unhappy if you miss even a minute of it.

"I must finish this work today."

Again, this means that I feel strongly about this.

Maybe I promised someone that I would finish it by today, and it's important to me that

I keep my promise.

When talking about rules, we mostly use 'must' in formal or written English.

For example:

"All candidates must show valid ID."

This is a rule probably in an examination hall, which of course is a formal setting.

"Employees must wash their hands before working with food."

This could be from a sign in a restaurant or café.

Again, this is more likely to be written than spoken.

In informal English, we mostly use the verb 'have to' to talk about rules and obligations.

To review, you can use 'must' to express an obligation if the obligation is important

to you personally, or if you want to sound more formal.

Part two, using 'must' to talk about prohibition.

You can use 'mustn't' to say that something is not allowed or forbidden.

This is the opposite of using must to talk about obligations or rules, and is similar

in meaning.

Look at some examples:

"You mustn't smoke here."

That means smoking is forbidden; it's against the rules to smoke here.

"Mobile phones must not be used while the plane is flying."

Again, this means that it's forbidden to use phones.

'Must' expresses the idea that you don't have a choice.

If you mustn't smoke here, then it's not OK to smoke, and you don't have a choice.

'Mustn't' with this meaning is similar to 'can't'.

With obligations and rules, we mostly use 'must' in formal or written English, and 'have

to' in informal English, as we said before.

However, you can use 'mustn't' in both formal and informal English.

Part three: using 'must' to give strong advice.

'Must' can be used to give someone advice or a recommendation.

For example:

"You must read this book—it's amazing!"

"If you go to Paris, you must take a walk by the river at night."

"We must hire some new staff as soon as possible."

In these examples, ''must' has a strong meaning.

If I say:

"You must read this book—it's amazing!"

I don't mean that you have an obligation to read it.

I mean that I really, really recommend this book.

In the same way, if I say:

"If you go to Paris, you must take a walk by the river at night."

This is advice or a recommendation.

It doesn't mean that it's a rule or an obligation.

Sometimes, the meaning of 'must' depends on the context.

For example:

"We must hire some new staff as soon as possible."

'Must' here could mean that hiring new staff is necessary, and it's an obligation, or

it could be a strong recommendation.

How do you know what 'must' means in a sentence like this?

In a sentence like this, in a lesson, where there's no context, you can't say exactly

what 'must' means.

In real life, the meaning would depend on the context: who's speaking, what the situation

is, and so on.

When you use 'must' in this way, you can't use the negative.

There's no way to use 'mustn't' to give advice or make recommendations.

Only the positive form—'must'—can have this meaning.

Part four: using 'must' to talk about logical necessity.

Finally, 'must' can be used to make deductions.

What are deductions?

Well, look at some examples, and then I'll explain what this means:

"They must be rich.

Their house is huge!"

"It must be a difficult exam—only 10% of candidates pass."

"It must have rained last night."

Take the first sentence:

"They must be rich.

Their house is huge!"

Do we know they're rich?

No, we don't know for a fact.

But, we do know that they have a huge house.

Huge houses cost a lot of money.

Therefore, they must be rich.

We're sure that they're rich, because otherwise they couldn't afford such a big

house.

Compare:

"They must be rich."

"They're rich."

What's the difference?

"They're rich" is a fact.

We know they're rich.

Maybe you're their accountant, and you know all about their financial situation.

Maybe they told you how much money they have directly.

Anyway, however you know, you know they're rich.

"They must be rich" is a deduction.

You don't actually know they're rich.

You know something else; you know that they have a huge house and this makes you sure

that they're rich.

Okay, let's look at another example:

"It must be a difficult exam—only 10% of candidates pass."

Again, using 'must' expresses a deduction.

If you say this, you haven't actually taken the exam.

You don't know for yourself that it's difficult.

However, you do know something else: you know that only 10% of candidates pass, and this

makes you sure that it's a difficult exam.

In our last example:

"It must have rained last night."

Did you see it rain?

No, you didn't.

But, you're sure it rained.

How?

Probably, you can see that the ground is wet.

You didn't see or hear the rain, but you can make a deduction from what you see.

What you see makes you sure that it rained last night.

You can also use 'must not' with this meaning, but you can't use the short form 'mustn't'

in standard English to express the idea of deduction.

'Mustn't' is only used to say that something is forbidden.

Okay, that's a strange point, so let's look at our next topic, which is negatives--part

five.

It's important to remember that when you use 'must' with different meanings, the negative

(or opposite) word is also different.

Okay, let's look at this.

So, if 'must' is used for obligation, the opposite would be 'mustn't', or maybe 'can't'.

The opposite of 'mustn't' for prohibition would be 'must' or maybe 'have to'.

The opposite of 'must' for strong advice is 'shouldn't'.

And for making deductions, the opposite of 'must' would be 'can't', 'couldn't', or maybe

'must not'.

For example:

"Passengers must place bags above the seats."

Here, 'must' expresses an obligation.

The opposite would be:

"Passengers must not place their bags above the seats."

Or, if you wanted to explain this rule in spoken English, you might say:

"You can't put your bag above your seat."

Another example:

"You mustn't say anything to her."

Here, 'must' expresses prohibition.

The opposite is:

"You must say something to her."

Or:

"You have to say something to her."

Finally, if you say:

"He must be awake.

It's two o'clock in the afternoon!"

Here, 'must' expresses a deduction.

The opposite could be:

"He can't be awake.

He never gets up before the late afternoon."

Or perhaps:

"He must not be awake.

He never wakes up early."

It's important to remember that these opposites are not all the same!

For example, if you use 'must' to express prohibition, the possible opposites are 'must'

and 'have to'.

This doesn't mean 'must' and 'have to' have the same meaning.

Modal verbs are complicated.

For now, you need to remember one important point:

Different meanings of 'must' have different negatives.

OK?

Good!

Let's look at one more point.

Part six: past forms.

Like with negatives, if you want to use must to talk about the past, the past form depends

on the meaning of 'must'.

Often, you need to use a different verb.

Take a look:

So, 'must' for obligation, the past form is 'have to'.

'Mustn't' for prohibition, the past form is 'couldn't'.

'Must' for strong advice or recommendations, the past form is 'should have'.

And for making deductions, the past form is 'must have'.

Using 'must' with a past meaning is only possible if you are using 'must' to make deductions.

In all other cases, you need to use a different verb to talk about the past.

Let's look at some examples:

"We must be there at 9.00 tomorrow."

This is an obligation.

In the past, you'd say, "We had to be there at 9.00 yesterday."

"We mustn't smoke in the restaurant."

That's prohibition.

The past: "We couldn't smoke in the restaurant."

"You must try the stew—it's delicious!"

This is advice.

The past form: "You should have tried the stew—it was delicious!"

"They must be on the subway—I can't get through on the phone."

That's a deduction.

The past form: "They must have been on the subway—I couldn't get through on the phone."

You can see how you need to use different verbs to talk about the past, depending on

the meaning of 'must'.

Okay, finally, let's do a review.

Let's review what we've studied in this lesson.

'Must' can be used to express obligation and prohibition, to give strong advice, and to

make deductions.

In some cases, 'must' is similar to other verbs.

For example, 'must' used to express prohibition is similar to 'can't'.

However, remember that similar does not mean the same!

'Must' is unique, and no verb is ever exactly the same as 'must'.

Different meanings of 'must' have different negative and past forms.

In other words, the way you use 'must' depends on the meaning of 'must'.

You can't just use 'must' in the same way in every sentence; you need to think about

what 'must' means in each case.

Do you want more practice with this topic?

Check out the full version of the lesson on our website: www.oxfordonlineenglish.com.

The full lesson includes notes and exercises to help you practise what you've learned

in this class.

That's the end of the lesson.

Thanks very much for watching!

I hope it was useful for you.

I'll see you next time!

Bye bye.

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How to Use Must in English - English Modal Verbs |||||||情态动词| |||||||Verbs| Wie man Must auf Englisch verwendet - Englische Modalverben How to Use Must in English - English Modal Verbs How to Use Must in English - Verbos modales en inglés Comment utiliser Must en anglais - Verbes modaux en anglais Come usare Must in inglese - Verbi modali inglesi 英語でMustをどう使うか - 英語のモーダル動詞 Kaip vartoti Must anglų kalba - anglų kalbos modaliniai veiksmažodžiai Must gebruiken in het Engels - Engelse modale werkwoorden Jak używać Must w języku angielskim - Angielskie czasowniki modalne Como usar Must em inglês - Verbos modais em inglês Как использовать Must в английском языке — английские модальные глаголы Hur man använder Must på engelska - engelska modala verb İngilizcede Must Nasıl Kullanılır - İngilizce Modal Fiiller Як використовувати Must в англійській мові - англійські модальні дієслова 如何在英语中使用 Must - 英语情态动词 如何在英語中使用 Must - 英語情態動詞

Hi, I'm Oli.

Welcome to Oxford Online English! 欢迎||牛津|| Willkommen bei Oxford Online Englisch!

In this lesson, you can learn about the verb 'must'. ||课||||||动词| |||||||||debe In dieser Lektion können Sie etwas über das Verb „müssen“ lernen.

'Must' can have many different meanings in English. |||||意思|| „Muss“ kann im Englischen viele verschiedene Bedeutungen haben. 'Must' 在英语中可以有许多不同的含义。

In this video, you can learn about the different meanings of 'must', and how to use 'must' ||视频|||||||||||||| En|||||||||||||||| In diesem Video erfahren Sie mehr über die verschiedenen Bedeutungen von „muss“ und wie man „muss“ verwendet. 在这个视频中,你可以了解 'must' 的不同含义,以及如何使用 'must'

in English. 在英语中。

Part one, using 'must' to talk about obligations. |||||||义务 |||||||requirements |||||||義務 |||||||ข้อผูกพัน |||||||обязанности Teil eins: Die Verwendung von "muss", um über Verpflichtungen zu sprechen. その1、「must」を使って義務について話す。 第一部分,使用 '必须' 来谈论义务。

First, you can use must to talk about obligations and rules. ||||||||obligations|| Erstens können Sie must verwenden, um über Verpflichtungen und Regeln zu sprechen. Во-первых, вы можете использовать must, чтобы говорить об обязательствах и правилах. 首先,你可以使用必须来谈论义务和规则。

For example: 例如:

"I must remember to call her—it's her birthday." ||||call|||| „Ich muss daran denken, sie anzurufen – es ist ihr Geburtstag.“ «Я должен не забыть позвонить ей — у нее день рождения». "我必须记得给她打电话——今天是她的生日。"

This is an obligation. |||义务 |||duty |||義務 |||Це зобов'язання. |||обязанность Dies ist eine Verpflichtung. 这是个义务。

It's very important to me. |非常||| Es ist mir sehr wichtig. Это очень важно для меня. 这对我来说非常重要。

"All passengers must hold a valid ticket." 所有|乘客||||有效的| |travelers||||legitimate| すべての|||所持する||有効な|チケット |pasajeros||||| |||||действительный| "Alle Fahrgäste müssen im Besitz einer gültigen Fahrkarte sein." 「すべての乗客は有効なチケットを所持していなければならない。 «Все пассажиры должны иметь действительный билет». "所有乘客必须持有有效票据。"

This is a rule. 这是一条规则。

You can't choose to travel without a ticket. |||||||billete Sie können nicht ohne Ticket reisen. Вы не можете путешествовать без билета. 你不能选择没有票据就出行。

These are things that it is necessary or important to do. Dies sind Dinge, die zu tun notwendig oder wichtig sind. Это вещи, которые необходимо или важно сделать. 这些是必须或重要的事情。

If you must do something, you have no choice. ||||||||Wahl Wenn Sie etwas tun müssen, haben Sie keine Wahl. Если вы должны что-то сделать, у вас нет выбора. 如果你必须做某事,你就没有选择。

When you use must for obligations, it can mean that the obligation is important to you Wenn Sie Muss für Verpflichtungen verwenden, kann dies bedeuten, dass die Verpflichtung für Sie wichtig ist Когда вы используете must для обязательств, это может означать, что обязательство важно для вас. 当你用必须表示义务时,这可能意味着这个义务对你很重要。

personally. personally 個人的に personalmente persönlich.

It's not just a rule that someone else made; using 'must' means that something matters ||||||||||||||重要である ||||||||||||||importa Es ist nicht nur eine Regel, die jemand anderes aufgestellt hat; Die Verwendung von „muss“ bedeutet, dass etwas wichtig ist 誰かが作った単なるルールではなく、「must」を使うことは、何かが重要であることを意味する。 To nie tylko zasada, którą stworzył ktoś inny; użycie „musi” oznacza, że coś ma znaczenie Это не просто правило, созданное кем-то другим; использование «должен» означает, что что-то имеет значение 这不仅仅是别人制定的规则;使用“必须”意味着某件事情是重要的。 您的训练数据截至2023年10月。

to you.

For example:

"You must be here on time, otherwise we'll miss the start." "Du musst pünktlich hier sein, sonst verpassen wir den Start." "時間通りに来ないとスタートに間に合わない" «Вы должны быть здесь вовремя, иначе мы пропустим начало». "你必须准时到达,否则我们将错过开始。"

Using 'must' shows that you care about whatever you're going to see. |||||||你将要看到的|||| ||示す||||||||| |||||||lo que sea|||| Die Verwendung von „muss“ zeigt, dass Sie sich für das interessieren, was Sie sehen werden. must』を使うことで、あなたが何を見ようと気にかけていることを示す。 Использование слова «должен» показывает, что вам небезразлично то, что вы собираетесь увидеть. 使用'must'表明你关心你将要看到的事物。

Maybe you're going to see a concert that you've been looking forward to for ages, ||||||концерт|||||||| もしかしたら||||||||||||||長い間 ||||||concierto|||||||| |||||||||||||为了|很久 Vielleicht sehen Sie ein Konzert, auf das Sie sich schon seit Ewigkeiten freuen, Forse state andando a vedere un concerto che aspettavate con ansia da anni, もしかしたら、あなたがずっと楽しみにしていたコンサートに行くかもしれません、 Może idziesz zobaczyć koncert, na który nie mogłaś się doczekać od wieków, Может быть, вы пойдете на концерт, которого ждали целую вечность, Можливо, ви побачите концерт, на який давно чекали, 也许你要去看一场你期待已久的音乐会, 也許你會看到一場期待已久的音樂會,

and you'll be really unhappy if you miss even a minute of it. ||||||||哪怕|||| ||||unhappy|||||||| |||||もし||||||| und Sie werden wirklich unglücklich sein, wenn Sie auch nur eine Minute davon verpassen. e sarete davvero infelici se vi perdete anche solo un minuto. たとえ1分でも見逃したら、本当に不満になるでしょう。 и вы будете очень несчастны, если пропустите хотя бы минуту. 如果你错过哪怕一分钟,你会真的很不快乐。

"I must finish this work today." "Ich muss diese Arbeit heute beenden." "今日はこの仕事を終わらせなければならない。" 我今天必须完成这项工作。

Again, this means that I feel strongly about this. ||||||强烈地|| ||||||強く|| ||||||fuertemente|| Das bedeutet wiederum, dass mir das sehr am Herzen liegt. Znowu oznacza to, że mocno się z tym czuję. Опять же, это означает, что я сильно переживаю по этому поводу. 再说一次,这意味着我对此事有强烈的感受。

Maybe I promised someone that I would finish it by today, and it's important to me that ||承诺|||||||||||||| ||prometí|||||||||||||| たぶん、今日までに仕上げると誰かに約束したんだと思う。 Может быть, я пообещал кому-то, что закончу его к сегодняшнему дню, и мне важно, чтобы 也许我向某人承诺过今天会完成它,这对我来说很重要,

I keep my promise. Ich halte mein Versprechen. 私は約束を守る。 Я сдержу свое обещание. 我必须信守承诺。

When talking about rules, we mostly use 'must' in formal or written English. |||||||||||书面语| Cuando|||||||||||| Wenn wir über Regeln sprechen, verwenden wir meistens „must“ in formellem oder schriftlichem Englisch. ルールについて話す場合、フォーマルな英語や書き言葉では「must」を使うことがほとんどだ。 谈论规则时,我们通常在正式或书面英语中使用‘must’。

For example:

"All candidates must show valid ID." ||必须||| |||||identification |候補者|||| |||||удостоверение личности „Alle Kandidaten müssen einen gültigen Ausweis vorlegen.“ "すべての候補者は有効な身分証明書を提示しなければならない" «Все кандидаты должны предъявить действительное удостоверение личности».

This is a rule probably in an examination hall, which of course is a formal setting. |||||||考试|||||||| |||||||test setting|examination room|||||||environment |||||||試験|||||||| |||||||examen|||||||| |||||||экзаменационной|||||||| Dies ist in der Regel wahrscheinlich in einem Prüfungssaal, der natürlich ein formeller Rahmen ist. これはおそらく、試験会場というフォーマルな場でのルールだろう。 Это правило, вероятно, в экзаменационном зале, который, конечно, является формальной обстановкой. Це правило, ймовірно, діє в екзаменаційній залі, яка, звичайно, є формальною обстановкою. 這大概是考場裡的規矩,當然是正式場合。

"Employees must wash their hands before working with food." 従業員||手を洗う|||||| los empleados||lavarse|||||| "Сотрудники должны мыть руки перед работой с продуктами питания".

This could be from a sign in a restaurant or café. ||||||||||咖啡馆 |||||placa||||| ||||||||||кафе Dies könnte von einem Schild in einem Restaurant oder Café stammen. Może to być szyld w restauracji lub kawiarni. Это может быть вывеска в ресторане или кафе.

Again, this is more likely to be written than spoken. Auch dies wird eher geschrieben als gesprochen. Опять же, это скорее будет написано, чем произнесено.

In informal English, we mostly use the verb 'have to' to talk about rules and obligations. ||||主要||||||||||| Im informellen Englisch verwenden wir meistens das Verb „have to“, um über Regeln und Pflichten zu sprechen. В неформальном английском мы чаще всего используем глагол have to, когда говорим о правилах и обязательствах.

To review, you can use 'must' to express an obligation if the obligation is important 为了|||||||||||||| Zur Überprüfung können Sie „muss“ verwenden, um eine Verpflichtung auszudrücken, wenn die Verpflichtung wichtig ist おさらいすると、「must」を使って義務を表現できるのは、その義務が重要な場合である。 Чтобы просмотреть, вы можете использовать «должен», чтобы выразить обязательство, если обязательство важно.

to you personally, or if you want to sound more formal. zu Ihnen persönlich, oder wenn Sie formeller klingen möchten. 個人的に、あるいはもっと堅苦しく言いたい場合。

Part two, using 'must' to talk about prohibition. |||||||禁止使用“必须” |||||||must not |||||||禁止事項 |||||||prohibición |||||||запрет Zweiter Teil, mit „muss“, um über Verbote zu sprechen.

You can use 'mustn't' to say that something is not allowed or forbidden. ||||||||||||禁止的 |||must not|||||||||forbidden ||||||||||||禁止されている |||no debe|||||||||prohibido ||||||||||||запрещено Du kannst „must not“ verwenden, um zu sagen, dass etwas nicht erlaubt oder verboten ist. Вы можете использовать must't, чтобы сказать, что что-то не разрешено или запрещено.

This is the opposite of using must to talk about obligations or rules, and is similar Dies ist das Gegenteil von must, um über Verpflichtungen oder Regeln zu sprechen, und ist ähnlich Jest to przeciwieństwo używania must do mówienia o obowiązkach lub zasadach i jest podobne Это противоположно использованию must, чтобы говорить об обязательствах или правилах, и аналогично

in meaning. по смыслу.

Look at some examples:

"You mustn't smoke here." |must not|| ||fumar| "Du darfst hier nicht rauchen."

That means smoking is forbidden; it's against the rules to smoke here. ||smoking||forbidden||||||| Это означает, что курение запрещено; здесь запрещено курить.

"Mobile phones must not be used while the plane is flying." Mobile|phones||||||||| ||||||||||volando "Mobiltelefone dürfen nicht benutzt werden, während das Flugzeug fliegt." «Мобильные телефоны нельзя использовать во время полета самолета».

Again, this means that it's forbidden to use phones. |||||forbidden|||

'Must' expresses the idea that you don't have a choice. |выражает|||||||| |conveys|||||||| „Muss“ drückt aus, dass man keine Wahl hat. Must」は選択の余地がないという考えを表している。

If you mustn't smoke here, then it's not OK to smoke, and you don't have a choice. Wenn Sie hier nicht rauchen dürfen, dann ist es nicht in Ordnung zu rauchen, und Sie haben keine Wahl. Если вы не должны курить здесь, то курить нехорошо, и у вас нет выбора.

'Mustn't' with this meaning is similar to 'can't'. «Не должен» в этом значении аналогичен «не могу».

With obligations and rules, we mostly use 'must' in formal or written English, and 'have Bei Verpflichtungen und Regeln verwenden wir im formellen oder schriftlichen Englisch meistens „muss“ und „haben“. W przypadku zobowiązań i zasad najczęściej używamy „must” w formalnym lub pisanym języku angielskim oraz „have”

to' in informal English, as we said before. to' in informellem Englisch, wie wir bereits sagten. to' в неформальном английском языке, как мы уже говорили.

However, you can use 'mustn't' in both formal and informal English. Sie können „mustn’t“ jedoch sowohl im formellen als auch im informellen Englisch verwenden.

Part three: using 'must' to give strong advice. Dritter Teil: „Muss“ verwenden, um starke Ratschläge zu geben. Часть третья: использование слова «должен» для сильного совета.

'Must' can be used to give someone advice or a recommendation. ||||||||||建议 ||||||||||suggestion ||||||||||推薦 ||||||||||recomendación

For example:

"You must read this book—it's amazing!" „Sie müssen dieses Buch lesen – es ist erstaunlich!“

"If you go to Paris, you must take a walk by the river at night." ||||||||||||river|| "Wenn du nach Paris gehst, musst du nachts am Fluss spazieren gehen." 「パリに行くなら、夜の川辺を散歩すること。 «Если ты поедешь в Париж, ты должен прогуляться ночью по реке».

"We must hire some new staff as soon as possible." ||embaucher||||||| |||||employees|||| ||雇う||||||| ||contratar||||||| "Wir müssen so schnell wie möglich neue Mitarbeiter einstellen." 「一刻も早く新しいスタッフを雇わなければならない。 «Мы должны нанять новый персонал как можно скорее».

In these examples, ''must' has a strong meaning. ||examples||||| In diesen Beispielen hat „muss“ eine starke Bedeutung. В этих примерах «должен» имеет сильное значение.

If I say:

"You must read this book—it's amazing!"

I don't mean that you have an obligation to read it. Ich meine nicht, dass Sie verpflichtet sind, es zu lesen. Я не имею в виду, что вы обязаны это читать.

I mean that I really, really recommend this book. Ich meine, dass ich dieses Buch wirklich, wirklich empfehlen kann. Я имею в виду, что я очень, очень рекомендую эту книгу.

In the same way, if I say: Точно так же, если я скажу:

"If you go to Paris, you must take a walk by the river at night."

This is advice or a recommendation. Dies ist ein Rat oder eine Empfehlung.

It doesn't mean that it's a rule or an obligation. Это не значит, что это правило или обязанность.

Sometimes, the meaning of 'must' depends on the context. Manchmal hängt die Bedeutung von „muss“ vom Kontext ab. Иногда значение слова «должен» зависит от контекста.

For example:

"We must hire some new staff as soon as possible." ||contratar||||||| 「一刻も早く新しいスタッフを雇わなければならない。

'Must' here could mean that hiring new staff is necessary, and it's an obligation, or |||||採用||||||||| |||||contratación||||||||| „Muss“ könnte hier bedeuten, dass die Einstellung von neuem Personal notwendig ist, und es eine Verpflichtung ist, oder

it could be a strong recommendation. es könnte eine starke Empfehlung sein.

How do you know what 'must' means in a sentence like this? Woher wissen Sie, was „muss“ in einem solchen Satz bedeutet? このような文章で「must」が何を意味するのか、あなたはどうやって知っているのだろうか? Откуда вы знаете, что означает «должен» в подобном предложении?

In a sentence like this, in a lesson, where there's no context, you can't say exactly |||||||||||||||exactamente In einem Satz wie diesem, in einer Lektion, wo es keinen Kontext gibt, kann man das nicht genau sagen このような文章の場合、レッスンでは文脈がないため、正確なことは言えません。

what 'must' means.

In real life, the meaning would depend on the context: who's speaking, what the situation

is, and so on. есть и так далее.

When you use 'must' in this way, you can't use the negative.

There's no way to use 'mustn't' to give advice or make recommendations. |||||||||||suggestions |||||||||||提案 |||||||||||recomendaciones Es gibt keine Möglichkeit, „muss nicht“ zu verwenden, um Ratschläge zu erteilen oder Empfehlungen abzugeben. mustn't』はアドバイスや推薦をするのに使うことはできない。 Невозможно использовать «нельзя», чтобы давать советы или рекомендации.

Only the positive form—'must'—can have this meaning. Nur die positive Form „muss“ kann diese Bedeutung haben.

Part four: using 'must' to talk about logical necessity. |||||||逻辑必然性| ||||||||必要性 ||||||||necesidad ||||||||необходимость パート4:「must」を使って論理的必然性を語る。 Część czwarta: używanie słowa „musi” do mówienia o logicznej konieczności. Часть четвертая: использование слова «должен» для обозначения логической необходимости.

Finally, 'must' can be used to make deductions. |||||||推断 |||||||deductive reasoning |||||||推論 |||||||deducciones |||||||выводы Schließlich kann „muss“ verwendet werden, um Abzüge zu machen. Infine, il termine "deve" può essere usato per fare delle deduzioni. Наконец, «должен» может использоваться для вывода.

What are deductions? Was sind Abzüge?

Well, look at some examples, and then I'll explain what this means:

"They must be rich. „Sie müssen reich sein. «Они должны быть богатыми.

Their house is huge!" |||大きい Ihr Haus ist riesig!"

"It must be a difficult exam—only 10% of candidates pass." „Es muss eine schwierige Prüfung sein – nur 10 % der Kandidaten bestehen.“ "合格者の10%しかいない難しい試験に違いない" «Должно быть, это сложный экзамен — сдают только 10% кандидатов».

"It must have rained last night." |||дождь|| |||llovió|| "Es muss letzte Nacht geregnet haben." «Должно быть, прошлой ночью шел дождь».

Take the first sentence:

"They must be rich.

Their house is huge!"

Do we know they're rich? Wissen wir, dass sie reich sind? Знаем ли мы, что они богаты?

No, we don't know for a fact. Nein, wir wissen es nicht genau.

But, we do know that they have a huge house.

Huge houses cost a lot of money.

Therefore, they must be rich. したがって||||

We're sure that they're rich, because otherwise they couldn't afford such a big ||||||さもなければ|||||| ||||||de lo contrario|||permitirse|||

house.

Compare:

"They must be rich."

"They're rich."

What's the difference?

"They're rich" is a fact.

We know they're rich.

Maybe you're their accountant, and you know all about their financial situation. |||会计师|||||||| |||accountant|||||||| |||会計士|||||||| |||contador|||||||| Vielleicht sind Sie ihr Buchhalter und wissen alles über ihre finanzielle Situation.

Maybe they told you how much money they have directly. |||||||||直接地 Vielleicht haben sie dir direkt gesagt, wie viel Geld sie haben. Może powiedzieli ci, ile mają pieniędzy bezpośrednio.

Anyway, however you know, you know they're rich. anyway|but|||||| Wie auch immer, wie auch immer Sie wissen, Sie wissen, dass sie reich sind. とにかく、どうであれ、彼らが金持ちだということはわかるだろう。 W każdym razie, jakkolwiek wiesz, wiesz, że są bogaci.

"They must be rich" is a deduction. ||||||умозаключение ||||||inference ||||||推论 ||||||การสรุป ||||||推論 ||||||deducción "Sie müssen reich sein" ist eine Schlussfolgerung.

You don't actually know they're rich. Sie wissen nicht wirklich, dass sie reich sind.

You know something else; you know that they have a huge house and this makes you sure ||||||||||huge|house||||| Du weißt etwas anderes; Sie wissen, dass sie ein riesiges Haus haben, und das macht Sie sicher Вы знаете что-то еще; ты знаешь, что у них огромный дом, и это убеждает

that they're rich.

Okay, let's look at another example:

"It must be a difficult exam—only 10% of candidates pass." „Es muss eine schwierige Prüfung sein – nur 10 % der Kandidaten bestehen.“ "合格者の10%しかいない難しい試験に違いない"

Again, using 'must' expresses a deduction. Auch hier drückt die Verwendung von „muss“ eine Deduktion aus.

If you say this, you haven't actually taken the exam. Wenn Sie das sagen, haben Sie die Prüfung nicht abgelegt. Если вы так говорите, вы на самом деле не сдавали экзамен.

You don't know for yourself that it's difficult. ||||yourself||| Sie wissen selbst nicht, dass es schwierig ist.

However, you do know something else: you know that only 10% of candidates pass, and this

makes you sure that it's a difficult exam. ||確信させる||||| macht Sie sicher, dass es eine schwierige Prüfung ist. заставляет вас убедиться, что это трудный экзамен.

In our last example:

"It must have rained last night." "Es muss letzte Nacht geregnet haben." «Должно быть, прошлой ночью шел дождь».

Did you see it rain? ||||雨が降る ||||llover Hast du es regnen sehen? Ты видел дождь?

No, you didn't. Nein, hast du nicht.

But, you're sure it rained. Aber Sie sind sich sicher, dass es geregnet hat.

How?

Probably, you can see that the ground is wet. Wahrscheinlich können Sie sehen, dass der Boden nass ist. おそらく、地面が濡れているのがわかるだろう。

You didn't see or hear the rain, but you can make a deduction from what you see. ||||||||||||Schlussfolgerung|||| Sie haben den Regen nicht gesehen oder gehört, aber Sie können eine Schlussfolgerung aus dem ziehen, was Sie sehen. あなたは雨を見たわけでも、聞いたわけでもない。

What you see makes you sure that it rained last night. |||||確信させる||||| Was Sie sehen, macht Sie sicher, dass es letzte Nacht geregnet hat. 昨夜、雨が降ったことは間違いない。 То, что вы видите, убеждает вас, что прошлой ночью шел дождь.

You can also use 'must not' with this meaning, but you can't use the short form 'mustn't' Sie können auch 'must not' mit dieser Bedeutung verwenden, aber Sie können die Kurzform 'mustn't' nicht verwenden この意味で「must not」も使えるが、短縮形の「mustn't」は使えない。

in standard English to express the idea of deduction. in Standardenglisch, um die Idee des Abzugs auszudrücken.

'Mustn't' is only used to say that something is forbidden. „Muss nicht“ wird nur verwendet, um zu sagen, dass etwas verboten ist.

Okay, that's a strange point, so let's look at our next topic, which is negatives--part Okay, das ist ein seltsamer Punkt, also schauen wir uns unser nächstes Thema an, das ist der negative Teil Хорошо, это странный момент, так что давайте посмотрим на нашу следующую тему, которая является негативной частью.

five. fünf.

It's important to remember that when you use 'must' with different meanings, the negative Es ist wichtig, sich daran zu erinnern, dass, wenn Sie „muss“ mit unterschiedlichen Bedeutungen verwenden, das Negative 重要なのは、「must」をさまざまな意味で使用する場合、否定的な「must」は、「must」であることを忘れてはならないということだ。

(or opposite) word is also different. (или противоположное) слово также отличается.

Okay, let's look at this. Okay, schauen wir uns das an.

So, if 'must' is used for obligation, the opposite would be 'mustn't', or maybe 'can't'. Wenn also „muss“ für Verpflichtung verwendet wird, wäre das Gegenteil „muss nicht“ oder vielleicht „kann nicht“. つまり、「must」が義務に使われるなら、反対語は「mustn't」、あるいは「can't」だろう。

The opposite of 'mustn't' for prohibition would be 'must' or maybe 'have to'. Das Gegenteil von „darf nicht“ für Verbot wäre „muss“ oder vielleicht „müssen“. 禁止事項の『mustn't』の反対は『must』か、あるいは『have to』だろう。

The opposite of 'must' for strong advice is 'shouldn't'. Das Gegenteil von „muss“ für starke Ratschläge ist „sollte nicht“. 強いアドバイスの「must」の反対語は「shouldn't」である。 Противоположностью «должен» для сильного совета является «не следует».

And for making deductions, the opposite of 'must' would be 'can't', 'couldn't', or maybe |||deductions|||||||||| Und um Schlussfolgerungen zu ziehen, wäre das Gegenteil von „müssen“ „kann nicht“, „konnte nicht“ oder vielleicht

'must not'. 'darf nicht'.

For example:

"Passengers must place bags above the seats." 乘客|||||| ||置く||||座席 |||las maletas|||asientos ||||||сиденья "Passagiere müssen Taschen über den Sitzen platzieren." "乗客は座席の上に荷物を置くこと" «Пассажиры должны размещать сумки над сиденьями».

Here, 'must' expresses an obligation. ||||義務 Hier drückt „muss“ eine Pflicht aus.

The opposite would be:

"Passengers must not place their bags above the seats." "Passagiere dürfen ihre Taschen nicht über den Sitzen abstellen." 「乗客は座席の上に荷物を置いてはならない。 «Пассажиры не должны размещать свои сумки над сиденьями».

Or, if you wanted to explain this rule in spoken English, you might say:

"You can't put your bag above your seat." |||||||asiento "Du kannst deine Tasche nicht über deinen Sitz stellen."

Another example:

"You mustn't say anything to her." "Du darfst ihr nichts sagen." "彼女に何も言ってはいけない" — Ты не должен ничего ей говорить.

Here, 'must' expresses prohibition. „Muss“ drückt hier Verbot aus.

The opposite is:

"You must say something to her." "Du musst ihr etwas sagen." "彼女に何か言わなければならない" — Ты должен сказать ей что-нибудь.

Or:

"You have to say something to her." "Du musst ihr etwas sagen."

Finally, if you say:

"He must be awake. 他||| |||despierto „Er muss wach sein. 「彼は起きているに違いない。 "Он должен быть в сознании.

It's two o'clock in the afternoon!" ||時||| Два часа дня!"

Here, 'must' expresses a deduction. Hier drückt „muss“ einen Abzug aus. Здесь «должен» выражает дедукцию.

The opposite could be: Das Gegenteil könnte sein:

"He can't be awake. |||起きている „Er kann nicht wach sein. 「起きているはずがない。 "Он не может бодрствовать.

He never gets up before the late afternoon." 他||||||| Er steht nie vor dem späten Nachmittag auf." Он никогда не встает до позднего вечера».

Or perhaps:

"He must not be awake. „Er darf nicht wach sein. 「彼は起きていないはずだ。 "Он не должен бодрствовать.

He never wakes up early." Er wacht nie früh auf."

It's important to remember that these opposites are not all the same! ||||||антонимы||||| ||||||contrasts||||| ||||||対義語||||| ||||||opuestos||||| これらの正反対がすべて同じではないことを忘れてはならない! Важно помнить, что эти противоположности не одинаковы!

For example, if you use 'must' to express prohibition, the possible opposites are 'must' Wenn Sie zum Beispiel „muss“ verwenden, um ein Verbot auszudrücken, sind die möglichen Gegenteile „muss“. 例えば、「must」を使って禁止を表現する場合、可能な反対語は「must」である。

and 'have to'. und „müssen“.

This doesn't mean 'must' and 'have to' have the same meaning. Das bedeutet nicht, dass „müssen“ und „müssen“ dieselbe Bedeutung haben. これは「must」と「have to」が同じ意味であることを意味しない。 Это не означает, что «должен» и «должен» имеют одно и то же значение.

Modal verbs are complicated. กริยาโมดัล||| Модальные глаголы сложные.

For now, you need to remember one important point: Im Moment müssen Sie sich an einen wichtigen Punkt erinnern:

Different meanings of 'must' have different negatives. Unterschiedliche Bedeutungen von „muss“ haben unterschiedliche Verneinungen.

OK?

Good!

Let's look at one more point. Schauen wir uns noch einen Punkt an.

Part six: past forms. Sechster Teil: Vergangene Formen.

Like with negatives, if you want to use must to talk about the past, the past form depends Wie bei Verneinungen, wenn Sie must verwenden möchten, um über die Vergangenheit zu sprechen, hängt die Vergangenheitsform davon ab Как и в случае с отрицаниями, если вы хотите использовать must, чтобы говорить о прошлом, форма прошедшего времени зависит от

on the meaning of 'must'.

Often, you need to use a different verb. Oft müssen Sie ein anderes Verb verwenden.

Take a look: Schau mal: Посмотри:

So, 'must' for obligation, the past form is 'have to'.

'Mustn't' for prohibition, the past form is 'couldn't'. „Muss nicht“ für Verbot, die Vergangenheitsform ist „Könnte nicht“.

'Must' for strong advice or recommendations, the past form is 'should have'. ||||||||||debería|haber „Muss“ für starke Ratschläge oder Empfehlungen, die Vergangenheitsform ist „sollte“.

And for making deductions, the past form is 'must have'. ||||||||debe| Und um Abzüge zu machen, ist die Vergangenheitsform ein Muss.

Using 'must' with a past meaning is only possible if you are using 'must' to make deductions. 過去の意味で「must」を使うのは、「must」を使って控除をする場合にのみ可能である。

In all other cases, you need to use a different verb to talk about the past. In allen anderen Fällen müssen Sie ein anderes Verb verwenden, um über die Vergangenheit zu sprechen.

Let's look at some examples:

"We must be there at 9.00 tomorrow." "Wir müssen morgen um 9.00 Uhr da sein."

This is an obligation. Dies ist eine Verpflichtung.

In the past, you'd say, "We had to be there at 9.00 yesterday." |||dirías|||||||| Früher haben Sie gesagt: „Wir mussten gestern um 9.00 Uhr da sein.“ 以前なら、"昨日は9時に行かなければならなかった "と言うだろう。 В прошлом вы бы сказали: «Мы должны были быть там в 9 часов вчера».

"We mustn't smoke in the restaurant." |No debemos|||| "Wir dürfen im Restaurant nicht rauchen."

That's prohibition.

The past: "We couldn't smoke in the restaurant." |||no podíamos|||| Die Vergangenheit: "Wir konnten im Restaurant nicht rauchen." Прошлое: «Нам нельзя было курить в ресторане».

"You must try the stew—it's delicious!" ||||рагу|| ||||stew|| ||||シチュー|| ||||estofado||deliciosa „Du musst den Eintopf probieren – er ist köstlich!“ "Вы должны попробовать рагу - это вкусно!"

This is advice.

The past form: "You should have tried the stew—it was delicious!" ||||||||ragoût||| ||||||||soup dish||| ||||deberías haber||||guiso||| Die Vergangenheitsform: „Du hättest den Eintopf probieren sollen – er war köstlich!“ Прошедшая форма: «Вы бы попробовали тушенку — это было вкусно!»

"They must be on the subway—I can't get through on the phone." ||||||||接通|||| ||||||||get|||| „Sie müssen in der U-Bahn sein – ich komme am Telefon nicht durch.“ "Devono essere in metropolitana, non riesco a parlare al telefono". "地下鉄にいるに違いない、電話はつながらない" «Они должны быть в метро — я не могу дозвониться по телефону».

That's a deduction. Das ist ein Abzug.

The past form: "They must have been on the subway—I couldn't get through on the phone." Die Vergangenheitsform: „Sie müssen in der U-Bahn gewesen sein – ich kam am Telefon nicht durch.“ 過去の形:"彼らは地下鉄に乗っていたに違いない。 Прошедшая форма: «Должно быть, они были в метро — я не мог дозвониться по телефону».

You can see how you need to use different verbs to talk about the past, depending on

the meaning of 'must'.

Okay, finally, let's do a review. Okay, lassen Sie uns endlich eine Überprüfung machen.

Let's review what we've studied in this lesson. Sehen wir uns noch einmal an, was wir in dieser Lektion gelernt haben.

'Must' can be used to express obligation and prohibition, to give strong advice, and to „Muss“ kann verwendet werden, um eine Verpflichtung und ein Verbot auszudrücken, um dringende Ratschläge zu erteilen und um

make deductions.

In some cases, 'must' is similar to other verbs. In manchen Fällen ist „muss“ anderen Verben ähnlich.

For example, 'must' used to express prohibition is similar to 'can't'. Zum Beispiel ist „muss“, das verwendet wird, um ein Verbot auszudrücken, ähnlich wie „kann nicht“.

However, remember that similar does not mean the same! Однако помните, что подобное не значит такое же!

'Must' is unique, and no verb is ever exactly the same as 'must'. „Muss“ ist einzigartig, und kein Verb ist jemals genau dasselbe wie „Muss“. «Должен» уникален, и ни один глагол не может быть точно таким же, как «должен».

Different meanings of 'must' have different negative and past forms.

In other words, the way you use 'must' depends on the meaning of 'must'. Mit anderen Worten, die Art und Weise, wie Sie „muss“ verwenden, hängt von der Bedeutung von „muss“ ab.

You can't just use 'must' in the same way in every sentence; you need to think about Man kann „must“ nicht einfach in jedem Satz gleich verwenden; Sie müssen darüber nachdenken

what 'must' means in each case.

Do you want more practice with this topic?

Check out the full version of the lesson on our website: www.oxfordonlineenglish.com.

The full lesson includes notes and exercises to help you practise what you've learned

in this class.

That's the end of the lesson.

Thanks very much for watching!

I hope it was useful for you.

I'll see you next time! Te veré||||

Bye bye.