LIBER PRIMVS- I-IX
|||IX
book|First|Book One|Book Nine
BUCH I-IX
BOOK I-IX
LIBRO I-IX
LIVRE I-IX
LIBRO I-IX
BOEK I-IX
LIVRO I-IX
BOK I-IX
第一至九册
[1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur.
||alles|geteilt|in|Teile||von denen||bewohnen||eine andere|Aquitier||die|ihrer|Sprache|Celtic|unsere|Galen|werden genannt
Gaul|is|all of|divided|into|parts|three|"of which"|one|inhabit|Belgians|"another" or "the other"|the Aquitanians|third|who|"their own"|language|Celts|our language, Gauls|the Gauls|are called
[1] Ganz Gallien ist in drei Teile geteilt, von denen der eine von den Belgern bewohnt wird, der andere von den Aquitani und der dritte von denen, die in ihrer Sprache der Kelten unsere Gallier genannt werden.
All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third.
[1] Toda a Gália é dividida em três partes, uma das quais é habitada pelos belgas, outra pelos aquitanos e a terceira por aqueles que, na língua dos celtas, são chamados de nossos gauleses.
Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt.
alle||Sprache|Instituten|Gesetzen|zwischen|einander|unterscheiden sich
Hello|"all of them"|language|customs or institutions|laws|among|among themselves|differ
todos|||institutos|leis|||diferem
All dies unterscheidet sich voneinander in Sprache, Institutionen und Gesetzen.
All these differ from each other in language, customs, and laws.
Todos estes diferem uns dos outros em linguagem, instituições e leis.
Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.
Gallien|||||||Marne|||
The Gauls|by|from the Aquitani|Garonne River|river|by|the Belgae|Marne River||Seine River|"divides" or "separates"
os Gálios||||rio||Bélgica|||Sequana|divide
Der Fluss Garumna trennt die Gallier von den Aquitainen, die Matrona und die Seine von den Belgiern.
The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae.
O rio Garumna separa os gauleses dos aquitaineses, o Matrona e o Sena dos belgas.
Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt.
derer||die stärksten|||deshalb|weil||||Zivilisation|Provinz|am weitesten|||||||reisen||das||zu|Verweichlichung|Gemüter|betrifft|wichtig|und||Germanen||trans|Rhein|bewohnen|mit denen|ununterbrochen|Krieg|gerunt
"Of these"|of all|the strongest|are|the Belgians|"for this reason"|"because"||"civilization" or "culture"|and|"civilization" or "culture"|"of the province"|"very far away"|"are far from"|"and least"|to|to them|merchants|often|come|and|those things|which||effeminizing|minds or spirits|concern or relate to|import for softening|"very close"||the Germans|who|across|the Rhine|inhabit|with whom|"continuously" or "constantly"|war|wage
dos (1)||||os Belgas|por isso|||||humanidade||||minimamente|||mercadores|frequentemente|vão|||||efeminarem|animos|pertinentes|importante|proximique||os germânicos|||Reno|habitam|com quem|continuamente|guerra|gerunt
Von allen diesen sind die Belgier am stärksten, weil die Provinzen am weitesten von Kultur und Zivilisation entfernt sind und Kaufleute nicht oft zu ihnen kommen und Dinge bringen, die den weiblichen Geistern gehören, und sie den Deutschen am nächsten sind, die gegenüber leben den Rhein, mit dem sie ständig Krieg führen.
Of all these, the Belgians are the bravest, because they are the farthest away from the culture and civilization of the province, and merchants least frequently travel to them, bringing in those things that pertain to the weakening of minds; they are also nearest to the Germans, who live across the Rhine, with whom they are constantly waging war.
De todos estes, os belgas são os mais fortes, porque as províncias estão mais distantes da cultura e da civilização, e os mercadores não costumam vir até eles e trazer coisas que pertencem aos espíritos efeminados, e eles são os mais próximos dos alemães, que vivem do outro lado. o Reno, com quem estão constantemente em guerra.
Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt.
was|von|Ursache|Helvetier|auch|die übrigen|Gallier|Tapferkeit|übertreffen|weil|fast|täglichen|Schlachten|mit||kämpfen|wenn|oder|ihren|Grenzen||verhindern|oder|sie|in|ihren|||
"For which reason"|of|reason|the Helvetii|also|the rest of|the Gauls|virtue|excel over||almost|daily battles|battles|when|Germans|"fight with"|when|or|their|territories|them|prohibit|"or"|they||their|territory|war|wage
os|||os Helvécios|||Galos|virtude|precedem||fere|diários|batalhas||os Germanos|contendem||ou||fronteiras||proíbem|ou||||fronteiras|guerra|gerem
For this reason, the Helvetii also surpass the other Gauls in courage, because they engage in almost daily battles with the Germans, either prohibiting them from their own borders or themselves waging war in their borders.
Por esta razão, os helvécios também estão à frente do resto dos gauleses em força, porque travam batalhas quase diárias com os alemães, seja detendo-os em suas próprias fronteiras ou fazendo guerra em suas próprias fronteiras.
Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones.
|eine||die||erhalten|zu erhalten||der Anfang|nimmt||Fluss|Rhone|wird begrenzt|||Ozean||der Belger|erreicht|auch||von den Sequanen||von den Helvetiern|||neigt||
of them|one|One part|which|the Gauls|"possess"|it is said||beginning|takes||river|Rhone River|"is bounded by"||river|ocean|the borders|of the Belgians|"reaches"|also||from the Sequani||the Helvetii|river|Rhine River|verges to the north||the north
||||os Gaules||dito||início|capita|||||||oceano|||||||||||||
One part of them, which is said to be held by the Gauls, begins from the Rhone river, is bounded by the Garumna river, the Ocean, and the borders of the Belgians, and it also reaches the Rhine river from the Sequani and the Helvetii, sloping towards the north.
Um deles, a parte que os gauleses supostamente possuíam, começa no rio Ródano, é contido pelo rio Garumna, o Oceano, as fronteiras dos Belgae, também atinge o rio Reno do Sena e dos Helvécios, e vira para o norte.
Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem.
die Belger||äußersten|Gallien|Grenzen|entstehen|gehören|zu|unteren|Teil|des Flusses|Rhein|sehen||Norden||Osten|Sonne
The Belgae||extreme|of Gaul|the borders|arise|they extend||lower|part|of the Rhine|Rhine River|look||north||rising sun|rising sun
Die Belgier erheben sich von den äußersten Grenzen Galliens, gehören zum unteren Teil des Rheins und blicken nach Norden und Osten zur Sonne.
The Belgae rise from the furthest frontiers of Gaul, belong to the lower part of the river Rhine, and look to the north and the east.
I Belgi sorgono dagli estremi confini della Gallia, appartengono alla parte bassa del fiume Reno, e guardano al sole a settentrione ea oriente.
Os belgas surgem das fronteiras extremas da Gália, pertencem à parte inferior do rio Reno e olham para o norte e leste para o sol.
Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.
Aquitanien|||||die Pyrenäen|Berge||sie|Teil|des Ozeans||||Spanien|gehört|es liegt||Untergang|der Sonne||Norden
Aquitaine|||river||Pyrenees mountains|mountains|||the part|of the Ocean|which|||Spain|pertains to|looks|between|setting|of the sun||the north
Aquitanien erstreckt sich vom Fluss Garumna bis zu den Pyrenäen und dem zu Spanien gehörenden Teil des Ozeans; es sieht zwischen dem Sonnenuntergang und dem Norden aus.
Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and that part of the ocean which is near Spain; it looks between the setting of the sun and the northeast.
A Aquitânia estende-se desde o rio Garumna até às montanhas dos Pirenéus e à parte do oceano que pertence à Espanha; olha entre o pôr do sol e o norte.
[2] Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix.
bei||bei den Helvetiern war Orgetorix der weitest entfernteste und reichste|der Nobilissimus|war||der reichste|Orgetorix
among|the Helvetii|by far|most noble|was||"most wealthy"|Orgetorix
[2] Among the Helvetii, Orgetorix was by far the most distinguished and wealthy.
[2] Entre os helvécios, Orgetorix era de longe o mais nobre e o mais rico.
Is M. Messala, [et P.]
ist|M|Messala||P
is|Marcus|Messala||and P(1)
M. Messala, and P.
Este M. Messala, [e P.]
M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri.
M|Pisone|Konsuln|Königreich|Gier|induzierte|Verschwörung|der Adels|machte||der Stadt|überzeugte|||Grenzen|ihre||allen|Truppen|auszuziehen|sehr leicht||mit|Tapferkeit|allen|sie übertreffen|von ganzem|Gallien|Reich|sich bemächtigen
M|with Piso|the consuls|"of power"|desire|induced|the conspiracy|of the nobility|"made a conspiracy"||city|he persuaded|that|from|boundaries|||all|forces|"leave their borders"|very easy|to be||||they excelled|"of all"||command|to obtain
With M. Pisone as consul, driven by a desire for power, he created a conspiracy of the nobility and persuaded the state to leave their borders with all their forces: it would be very easy to gain command of all of Gaul, since they excelled in courage over all.
M. Piso, levado pelo desejo do reino aos cônsules, fez uma conspiração da nobreza e persuadiu o estado a se retirar de suas fronteiras com todas as suas forças: que seria muito fácil, se eles mostrassem seu valor para todos, para tomar posse de toda a Gália.
Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit.
Id|diesem|leichter|ihnen|überzeugte|dass|von allen Seiten|der Ort|Natur|Helvetier|sind eingeschlossen||von|von einer Seite||Rhein|breit||höchsten||das Land|Helvetien|||teilt|anderer|||dem Berg|Jura|höchsten||ist|zwischen|Sequani||Helvetier|dritte|See|Lemanno|||||Provinz|unserem||den Helvetiern|teilt
this|this|more easily|them|he persuaded||on all sides|places|nature||are confined|||part||Rhine River|widest|and|highest|"which" or "who"|land|Helvetian territory||||on the other|||mountain|Jura Mountains|||||Sequani||||Lake Geneva|Lake Geneva||river|||"our province"|our|||
This he persuaded them to do more easily, because the Helvetii are contained by the nature of the place from all sides: on one side by the very wide and deep Rhine river, which separates the Helvetian territory from the Germans; on the other side by the very high Jura mountains, which are between the Sequani and the Helvetii; on the third side by Lake Geneva and the Rhone river, which separates our province from the Helvetii.
Isso os convenceu mais facilmente de que os helvécios estavam contidos por todos os lados pela natureza do lugar: de um lado pelo rio Reno, que é largo e profundo, e que divide o território dos helvécios dos alemães; do outro lado, a montanha mais alta Jura, que fica entre os Sequani e os Helvetii; a terceira pelo lago Leman e pelo rio Ródano, que divide nossa província dos helvécios.
His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur.
seine|Sache|geschah|damit|und|weniger|weit|sie umherzogen|und|weniger|leicht|den Nachbarn|Krieg|bringen|sie könnten|von dieser|von|von dieser Seite|die Menschen|Krieg||großem|Schmerz|betroffen wurden
his|thing|it happened|that||less|widely|"they wandered"||less|easily|neighbors||wage war|they could|"in which respect"||"in this respect"|men|waging war|desirous of war|great|great distress|were being afflicted
For these reasons, it was the case that they wandered less widely and could less easily bring war upon their neighbors; for which reason the men desirous of waging war were greatly afflicted.
Con queste cose fu fatto che potessero vagare meno ampiamente e poter fare guerra meno facilmente ai loro vicini; da che parte gli uomini amanti della guerra furono afflitti da grande dolore.
Por essas coisas, foi feito para que eles pudessem vagar menos amplamente e para que pudessem trazer guerra com menos facilidade a seus vizinhos; de que lado os homens apaixonados pela guerra foram afligidos com grande dor.
Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.
für|der Menge|aber|der Menschen|und||Ruhm|Krieg|und|der Tapferkeit|eng|sich|Grenzen|haben|hielten sie für|||Länge|meilen|Schritt|CCXL||Breite|CLXXX|sich erstreckten
for|the multitude|however|of men|||glory|of war||of courage|narrow||boundaries|consider they have|"they thought"|||"length"|thousands of|of paces|240 miles|for|width|eighty-one|extended
However, for the multitude of men and for the glory of war and bravery, they thought they had narrow boundaries, which extended 240 miles in length and 180 in width.
Mas para a multidão de homens, e para a glória da guerra e bravura, eles pensavam ter fronteiras estreitas, que tinham 240 milhas de comprimento e 180 de largura.
[3] His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare.
sie||beeinflusst||der Autorität|Orgetorix|bewegt|entschieden|das|die|zum|Reise|gehörten|zu vergleichen|von den Zugtieren||Wagen|als|maximale|Anzahl|kaufen|Saatgut|sofort|maximas|machen|um||Reise|Vorrat|von Getreide|sollte|als|nächsten|Städten|Frieden|und|Freundschaft|bestätigen
||"Induced by"||"by the authority"|Orgetorix's|"moved by"|"decided to prepare"||||departing|pertained to|"to prepare"|draft animals||carts||as large a|as large a number|buy, acquire|"as many sowings"||largest possible|to make||in|the journey|supply|"of grain"|"be supplied"||"nearest" or "neighboring"|the neighboring states|"peace"||friendship|"to establish"
Moved by these things and influenced by the authority of Orgetorix, they decided to prepare those things which pertained to their departure, to buy as many pack animals and wagons as possible, to create as much seed as possible, so that supplies of grain would be available during the journey, and to confirm peace and friendship with the neighboring states.
[3] Incitados por essas coisas e movidos pela autoridade de Orgetorigis, eles decidiram providenciar as coisas necessárias para a viagem, levar o maior número possível de gado e carroças, plantar o máximo de sementes possível, para que tivessem fartura de milho a caminho, e firmar a paz e a amizade com os estados vizinhos.
Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant.
zu||Sachen|zu erledigende|biennium|ihnen|genug|sein|haben gehalten||drittes|Jahr|Abreise|gesetzlich|bestätigen
"For"||things|"for completing"|two years|to themselves|||they deemed|for|third|year|departure|by law|they confirm
They considered two years to be enough for accomplishing those things; in the third year, they confirm the departure by law.
Eles decidiram que dois anos seriam suficientes para realizar essas coisas; no terceiro ano eles confirmam a saída por lei.
Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur.
|||zu erledigenden||wird ausgewählt
For||things to be done|"To be completed"||is chosen
Orgetorix is chosen to accomplish those things.
Orgetorix foi escolhido para realizar essas coisas.
Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit.
|sich|Gesandtschaft||Städte|übernimmt
||embassy||cities|undertakes
He undertakes the delegation to the states.
Ele empreende uma embaixada para os estados.
In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerit; itemque Dumnorigi Haeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat.
In||auf dieser Reise|er überzeugt|Casticus|Catamantaloedis|Sohn|Sequaner|dessen||Königreich||Sequani|viele|Jahren|erhalten hatte|||Senat|des Volkes|der Römer||appelliert|||Königreich||Staat|seiner|occupieren||Vater|vor|hatte|und|Dumnorix|Haeduo|bruder|Diviciacus|dem|es|zu der Zeit|Prinzipat|||obtehalten||maxime|das Volk|akzeptiert||damit|das gleiche|conaretur|überredet|und|Tochter|seiner||Ehe|Dativ
|that||persuades|Casticus|Catamantaloedis|son|Sequani tribe|whose|father|kingdom|||many|years|"had held"|||the Senate|of the people|Roman people||called|had been||||city|his|"take over"|||before|had held before|and to Dumnor|Dumnorix|Haeduan|brother of|of Diviciacus|||at that time|leadership|||"held"|and|most|the common people|well-liked|||the same|"he try"||to him|his daughter|his daughter||marriage|gives
On that journey he persuades Casticus, the son of Catamantaloedis, a Sequanus, whose father had held the kingdom for many years among the Sequani, and was called a friend of the senate of the Roman people, to possess the kingdom in his state, which his father had before; and also Dumnorix the Aeduan, the brother of Divitiacus, who at that time held the pre-eminence in the state, and was especially popular with the people, to induce him to attempt the same, and to give him his daughter in marriage.
Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset: non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat.
sehr leicht|zu tun|sein|ihnen|beweist|Versuche|vollbringen|deshalb|da|er|seiner|Stadt|Herrschaft|erlangen|wäre|||Zweifel|dass|||am meisten||könnten|sich|||und mit seinem|Heer|ihnen|Reiche|vermitteln|bestätigt
Very easy|"to do"||to them|it proves|attempts|to accomplish|therefore||he|of his own|of the state|power|"about to obtain"|would obtain|||doubt|that||of Gaul|most||||||"and his"|army||kingdoms|"would secure"|"he asserts"
Er beweist, dass es für sie sehr einfach war, ihre Bemühungen zu Ende zu bringen, da er selbst im Begriff war, die Regierung seiner eigenen Stadt zu erlangen: Es besteht kein Zweifel, dass die Helvetier den größten Teil ganz Galliens kontrollieren konnten; Er bekräftigt, dass er ihre Königreiche mit seinen Streitkräften und seiner Armee erobern wird.
It is very easy for them to prove that they could achieve their attempts, because he himself would obtain the power of his own state: there is no doubt that the Helvetii could be the most powerful of all Gaul; he confirms that he will unite those kingdoms with his resources and his army.
Dimostra che per loro era molto facile portare a termine i loro sforzi, perché lui stesso stava per ottenere il governo della propria città: non c'è dubbio che gli Elvezi potessero controllare gran parte dell'intera Gallia; Afferma che vincerà i loro regni con le sue forze e il suo esercito.
Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et ius iurandum dant et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant.
in dieser|Rede|bewegt|unter|einander|Treue|und|Recht|Eid|geben|und|Königreich|besetztem|für|drei|mächtigsten|und|festesten|Völker|ganzes||sich|beherrschen|können|speran
|speech|having been led|||faith||law|oath|they give||kingdom|seized power|by||most powerful||most steadfast|peoples|||they|"to obtain"|to be able|they hope
Von diesem Gebet bewegt, schwören sie einander Treue und Recht und hoffen, dass die drei mächtigsten und standhaftesten Völker ganz Galliens das besetzte Königreich in Besitz nehmen können.
By this speech, they give their pledge and oath to each other, and they hope that by the occupation of the kingdom, they can seize power over all of Gaul through the three most powerful and strongest peoples.
[4] Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata.
Diese|Sache||den Helvetiern|durch|Zeichen|verkündet
||||through|"disclosure"|"disclosed"
This matter was announced to the Helvetii through a report.
Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt; damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur.
seinen Sitten|seinen|Orgetorix|aus|von den Fesseln|Sache|sagen|zwingen|verurteilt|Strafe|folgen|war notwendig|damit|Feuer|verbrannt werden
"By their customs"|his|Orgetorix|from|chains|case|to plead|"they forced"|"having been condemned"|punishment|to follow|"was necessary"|so that|by fire|be burned alive
Durch ihr Verhalten zwangen sie Orgetorius, seinen Fall aus seinen Fesseln zu vertreten; Die Verurteilten mussten die Strafe der Verbrennung durch Feuer ertragen.
They compelled Orgetorix to plead his case from chains due to his customs; it was necessary that the condemned should follow the punishment, so that he would be burned by fire.
Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit.
die|die Bestimmungen|der Grund|der Rede|||Gericht|alle|seine|Familie|zu|Menschen|tausend|zehn|von überall|versammelte|||Klienten|und die Schuldner|seine|von denen|großen||hatte|dorthin|führte zusammen|durch|eos|ne|Ursache|er sagte|sich|er nahm weg
the|having been established|of the case|"of pleading"|Orgetorix||<iudicium> in this context translates to "the trial."|all|his own|family|||ten thousand|ten thousand|from all sides|"gathered"|||dependents or clients|"and debtors"|his|of whom|great number|large number|he had|to the same place|"brought together"|through them||that|case|he might speak|himself|"Rescued himself"
On the day set for the case, Orgetorix assembled all his family, about ten thousand men, from all sides, and he gathered all his clients and debtors, of whom he had a large number, to the same place; he freed himself from the obligation to present the case through them.
Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exequi conaretur multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit.
|Stadt|wegen|dieser|Sache|angestiftet|Waffen|Recht|ihr Recht|ausüben|versuchte|und die Menge||aus|Felder|die Beamten|versammeln|Orgetorix|tot||nicht|abest|Verdacht|dass||denken|dass|selbst|sich|Tod|consciverit
|state|on||this matter|"incited"|with arms|law|its own|"to enforce"|was trying|and a multitude|||"from the fields"|the magistrates|"were gathering"||dead||nor|is absent|"Suspicion"|||"they think"|that|||death|"inflicted upon himself"
When the state, incited by this matter, tried to enforce its rights with arms and the magistrates were gathering a multitude of men from the fields, Orgetorix died; and there is no suspicion lacking, as the Helvetii believe, that he took his own life.
[5] Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant.
after|||nothing less|||||"had decided"||attempt||from|from their borders||"they leave"
After his death, the Helvetii nevertheless attempt to do that which they had resolved, namely to leave their territory.
Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt; frumentum omne, praeter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent.
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||waren|||||||||||||||||||||
|now|||it||"prepared" or "ready"||"thought" or "believed"|"they thought"|towns|their|all|"numbering about"||twelve|villages||four hundred villages|the remaining|private buildings|private buildings|They burn|grain|all the grain|except for||with them|"About to carry"|they were|burn up||home|"return home"|hope|"Taken away"|"more prepared"|||dangers|"To undergo"|they might be|three months|"Of months"|ground or milled|provisions or food supplies||each one|from home|"to carry out"|They order.
When they thought that they were already prepared for this undertaking, they set fire to all their towns, in number about twelve, their villages about four hundred, and the private buildings that remained; they burn all the corn, except that which they were about to bring with them, so that, taking away the hope of a return home, they might be more prepared to face all dangers; having plotted for three months' rations, they order each man to bring him home.
Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt.
They persuade|to the Rauraci||Tulingi||Latobrigi tribe|neighboring|"to use"||using the same|plan|towns||"and villages"|"having burned"||||"set out together"|the Boii||||"had lived"||||Noricum: Noricum (region)|"had crossed over"|Noreia and|were besieging|"received" or "taken in"|||allies||recruit
They persuade the Rauraci, Tulingi, and Latobrigi, their neighboring tribes, to set out with them, having the same plan, after their towns and villages have been burned, and they receive as allies the Boii, who had settled across the Rhine and had crossed into Noricum and were attacking Noreia.
[6] Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur.
|altogether|journeys||which|"routes" or "paths"||to exit||one||Sequani|narrow and difficult||difficult||mountain|Jura Mountains|||Rhone River|hardly|"where"|individual|wagons|"could be led"|mountain||highest mountain|"overhung"|||very few|"hold back"||the other||||much easier||and much more|more convenient|for this reason|"because"|||"of the Helvetii"||Allobroges||recently pacified|"pacified" or "subdued"|"there were"|Rhone River||"and it"||"by no"|places|ford or shallow crossing|"is crossed"
[6] There were in total two routes by which they could exit their homeland: one through the Sequani, narrow and difficult, between the Jura mountain and the Rhône river, barely able to be traversed by individual carts, while a very high mountain overhung, making it easy for very few to prevent passage; the other through our province, much easier and more straightforward, because the Rhône flows between the borders of the Helvetii and the Allobroges, who had recently been pacified, and it is crossed in some places by a ford.
Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava.
Farthest town||of the Allobroges||nearest|||Geneva
The furthest town of the Allobroges is Geneva, which is near the territories of the Helvetii.
Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet.
|that|the town|bridge||the Helvetii|leads
From that town a bridge leads to the Helvetii.
Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur.
"to the Allobroges"|themselves|either|"would persuade"|"because"|not yet|good|good spirit|the|people|Roman people|they seemed|"they thought"|either|force|"force them"|that|||territory|them|to go|"allow to pass"
They believed that they would either persuade the Allobroges, who did not yet seem to have a good attitude towards the Roman people, or they would force them by violence to allow them to go through their territory.
Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant.
all|||departure|"having been prepared"|day|they say||day||bank of the Rhône|Rhône River||"may gather"
When all things are prepared for the departure, they declare the day on which all will gather at the bank of the Rhone.
Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal.
It|day|was|on|||of the Kalends
That day was the 5th day before the Kalends of April.
Apr.
April
April
L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.
In the year|with Piso||Gabinius|the consuls
Lucius Piso and A. Gabinius were consuls.
[7] Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit.
"to Caesar"||it|it had been announced|"had been"|||||journey|to travel|"to attempt"|"hastens to depart"|||to set out||as large as|as large as possible|as possible||into|to Gaul|"further Gaul"|hurries|||Geneva|he arrives
[7] When it was reported to Caesar that they were attempting to march through our province, he hastens to depart from the city, and hastens into further Gaul as far as he can by as great marches as possible, and arrives at Geneva.
Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi.
of the province|"whole" or "entire"|as much as||can|||he orders|"was"||||"farther" or "more distant"|legion||the bridge|||||orders|to be cut
He demands the greatest number of soldiers from the whole province (there was at all one legion in Further Gaul), and orders the bridge which was at Geneva to be broken down.
Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat.
|||arrival||informed|made certain||envoys||him|"they send"|"most noble citizens"|||"of the embassy"|Nammeius||Verucloetius: Verucloetius|chief|leading position|"held the position"||they might say||"to be"|||without any wrongdoing|any|"harm" or "wrongdoing"|||the province||for this reason|"because"|another||they had|no other|ask|||will||||it be allowed
When the Helvetii were informed of his arrival, they sent the most distinguished envoys of the state to him, of whom Nammeius and Verucloetius held the chief place, to say that they had in mind to travel through the province without any wrongdoing, because they had no other route; they asked that it be permitted for them to do this with his goodwill.
Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat.
Caesar|that which||"he remembered"||Cassius|consul|killed|"and his army"||||driven back||under the yoke|yoke|sent under yoke|"to be granted"||did not think|nor||hostile||given the opportunity|opportunity|||of the journey|"of making"|"would refrain"||"wrongdoing" or "harm"||wrongdoing|he thought
Caesar, remembering that L. Cassius the consul had been killed and his army routed and sent under the yoke by the Helvetii, did not think it should be granted; nor did he believe that men of hostile spirit, given the opportunity to make a journey through the province, would restrain themselves from injury and wrongdoing.
Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id.
"However" or "Nevertheless"||"interval" or "time gap"|"to intervene"|||the soldiers|whom|"had ordered"|"might assemble"|"to the envoys"|he replied|day|||"for deliberation"|"will take time"|if they||they would wish||
However, in order for time to intervene while the soldiers he had commanded were gathering, he replied to the envoys that he would take a day for deliberation: if they wanted anything, they should come to the Ides (of the month).
April.
April.
April
reverterentur.
"they might return"
should return.
[8] Interea ea legione quam secum habebat militibusque, qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum XVIIII murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit.
meanwhile||"the legion"||||and the soldiers|||province|had assembled||||||||"flows into"|||Jura mountain|||of the Sequani||||||19 miles|wall||height|feet|sixteen feet high|and a ditch|"constructs" or "extends"
[8] Meanwhile, with the legion he had with him and the soldiers who had come from the province, he leads from Lake Geneva, which flows into the Rhône River, to Mount Jura, which separates the territories of the Sequanians from the Helvetii, a distance of eighteen miles, and builds a wall sixteen feet high and a ditch.
Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conentur, prohibere possit.
|"work" or "task"|"completed"|defenses|"he arranges"|fortified camps|fortifies|in order that|more easily|||"against his will"|to cross|"they try to"|"to prevent"|he may be able
Having completed this work, he arranges defenses and strengthens fortifications, so that if they try to cross against his will, he may be able to prevent them more easily.
Ubi ea dies quam constituerat cum legatis venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinciam dare et, si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit.
||||"had appointed"|||||envoys|||"returned to him"|"he denies"||"custom"||example|||||any|||give|||force||"they try"|"will prevent"|"he shows"
When the day he had set with the ambassadors arrived and the ambassadors returned to him, he denied that according to the customs and example of the Roman people he could allow any passage through the province and showed that if they attempted to use force he would prevent it.
Helvetii ea spe deiecti navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu si perrumpere possent conati, operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.
|||"disappointed"|the ships|joined together|rafts|several|having been made|some|shallow areas||where|least|height||||never|by day|more often|at night||break through||"having attempted"|of the work|by the fortification|||by the attack||"weapons" or "missiles"|"driven back"|this|attempt|"gave up"
The Helvetii, dejected by this hope, having made several rafts with ships joined together, others tried to break through the shallow parts of the Rhône river, where the depth of the river was least, not infrequently by day, but more often by night. Rebuffed by the fortification of works, the assembly of soldiers, and weapons, they ceased this attempt.
[9] Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis invitis propter angustias ire non poterant.
"Was left"|||Sequani|||Sequani|unwilling|because of|narrow passages|to go||they could not
There was only one road left through the Sequani, by which they could not go due to the reluctance of the Sequani because of the narrowness.
His cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorigem Haeduum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent.
|||own accord|to persuade|||||Dumnorix the Aeduan|of the Aedui|send|||mediator||Sequani|"they might obtain"
Since they could not persuade them willingly, they send ambassadors to Dumnorix the Aeduan to obtain permission from the Sequani through his intercession.
Dumnorix gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat et Helvetiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat, et cupiditate regni adductus novis rebus studebat et quam plurimas civitates suo beneficio habere obstrictas volebat.
Dumnorix greatly influential|favor||generosity||||was able||||friend|||||||||had taken||greed for power|kingdom|"Induced by"|new|things|was eager for|and||very many|cities|his benefit|favor||under obligation|wanted
Dumnorix was very influential with the Sequani due to his favor and generosity, and he was a friend of the Helvetii because he had married the daughter of Orgetorix from that state, and urged by the desire for power, he was eager for revolution and wanted to have as many states bound to him by his kindness.
Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur, obsidesque uti inter sese dent perficit: Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et iniuria transeant.
therefore||"undertakes"|and||Sequani|"obtains permission"|||||||they allow|"and hostages"|to use|||give|"accomplishes" or "brings about"|Sequani: Sequani tribe||journey||"they prevent"||||harm|||they pass
Therefore, he undertakes the matter and obtains from the Sequani that they allow the Helvetii to go through their lands, and he ensures that they give hostages to each other: the Sequani, so that they do not obstruct the passage of the Helvetii, and the Helvetii, so that they may pass without wrongdoing and injury.
