Witchcraft: Crash Course European History #10 (2) جادوگری|دوره|دوره|| sorcellerie|||| Witchcraft|||| brujería|Curso||| Hexerei: Crashkurs Europäische Geschichte #10 (2) Brujería: Crash Course European History #10 (2) Stregoneria: Corso accelerato di storia europea #10 (2) 魔術クラッシュコース ヨーロッパ史 第10回 (2) Bruxaria: Curso Rápido de História Europeia #10 (2) Колдовство: Краткий курс европейской истории #10 (2) Cadılık: Crash Course Avrupa Tarihi #10 (2) 巫术：欧洲历史速成班#10 (2) 巫術：歐洲歷史速成班#10 (2)

The hangman then applied torture at the direction of a council of examiners. le|bourreau||||||||||| |hangman|||torture||||||council||reviewers |verdugo||aplicó|||||||consejo||

Knowing the accused person's body intimately, he came to know it better by observing and |||||thoroughly||||||||watching closely| Conociendo||||||||||||||

noting the kinds of torture and the victim's reaction to each type. ||||شکنجه||||||| |||||||victim's||||

Then as now, many tortured people would make false confessions, which in turn often led ||||tortured|||||statements of guilt||||| ||||||||||||a su vez|| 当時も今も、拷問を受けた人々の多くが虚偽の自白をし、それがしばしば

to execution. |execution

The widespread torture and execution are horrifying, and they speak to how profoundly afraid people |گسترده|شکنجه||اعدام||ترسناک||||||به طرز عمیقی|ترسیده| |widespread|||||horrifying||||||profoundly|| |generalizada|||||||||||||

were of the devil and his influence. |||devil|||

In 1587, the story of Faust, a scholar who sells his soul to the devil, was first published. ||||Faust legend||scholar||||||||||published ||||Faust||erudito||||||||||

And its themes were relevant to popular and high culture. ||||pertinent||||| ||||relevantes||||| そして、そのテーマは大衆文化とハイカルチャーに関連していた。

Because if a /scholar/ would sell his soul to the devil, who could be immune? |||عالم||||||||||| ||||||||||||||immune

It was common knowledge that the devil was a trickster and a supreme illusionist, cloaked |||||||||menteur|||||revêtu |||||||||deceiver|||supreme|master of deception|disguised |||||||||embaucador|||||enmascarado

in all kinds of magic that was difficult to detect or to separate from the normal, good |||||||||detect||||||| あらゆる種類の魔法の中で、発見するのが難しかったり、通常の良い魔法から切り離すのが難しかったりした。

magic of the unseen world. |||unseen| |||invisible|

So in towns and cities, councils examined suspects often over a period of years, with ||towns|||councils|examined|suspects||||||| |||||los concejos||sospechosos|||||||

interrogations interspersed with torture and deliberations. допросы||||| questioning sessions|mixed with||||discussions |intercaladas||||deliberaciones بازجویی‌ها|مخلوط شده||||مذاکرات

They would examine a suspect's words, the stories she told, and the contradictions within ||||||||||||противоречия| ||examine||suspect||||||||inconsistencies| 彼らは容疑者の言葉、彼女が語ったストーリー、そしてその中の矛盾を検証する。

those stories.

They tried to discern who was in league with the devil and who was simply mentally disturbed |||разобрать||||||||||||| |||determine||||||||||||mentally|mentally ill |||||||||||||||mentalmente|perturbado ||||||||||شیطان||||||

or a helpful healer or, you know, a victim of torture. |||شفا دهنده|||||||شکنجه |||healer|||||victim|| ||útil|||||||| あるいは役に立つヒーラー、あるいは拷問の被害者。

And these councils of notable men always had the last word, leading some historians to ||||notable|||||||||| |||||||||||llevando|||

believe that in times of difficulty and disorder, like the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, |||||||disorder|||sixteenth||seventeenth|

men asserted control. |claimed| |afirmaron|

Other historians point to the concentrated focus on women and conclude that the accused 他の歴史家は、女性への集中的なフォーカスを指摘し、被告人は次のように結論づけている。

were the most vulnerable and often the most disrespected in society. |||at risk|||||not valued||

Moreover, women such as lying-in-nurses dealt with the most intimate matters of human existence, furthermore||||lying||nurses|dealt||||personal|||| |mujeres|||mentirosas|||||||íntimos|asuntos|||existencia さらに、臥床看護婦のような女性は、人間存在の最も親密な問題を扱っていた、 Além disso, as mulheres, como as enfermeiras, ocupavam-se dos assuntos mais íntimos da existência humana,

especially new life, which was then fraught with danger--around half of all infants born ||||||подвергалось|||||||| ||||||filled||danger|||||babies| especialmente||||||cargada|||||||infantes|

died before their fifth birthday, many in the first few days of life, and childbirth ||||birthday||||||||||childbirth ||||||||||||||el parto

was among the greatest threats to women's lives. ||||threats||| |entre|||||| は、女性の生活にとって最大の脅威のひとつであった。

Finally, others point out that women were the main victims because religious scripture ||||||||||||писание |||||||||victims|||texts of faith ||señalan||||||||||escritura ||||||||||||کتاب مقدس

referred to the female body as the most impure and most vulnerable to evil. ||||||||unclean||||| ||||||||impura|||||

Being seen as the most unclean, they were also seen as the most like the devil--tricksters |||||most dirty|||||||||||deceivers |||||más impuros||||||||||| 最も汚れているとみなされ、最も悪魔に似ているとみなされた。

and agents of disorder. |agents||

The Witches' Hammer makes this comparison explicit many, many times. |||||comparison|clear||| ||Martillo|||comparación||||

But no matter what conclusions you draw, it's important to understand that sexism isn't ||||conclusions||draw||||||sexism| しかし、どのような結論を導き出すにせよ、性差別は次のようなものではないことを理解することが重要だ。

just, like, bad in the abstract. |||||general sense

It is a system of power that oppresses people, and in these cases, many times kills them. |||||||угнетает||||||||| |||||||oppresses|||||||||

Between 1700 and 1750, the persecution of witches diminished, as the tide started to |||преследование|||||||| |||witch hunts|||decreased significantly|||trend|| |||||||||marea|| |||آزار||جادوگران|کاهش یافت|||جزر و مد||

turn against the practice. giro|||

French courts ordered the arrest of witch-hunters and the release of suspected witches. |courts|ordered||arrest|||hunters|||release||suspected| franceses||ordenaron||||||||liberación||| フランスの裁判所は、魔女狩りをしていた者の逮捕と、魔女と疑われた者の釈放を命じた。

In 1682, a French royal decree treated witchcraft as a fraud. ||||указ||||| ||||official order|treated||||deception |||||consideró||||

Perhaps the state had taken seriously Michel de Montaigne's pronouncement from a century |||||||||изречение||| ||||||Michel||Montaigne's|statement|||

earlier—almost unique at the time, by the way: “it is taking one's conjectures rather |||||||||||||предположения| |||||||||||||theories| ところで、当時としてはほとんどユニークなことだった："それはむしろ、自分の推測を鵜呑みにすることである。

seriously to roast someone alive for them.” ||criticize harshly||||

By 1700, people had a more positive view of the divine and had relaxed their view that |||||||||الهی|||رها کرده بودند||| |||||||||godly entity||||||

the Devil's hand was at work in everyday life or in natural disasters. |Devil's|||||||||||disasters 悪魔の手は日常生活や自然災害の中に働いていた。

Although some religious authorities might still see misfortune as the work of the Devil, 宗教的権威の中には、災難を悪魔の仕業と見なす者もまだいるかもしれないが、

others had a better understanding that there were scientific laws behind the operations ||||درک||||||||

of nature.

More than that, the worst of the multifaceted religious and political turmoil was over and |||||||многостороннего||||смятение||| more|||||||multifaceted||||upheaval||| |||||||||||tumulto|||

questions of political order seemed less menacing. ||||||угрожающими ||||||threatening ||||||amenazantes

We'll discuss how these new understandings came about in the next few episodes. |||||understandings||||||| こうした新たな理解がどのようにして生まれたかについては、次回のエピソードで触れよう。

Thanks for watching.

I'll see you then.