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Inter-War Period (between WW 1 and II), Willkommen in Jugoslawien Part 1 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1929 Part 2 von 3 - YouTube (1)

Willkommen in Jugoslawien Part 1 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1929 Part 2 von 3 - YouTube (1)

Today I am going to touch a live wire. We are going to speak about the Balkans. Yugoslavia

to be precise, where we will look at how this new country proclaimed after the Great War

struggles with ethnic violence already from its beginning and how, as so often in the

interwar period - some view totalitarianism as the solution.

Welcome to Between-2-Wars, a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all

facets of life, the uncertainty, hedonism, and euphoria, and ultimately humanity's

descent into the darkness of the Second World War. I'm Indy Neidell.

This is going to be a two part episode covering what happens in Yugoslavia between 1918 and

1929, so before you jump to any conclusions, wait until you've seen both episodes. Now,

I'm going to talk about issues that continue to impact the region and Europe in 2019. Issues

that famously tend to launch bitter and toxic debate. First of all – we are not taking

any side here, simply relating what happened. Second of all, should anyone, from any “side”

take any toxic debate full of hatred to our comment section, we will remove those comments

and revoke your posting privileges permanently - and it doesn't matter how much you feel

that you are right or are responding to other people's hatred, we will not tolerate it

from anyone- you should read our rules of conduct in the pinned post before you start

commenting, there you will also find an exposition as to why these are our policies. We read

every single comment that we get and that takes time, so you can do us all a favor,

and save us and yourself some work by simply not posting anything hateful in the first

place.

By the end of the 1920s, ethnic rivalry and fundamental constitutional questions have

plagued what would eventually be known as Yugoslavia ever since it became a nation shortly

after The Great War. As the fragile constitutional monarchy crumbles under these conflicts, on

January 6, 1929, King Aleksandar dismisses Parliament and becomes the absolute monarch

of the union of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Aleksandar's hope- and that of many of his

subjects- is that he can put an end to the ‘tribal' squabbles between the different

Southern Slav nations and build a strong state based around a single Yugoslav identity.

But let's backtrack a little to see how we end up there in the first place.

We saw way back in our 1918 episode on the Rise of Nations that the Great War had created

a multitude of new states in Europe. The ‘Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes' is one of

these. It faces the huge task of incorporating a multitude of ethnicities more or less in

conflict. It is not only the national groupings of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but also the

unrecognized groups of Montenegrins, Macedonians, and Bosnian Muslims that shall now become

one ‘Yugoslavia' (literally ‘the land of the Southern Slavs' in Serbo-Croatian).

There are also minorities of Albanians, Germans, Hungarians, and many more that need to be

considered. The government of the new nation is immediately hobbled by heated arguments

over ethnic boundaries, identity, and constitutional structure that simply will not abate or be

magically solved. Some argue for a strong central state while others push for a confederation,

and ethnic loyalties often take precedence over loyalty to the Kingdom.

Now, the movement for a united nation of the South Slavs has existed for quite some time,

but already as an idea it was burdened with ethnic unbalance. Back in the mid-nineteenth-century,

certain Croat intellectuals began to propagate the idea that Southern Slavs were descended

from the Illyrian tribes which populated the Balkans in Antiquity. Inspired by the romanticism

of the period, the ‘Illyrians' called for a national rebirth through linguistic

unity and cultural awakening. At the center of the movement was Ljudevit Gaj who championed

the use of Štokavian, a dialect used by a great number of both Croats and Serbs, and

in 1850 it was chosen as the basis of the Serbo-Croatian language. By the 1860's,

this becomes ‘Yugoslavism'- calling for unity and autonomy amongst the South Slavs.

It is led by a kind of Croatian national awakening with awareness that for the Croat nation to

survive against the forces of Austria, Hungary, and other major regional powers, unity amongst

the South Slavs is needed.

One of the proponents of South Slav unity in Austria-Hungary is Stepjan Radić, who

forms the Croat People's Peasants Party (HPSS) in 1904. At first, he advocates an

autonomous Croatia within Habsburg territory. But as a loftier goal, Radić believes that

the ‘national oneness' and equality of South Slavs is possible so long as they accept

Croatia as a political entity. But Radić's dreams of Croatia's federalized autonomy

is to some degree in conflict with Serbia and its Balkan partners.

Serbia emerges victorious from the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913 with huge territorial

gains which rocket Aleksandar to fame. He is at this point the Crown Prince of Serbia

and leads the offensive to force the Ottomans out of Kosovo, with national romantic historical

connections to the Serbian defeat at Ottoman hands at Kosovo back in 1389. An increasing

number of Southern Slav intellectuals, less sympathetic to the Habsburg monarchy than

Radić, now see Aleksander as a viable vehicle to independence. Radić fears Serbian domination,

though, and declares that Serbian expansion “certainly could and would end up with only

the complete destruction of Croatia and the Croats”.

And in fact, most of Serbia's ideologues and politicians do envision a union dominated

by what they saw as fellow Serbs in Montenegro, Macedonia, Croatia, and beyond. Aleksandar

even sees himself as the liberator of what he believed to be Serbian lands, no matter

who lives on them or their religion. Thus, Radić, and many Slovene and Croat intellectuals,

instead continue to advocate South Slav unity within the Habsburg Empire.

But the Great War is now about to change the destiny of Yugoslavia.

In December 1914, the Serb leadership releases its statement of war aims in the Niš Declaration,

where it proclaims “the struggle for the liberation and unification of all our brothers,

Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, who are still not free.” Within the Empire, the Yugoslav

Committee is formed and claims to speak for all Southern Slavs in Austro-Hungarian lands.

So, an increasing number of forces are now driving for similar ideas, but they are also

on opposing sides in the War.

Another party gets involved in mid 1917, when deputies in the ‘Yugoslav Club' in the

Austrian parliament call for a South Slav autonomous community in the empire. Fearing

being outmaneuvered, the Serbian government and the Yugoslav Committee decide to collaborate,

producing the Corfu Declaration in July 1917. The declaration endorses the creation of a

kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes ruled by the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty, in

other words King Petar and Crown Prince Aleksander.

Things are pretty vague and contradictory though. The Yugoslav Committee, made up largely

of Croats and led by Ante Trumbić, desire a federation of unique states, whereas the

Serbian Government, led by Nikola Pašić, dream of a strongly centralized state. Now,

Radić is not part of any of these factions and fears that the Serbian government are

simply using the Corfu Declaration as a cover for territorial expansion. He is not entirely

wrong; Aleksander and his politicians are pretty focused on Serbian supremacy, with

the commitment to Yugoslavia being more of a military and political practicality rather

than ideology. Not at all what Radić is striving for.

Despite his fears, in 1918, as the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapses, Radić joins the National

Council of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs which is formed in Zagreb on October 6, thinking

that it will furhter his goals. The National Council, though, announced the goal of unification

with Serbia. Radić is opposed, but despite his continued protests, the National Council

decides to send a delegation to Serbia to call for unification.

On 1 December 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes is proclaimed. Aleksandar

is declared Prince Regent and will become King when his father Peter dies in 1921. The

prince addresses representatives from the National Council with unequivocal support

of the Yugoslav project, stating that “I am convinced that by this act I am fulfilling

my duty as ruler, because with this I am merely realizing that which the best sons of our

blood – of all three faiths and all three names from both sides of the Danube, the Sava

and the Drina… I proclaim the unification of Serbia with the lands of the independent

state of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in the unified Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.”

A sudden about face- it would seem- and Radić spares no drama, describing that those rushing

into unification are flying “like drunken geese into a fog.”

In March 1919, a provisional parliament meets to draft a new constitution and immediately

hits bumpy ground because of the conflict of centralism versus federalism. Nikola Pašić's

Radical Party considers Serbia's war sacrifice to be what created Yugoslavia, and assumes

that Serbian institutions and governance will continue. Sharing their centralist dream is

the Democratic Party, led by Ljubomir Davidovic, but who oppose the Radical Party's ill-hidden

desire for Serb domination and instead advocate a unitarian Kingdom where old dividing lines

shall be forgotten. The dominant Slovenian party, the Slovene Peoples Party (SLS), is

pro regionalism, but has Italy breathing down its neck after already taking chunks of Italian

territory after the war, and now sees Belgrade as a guarantee of safety. In some ways in

opposition to all of them is Radić, who is now leading the Croat Peasant Party, opposed

to unification, which has unexpected electoral success in November 1920, propelling Radić

to a higher position of influence. Within weeks of electoral success, though, he and

the party come to accept federalization within some kind of unified state as reality, and

republicanism becomes relevant.

On top of the main parties, the diverse communities of Slavic Muslims form a number of independent

and largely opposed groups. They seek alliances with the main parties in exchange for support

of Islamic institutions and good treatment of Muslim landowners in, for instance, Bosnia.

Montenegrins and Macedonians get little special representation as they are viewed as Serbs

by Belgrade. Others, like the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, oppose Yugoslavia

altogether and carry out attacks against Serbian officials. Constitutional and identity issues

are compounded by economic issues. It's a motley crew of disjointed agrarian economies

with more diversity than cooperation. The northwest is a great deal more prosperous

and advanced than the southeast, and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Muslim landowners and Serbian

peasants are struggling with each other for economic control. To make things worse, the

new state has different tax and banking systems, transport and communication networks, and

legal codes which all have to be linked up.

Despite all the differences, on 28 June 1921, exactly seven years after the assassination

of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and 532 years after the Battle of Kosovo, the Vidovdan Constitution

is ratified by 223 of the 285 delegates present at the Constitutional Assembly in Belgrade,

though a huge block of 161 Croat and Slovene delegates boycott the vote. The Kingdom will

be a constitutional, parliamentary, and hereditary monarchy - one nation comprised of three tribes.

It is a victory for centralists. The monarch, still Peter I at this point, is invested with

considerable power over parliamentary politics, declared to be head of the military, and has

most of the government bureaucracy flowing from him. He has the power to appoint and

dismiss prime ministers and the de facto ability to reject any legislation he doesn't like.

The kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes now has a constitution, but it is far from

having a stable government, and it will stay that way.

In fact, government will come close to failing or will actually fail over 20 times over the

decade, and no government will ever serve out a full parliamentary mandate. Two opposing

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Willkommen in Jugoslawien Part 1 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1929 Part 2 von 3 - YouTube (1) 欢迎||南斯拉夫|||||||| Willkommen in Jugoslawien Teil 1 I ZWISCHEN 2 KRIEGEN I 1929 Teil 2 von 3 - YouTube (1) Willkommen in Jugoslawien Part 1 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1929 Part 2 von 3 - YouTube (1) Willkommen in Jugoslawien Part 1 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1929 Part 2 von 3 - YouTube (1) ユーゴスラヴィアンにようこそ 第1部 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1929 Part 2 von 3 - YouTube (1) Willkommen in Jugoslawien Part 1 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1929 Part 2 von 3 - YouTube (1) Willkommen in Jugoslawien Parte 1 I ENTRE 2 GUERRAS I 1929 Parte 2 von 3 - YouTube (1) Willkommen in Jugoslawien Bölüm 1 I 2 SAVAŞ ARASINDA I 1929 Bölüm 2 von 3 - YouTube (1) Willkommen in Jugoslawien Part 1 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1929 Part 2 von 3 - YouTube (1) Willkommen in Jugoslawien 第 1 部分 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1929 第 2 部分 von 3 - YouTube (1)

Today I am going to touch a live wire. We are going to speak about the Balkans. Yugoslavia |||||碰|||||||||||巴尔干|南斯拉夫 ||vais||||||||||||||| ||||||||electric cable||||||||| Danas ću dodirnuti živu žicu . Govorit ćemo o Balkanu. O Jugoslaviji Heute werde ich ein kontroverses Thema behandeln. Wir werden über den Balkan sprechen. Jugoslawien

to be precise, where we will look at how this new country proclaimed after the Great War da preciziram, gdje ćemo vidjeti kako se ova nova zemlja, proglašena nakon Prvog svjetskog rata, um genau zu sein, in welchem wir einen Blick auf dieses neue, nach dem ersten Weltkrieg proklamierte Land werfen und wie

struggles with ethnic violence already from its beginning and how, as so often in the |||||||||如何||||| struggles|||||||||||||| borila sa međuetničkim nasiljem već od samog početka i kako su, kao veoma često u dieses mit ethnischen Problemen und Gewalt schon von Anfang an zu kämpfen hat, wie es oftmals

interwar period - some view totalitarianism as the solution. ||||极权主义||| međuratnom periodu - neki vidjeli rješenje u totalitarizmu in der Zwischenkriegszeit der Fall war, und einige sehen Totalitarismus als die Lösung für all diese Probleme.

Welcome to Between-2-Wars, a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all ||||||summary|||interwar||| Dobro došli u "Između 2 rata", hronološki zbir međuratnih godina, koje pokrivaju sve Willkommen bei Between-2-Wars, einer chronologischen Zusammenfassung der Zwischenkriegszeit, welche alle

facets of life, the uncertainty, hedonism, and euphoria, and ultimately humanity's sfere života, neizvjesnost, hedonizam i zanos, i konačno ulazak čovječanstva Aspekte des Lebens behandelt, von der Unsicherheit, dem Hedonism und der Euphoria dem endgültigen Abstieg der Menschheit

descent into the darkness of the Second World War. I'm Indy Neidell. descent||||||||||| u tamu Drugog svjetskog rata. Ja sam Indy Neidell. in die Dunkelheit des zweiten Weltkrieges. Ich bin Indy Neidell.

This is going to be a two part episode covering what happens in Yugoslavia between 1918 and Ovo će biti dvodijelna epizoda koja pokriva šta se sve dešavalo u Jugoslaviji između 1918. i Dies wird eine Zwei-Folgen-Episode sein, welche die Ereignisse in Jugoslawien zwischen 1918 und

1929, so before you jump to any conclusions, wait until you've seen both episodes. Now, 1929., tako da prije nego počnete sa zaključcima, sačekajte da pogledate obe epizode. Sada 1929 behandelt, also bitte schaut beide Episoden bevor ihr voreilige Schlüsse zieht. Ich werde

I'm going to talk about issues that continue to impact the region and Europe in 2019. Issues |||||issues||||||||Europe|| ću govoriti o pitanjima koja nastavljaju da utječu na regiju i Europu i u 2019. nun über Probleme reden, welche die Region und Europa im Jahr 2019 nach wie vor beeinflussen. Diese Probleme

that famously tend to launch bitter and toxic debate. First of all – we are not taking ||tend|||bitter|||||||||| koja obično izazivaju gorku i otrovnu raspravu. Prije svega - ne zauzimamo sind bekannt dafür, dass sie oftmals bittere und toxische Debatten auslösen. Zuallererst - Wir nehmen hier keine

any side here, simply relating what happened. Second of all, should anyone, from any “side” nikakvu stranu ovdje, prosto se osvrćemo na ono što se desilo. Drugo, ukoliko bilo ko, sa bilo koje "strane" Seite ein, sondern erzählen nur was passiert ist. Zweitens - Sollte irgendwer, von irgendeiner "Seite"

take any toxic debate full of hatred to our comment section, we will remove those comments 带||有毒的||||||||||||| započne bilo kakvu toksičnu raspravu punu mržnje u našoj sekciji komentara, uklonit ćemo te komentare eine toxische Debatte voller Hass in unsere Kommentarsektion bringen werden wir diese Kommentare entfernen

and revoke your posting privileges permanently - and it doesn't matter how much you feel |撤销|||||||||||| |révoquer|||||||||||| |take away|||||||||||| i ukinuti vaše pravo na komentiranje zastalno - i to bez obzira koliko osećate und Ihre Postprivilegien permanent zurückziehen. Dabei zählt nicht, wie sehr Sie sich dabei

that you are right or are responding to other people's hatred, we will not tolerate it ||||||||||hatred||||| da ste vi upravu ili odgovarate na mržnju drugih ljudi, mi to nećemo tolerisati korrekt fühlen oder im Glauben sind, den Hass anderer Leute zu überschreiben. Wir tolerieren dies von

from anyone- you should read our rules of conduct in the pinned post before you start |||||||||||置顶|||| |||||||||||featured|post||| od bilo koga - trebate pročitati naša pravila ponašanja u zakačenom komentaru prije nego počnete niemanden. Sie sollten unsere Verhaltensregeln in unserem angehefteten Kommentar lesen bevor Sie etwas

commenting, there you will also find an exposition as to why these are our policies. We read |||||||说明||||||||| komentirati, tu ćete također pronaći i objašnjenje zbog čega su to naša pravila. Mi pročitamo kommentieren. Dort werden Sie außerdem unsere Begründungen für diese Kommentarpolitik finden. Wir lesen

every single comment that we get and that takes time, so you can do us all a favor, |||||receive||||||||||||favor svaki pojedinačni komentar koji dobijemo i to zahtijeva vrijeme, tako da nam svima možete učinitu uslugu, jeden einzelnen Kommentar und dies nimmt etwas Zeit in Anspruch, also bitte tun Sie uns einen Gefallen

and save us and yourself some work by simply not posting anything hateful in the first ||||||||||||haineux||| i sačuvati nas i vas određenog posla tako što jednostavno nećete postaviti ništa što izaziva mržnju na prvom und sparen uns einiges an Arbeit durch das einfache Unterlassen von hasserfüllten Kommentaren.

place. mjestu

By the end of the 1920s, ethnic rivalry and fundamental constitutional questions have ||到|||||||||| |||||||competition||||| Do kraja 1920ih, etnička suparništva i temeljna ustavna pitanja su Am Ende der 1920er plagten ethnische Rivalitäten und fundamentale konstitutionelle Fragen den Ort der später

plagued what would eventually be known as Yugoslavia ever since it became a nation shortly 被困扰|||||||||||||| afflicted|||||||||||||| tresla ono što će u konačnici postati Jugoslavija još od samog njenog postajanja državom Jugoslawien bekannt wird, seitdem es kurz nach dem Ende des ersten Weltkrieges eine Nation wurde.

after The Great War. As the fragile constitutional monarchy crumbles under these conflicts, on |||||||||垮台|||| |||||||||s'effondre|||| ||||||fragile|||collapses|||| nakon Prvog svjetskog rata. Usljed toga što se nestabilna ustavna monarhija raspadala pod ovim sukobima des ersten Weltkrieges eine Nation wurde. Während die fragile konstitutionelle Monarchie unter jenen Konflikten zerfällt

January 6, 1929, King Aleksandar dismisses Parliament and becomes the absolute monarch 6\. januara 1929. godine, Kralj Aleksandar raspušta parlament i postaje apsolutini vladar löst König Alexander am 6. Januar 1929 das Parlament auf und wird zum absoluten Monarchen der

of the union of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Aleksandar's hope- and that of many of his ||||||||Aleksandar's||||||| unije Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca. Aleksandrova nada - i nada njegovih podanika Union der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen. Alexander hofft, so wie viele seiner

subjects- is that he can put an end to the ‘tribal' squabbles between the different ||||||||||部落|争吵||| |||||||||||querelles||| |||||||||||conflicts||| je da on može zaustaviti "plemenska" previranja između različitih Untertanen, dass er so die "tribalistischen" Debatten zwischen den

Southern Slav nations and build a strong state based around a single Yugoslav identity. |斯拉夫|||||||||||| nacija Južnih Slavena i izgraditi jaku državu zasnovanu oko jedinstvenog Jugoslavenskog identiteta südslawischen Nationen beenden kann und einen starken Staat um eine geeinte jugoslawische Identität aufbauen kann.

But let's backtrack a little to see how we end up there in the first place. ||revenir en arrière||||||||||||| ||backtrack||||||||||||| Ali vratimo se malo unazad da vidimo kako je došlo do ovoga na prvom mjestu. Wir sollten jedoch ein wenig in die Vergangenheit schauen um zu erfahren, wie wir zu diesem Punkt gekommen sind.

We saw way back in our 1918 episode on the Rise of Nations that the Great War had created Vidjeli smo još davno u našoj epizodi "1918. Ustanak Nacija" da je Prvi svjetski rat stvorio Wir sahen vor langer Zeit in unserer 1918-Episode über den Aufstieg der Nationen, dass der erste Weltkrieg

a multitude of new states in Europe. The ‘Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes' is one of mnoštvo novih država u Europi. "Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca" je jedna od eine große Zahl an neuen Staaten in Europa gesorgt hatte. Das Königreich der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen ist eines dieser

these. It faces the huge task of incorporating a multitude of ethnicities more or less in njih. Ona se suočava sa ogromnim zadatkom uključenja mnoštva naroda koji su manje ili više u neuen Staaten. Es steht vor der monumentalen Aufgabe, eine Reihe an Ethnizitäten zu integrieren welch mehr oder weniger in Konflikt stehen.

conflict. It is not only the national groupings of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but also the sukobu. Nije su to samo nacionalne grupacije Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, već također i Es sind nicht nur die nationalen Gruppen der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen, sondern auch die

unrecognized groups of Montenegrins, Macedonians, and Bosnian Muslims that shall now become 未被认可|||黑山人|马其顿人||波斯尼亚||||| nepriznate grupe Crnogoraca, Makedonaca i Bošnjaka koje sada trebaju postati nicht anerkannten Gruppen der Montenegriner, Mazedonier und bosnischen Muslime welche nunmehr

one ‘Yugoslavia' (literally ‘the land of the Southern Slavs' in Serbo-Croatian). ||||||||||塞尔维亚| jedna "Jugoslavija" (doslovno "zemlja Južnih Slavena" na srpskohrvatskom) ein "Jugoslawien" (wortwörtlich 'Land der Südslawen in der Serbokroatischen Sprache) werden sollen.

There are also minorities of Albanians, Germans, Hungarians, and many more that need to be |||||阿尔巴尼亚人||||||||| Tu su također i manjine Albanaca, Njemaca, Mađara, i mnogih drugih koje je potrebno uzeti Zudem existieren Minderheiten an Albanern, Deutsschen, Magyaren und vielen mehr welche ebenfalls berücksichtigt

considered. The government of the new nation is immediately hobbled by heated arguments |||||||||restricted by||| u obzir. Vlada nove države je odmah sputana ostrašćenim raspravama werden müssen. Die Regierung der neuen Nation ist umgehend aufgehalten durch hitzige Debatten über

over ethnic boundaries, identity, and constitutional structure that simply will not abate or be |||||||||||减弱|| |||||||qui||||cesser|| |||||||||||diminish|| o etničkim granicama, identitetu, i ustavnoj strukturi koje se neće smanjiti niti same die ethnischen Grenzen, Identität und die verfassungsrechtliche Struktur welche nicht aufhören wollen und auch nicht

magically solved. Some argue for a strong central state while others push for a confederation, ||||||||||||||联邦 magično riješiti. Neki se zalažu za jaku centalizovanu državu dok drugi forsiraju konfederaciju, magisch gelöst werden können. Einige stimmen für einen starken Zentralstaat während andere einen losen Bund (eine Konföderation)

and ethnic loyalties often take precedence over loyalty to the Kingdom. |民族||||优先权||||| ||||||||||royaume i često etnička privrženost ima prednost nad privrženosti Kraljevstvu. etablieren wollen, und ethnische Loyalitäten nehmen oftmals Vorrang über Loyalitäten zum Königreich.

Now, the movement for a united nation of the South Slavs has existed for quite some time, |||||||||||||||a considerable| Sada, pokret za ujedinjenom nacijom Južnih Slavena je postojao prilično dugo vremena, Die Bewegung für eine Vereinigte Nation der Südslawen existierte bereits für einige Zeit,

but already as an idea it was burdened with ethnic unbalance. Back in the mid-nineteenth-century, ali već kao ideja je bio opterećen sa etničkim disbalansom. Nazad sredinom devetnaestog stoljeća, jedoch ist die Idee mit ethnischer Imbalance belastet. Während des mittleren 19. Jahrhunderts

certain Croat intellectuals began to propagate the idea that Southern Slavs were descended 某些||||||||||||后裔 određeni hrvatski intelektualci počeli su propagirati ideju da Južni Slaveni potiču begannen einige kroatische Intellektuelle eine Idee zu propagieren, laut welcher die Südslawen nachfahren

from the Illyrian tribes which populated the Balkans in Antiquity. Inspired by the romanticism |||||居住在|||||||| |||tribes|||||||||| od Ilirskih plemena koja su naseljavala Balkan u antičkim vremenima. Inspirisani romantizmom der illyrischen Stämme waren, welche den Balkan in der Antike bevölkerten. Durch zeitgenössische Romantik inspiriert

of the period, the ‘Illyrians' called for a national rebirth through linguistic ||||伊利里亚人|称|||||| tog perioda, "Iliri" su pozivali za nacionalnim preporodom kroz jezičko riefen die "Illyrer" zu einer nationalen Wiedergeburt durch linguistische Einheit und kulturelles Erwachen auf.

unity and cultural awakening. At the center of the movement was Ljudevit Gaj who championed |||||||||||柳德维特|||倡导 ||||||||||||||advocated for jedinstvo i kulturno buđenje. U centru ovog pokreta bio je Ljudevit Gaj koji je forsirao Im Zentrum dieser Bewegung stand Ljudevit Gaj, welcher die Nutzung des Štokavischen,

the use of Štokavian, a dialect used by a great number of both Croats and Serbs, and |||Štokavian||||||||||||| upotrebu štokavskog, nariječja korištenog od strane velikog broja i Hrvata i Srba, i einem weit verbreiteten Dialekt bei den Serben und Kroaten befürwortete und

in 1850 it was chosen as the basis of the Serbo-Croatian language. By the 1860's, 1850\. je izabran kao osnovica srpsko-hrvatskog jezika. Do 1860ih im Jahr 1850 wurde jener Dialekt als Basis für die Serbokroatische Sprache ausgewählt. Bei den 1860ern

this becomes ‘Yugoslavism'- calling for unity and autonomy amongst the South Slavs. ovo postaje "Jugoslavenstvo" - koje poziva na jedinstvo i autonomiju Južnih Slavena entwickelte sich dies zum "Jugoslawismus", welches für die Einheit und Autonomie der Südslawen aufrief.

It is led by a kind of Croatian national awakening with awareness that for the Croat nation to Predvođeno je nekom vrstom hrvatskog nacionalnog buđenja, sa sviješću da hrvatska nacija Dies wird angeführt durch ein sogenanntes "Kroatisches Nationales Erwachen" und Aufmerksamkeit dafür, dass die kroatische

survive against the forces of Austria, Hungary, and other major regional powers, unity amongst preživi uprkos snagama Austrije i Mađarske, i ostalih značajnijih regionalnih sila, jedinstvo među Nation zum Überstehen des Einflussess Österreichs, Ungarns und anderer regionaler Mächte

the South Slavs is needed. Južnim Slavenima je neophodno. Einigung der Südslawen gebraucht ist.

One of the proponents of South Slav unity in Austria-Hungary is Stepjan Radić, who |||支持者||||||||||| Jedan od zagovornika jedinstva Južnih Slavena u Austro-Ugarskoj je Stjepan Radić, koji Einer der Befürworter der südslawischen Einheit in Österreich-Ungarn ist Stepjan Radic,

forms the Croat People's Peasants Party (HPSS) in 1904. At first, he advocates an ||||农民|||||||| je osnovao Hrvatsku Narodnu Seljačku Stranku (HNSS) 1904. Na početku, on je zagovarao welcher die Kroatische Bauernpartei (HPSS) im Jahr 1904 gründet. Zuerst spricht er sich für ein autonomes Kroatien innerhalb

autonomous Croatia within Habsburg territory. But as a loftier goal, Radić believes that ||||||||更高的|||| ||||||||higher|||| autonomiju Hrvatske unutar Habsburške teritorije. Ali kao viši cilj, Radić je vjerovao da je des Habsburgerreiches aus. Als größeres Ziel jedoch glaubt Radic dass

the ‘national oneness' and equality of South Slavs is possible so long as they accept |国家的||||||||||||| "nacionalno jedinstvo" i jednakost Južnih Slavena moguće dokle god oni prihvataju die "nationale Einigkeit" und Gleichheit der Südslawen möglich ist solange sie

Croatia as a political entity. But Radić's dreams of Croatia's federalized autonomy ||||entity||||||| Hrvatsku kao politički entitet. Ali Radićevi snovi o hrvatskoj federalnoj autonomiji Kroatien als politische Einheit akzeptieren. Aber Radics Träume eins autonomen Kroatiens steht

is to some degree in conflict with Serbia and its Balkan partners. je donekle u sukobu sa srpskim i njenim balkanskim partnerima. zu einem gewissen Grad im Konflikt mit Serbien und seinen Partnern im Balkan.

Serbia emerges victorious from the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913 with huge territorial Srbija je izišla kao pobjednica iz Balkanskih ratova 1912. i 1913. sa ogromnim teritorijalnim Serbien kam siegreich aus den Balkankriegen von 1912 und 1913 hinaus, zusätzlich mit großen territorialen Gewinnen welche

gains which rocket Aleksandar to fame. He is at this point the Crown Prince of Serbia ||推动||||||||||||| |||||renown|||||||||| osvajanjima koji su ovjenčali Alaksandra slavom. On je u tom trenutku Prestolonasljednik Srbije Alexander zu Ruhm verhelfen. Zu dieser Zeit ist er Kronprinz Serbiens

and leads the offensive to force the Ottomans out of Kosovo, with national romantic historical i vodi ofanzive za potjerivanje Osmanlija iz Kosova, sa nacionalno-romantičkom historijskom und führt eine Offensive zur Vertreibung der Osmanen aus dem Kosowo, mit nationalen, romantischen und historischen

connections to the Serbian defeat at Ottoman hands at Kosovo back in 1389. An increasing ||||defeat||||||||| vezom sa srpskim porazom od Osmanlija na Kosovu 1389. godine. Rastući Verbindungen zu dem serbischen Sieg der Osmanen bei Kosowo im Jahr 1389. Eine steigende

number of Southern Slav intellectuals, less sympathetic to the Habsburg monarchy than broj južnoslavenskih intelektualaca, manje prijateljskih prema Habsburškoj monarhiji od Zahl an südslawischen Intellektellen, weniger freundlich gegenüber der Habsburgermonarchie als

Radić, now see Aleksander as a viable vehicle to independence. Radić fears Serbian domination, Radića, sada vidi Aleksandra kao put prema nezavisnosti. Mada, Radić se plaši srpske dominacije, Radic sehen Alexander nun als wertvolles Vehikel zur Unabhängigkeit an. Radic fürchtet jedoch serbische Dominanz,

though, and declares that Serbian expansion “certainly could and would end up with only i izjavljuje da će srpska ekspanzija "sigurno završiti samo sa und deklariert, dass serbische Expansion "sicherlich zur vollen Zerstörung Kroatiens

the complete destruction of Croatia and the Croats”. potpunim uništenjem Hrvatske i Hrvata". und der Kroaten führen würde."

And in fact, most of Serbia's ideologues and politicians do envision a union dominated |||大多数|||||政治家||设想||| U stvari, većina srpskih ideologa i političara zamišljaju uniju u kojoj dominiraju Tatsächlich stellen sich die meisten serbischen Ideologen und Politiker eine Union vor,

by what they saw as fellow Serbs in Montenegro, Macedonia, Croatia, and beyond. Aleksandar |什么|||||||||||| ono što su oni smatrali Srbima u Crnoj Gori, Makedoniji, Hrvatskoj i dalje. Aleksandar welche durch nach ihrer Ansicht ebenfalls serbischen Bevölkerungen in Montenegro, Mazedonien, Kroatien und darüber hinaus dominiert wird.

even sees himself as the liberator of what he believed to be Serbian lands, no matter |||||解放者|||||||塞尔维亚的||| čak vidi sebe kao oslobodioca onog što je on smatrao srpskim zemljama, bez obzira Alexander sieht sich selbst als Befreier der, nach seiner Ansicht, serbischen Lande,

who lives on them or their religion. Thus, Radić, and many Slovene and Croat intellectuals, |||||||therefore||||||| ko živi na njima ili na njihovu religiju. Tako, Radić, i mnogi slovenski i hrvatski intelektualci egal wer dort lebt und was seine Religion ist. Daher führen Radic und weitere slowenische und kroatische Intellektuelle

instead continue to advocate South Slav unity within the Habsburg Empire. |||advocate||||||| umjesto toga nastavljaju zagovarati južnoslavensko jedinstvo unutar Habsburške monarhije. ihre Unterstützung der südslawischen Einheit innerhalb des Habsburgerreiches fort.

But the Great War is now about to change the destiny of Yugoslavia. Ali Prvi svjetski rat će sada promjeniti sudbinu Jugoslavije. Doch der erste Weltkrieg änder das Schicksal Jugoslawiens permanent.

In December 1914, the Serb leadership releases its statement of war aims in the Niš Declaration, ||||||||||goals of war|||| U decembru 1914., srpsko vodstvo proglašava svoje ratne ciljeve u Niškoj deklaraciji Im Dezember 1914 veröffentlicht die serbische Regierung eine Erklärung ihrer Kriegsziele in der Nis-Deklaration,

where it proclaims “the struggle for the liberation and unification of all our brothers, gdej proglašava "borbu za oslobođenje i ujedinjenje sve naše braće, in welcher sie " den Kampf für die Befreiung und Vereinigung all unserer Brüder,

Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, who are still not free.” Within the Empire, the Yugoslav Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, koji još nisu slobodni". Unutar carstva, osnovan je Jugoslavenski Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen, welche noch nicht frei sind" proklamieren. Innerhalb des Reiches wird

Committee is formed and claims to speak for all Southern Slavs in Austro-Hungarian lands. komitet koji tvrdi da radi u ime svih Južnih Slavena u Austro-Ugarskim zemljama das jugoslawische Kommitee kreiert welches beansprucht, für alle Südslawen in Österreich-Ungarn zu sprechen.

So, an increasing number of forces are now driving for similar ideas, but they are also Tako, rastući broj snaga radi za slične ideje, ali one su također na Eine steigende Zahl an Kräften zielen es nun auf eine ähnliche Idee ab, jedoch sind sie

on opposing sides in the War. suprotnim stranama u ratu. auch auf verschiedenen Seiten in diesem Krieg.

Another party gets involved in mid 1917, when deputies in the ‘Yugoslav Club' in the |||||||代表|||||| Još jedna strana biva uključena sredinom 1917., kada izaslanici u "Jugoslavenskom klubu" u Eine weitere Partei involviert sich in der Mitte des Jahres 1917, als Abgeordnete des "Jugoslawischen Clubs" in

Austrian parliament call for a South Slav autonomous community in the empire. Fearing ||||||||社区|||| austrijskom parlamentu pozivaju na južnoslavensku autonomnu zajednicu u Carstvu. Bojeći österreichischen Parlamentfür eine südslawische autonome Gemeinschaft einstimmen, innerhalb des Reiches. Aus Angst

being outmaneuvered, the Serbian government and the Yugoslav Committee decide to collaborate, |被超越|||||||||| se zaobilaženja, Srpska vlada i Jugoslavenski komitet odlučuju da surađuju, der Übertrumpfung entscheiden sich die serbische Regierung und das jugoslawische Kommitee zusammenzuarbeiten.

producing the Corfu Declaration in July 1917. The declaration endorses the creation of a ||科孚岛||||||支持|||| praveći Krfsku deklaraciju u Julu 1917. Deklaracija podržava stvaranje Bei jener Zusammenarbeit wird die Korfu-Deklaration im Juli 1917 verfasst. Die Deklaration fordert die Kreation eines

kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes ruled by the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty, in |||||||||||王朝| kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca pod vladavinom srpske dinastije Karađorđević, Königreiches der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen welche von der serbischen Karadordevic-Dynastie beherrscht werden. In

other words King Petar and Crown Prince Aleksander. drugim riječima kralja Petra i prestolonasljednika Aleksandra. anderen Worten sind das König Petr von Serbien und Kronprinz Alexander.

Things are pretty vague and contradictory though. The Yugoslav Committee, made up largely |||||矛盾||||||| |||||contradictory||||||| Stvari su međutim prilično nejasne i kontradiktorne. Jugoslavenski komitet, sačinjen većinom Das Dokument ist jedoch sehr vage und widersprüchlich verfasst. Das jugoslawische Kommitee, hauptsächlich bestehend aus

of Croats and led by Ante Trumbić, desire a federation of unique states, whereas the od Hrvata i pod vodstvom Ante Trumbića, žele federaciju jedinstvenih država, dok Kroaten und angeführt von Ante Trubmic, strebt eine Föderation an einzelnen Staaten an, während die

Serbian Government, led by Nikola Pašić, dream of a strongly centralized state. Now, Srpska vlada, vođena Nikolom Pašićem želi jaku centralizovanu državu. Sad, serbische Regierung, angeführt von Nikola Pasic, sich einen starken zentralisierten Staat vorstellt. Radic

Radić is not part of any of these factions and fears that the Serbian government are Radić nije član nijedne od ovih frakcija i boji se da Srpska vlada ist nicht Teil einer dieser Fraktionen und befürchtet das die serbische Regierung die

simply using the Corfu Declaration as a cover for territorial expansion. He is not entirely jednostavno koristi Krfsku deklaraciju kao pokriće za njenu teritorijalnu ekspanziju. On nije u potpunosti Korfu-Deklaration ausnutzt, um territoriale Expansion zu überschatten. Er liegt nicht sonderlich falsch:

wrong; Aleksander and his politicians are pretty focused on Serbian supremacy, with ||||||||||至上主义| ukrivu; Aleksandar i njegovi političari su prilično usmjereni na srpsku dominaciju, sa Alexander und seine Politiker sind sehr auf serbische Überlegenheit fokussiert, mit dem

the commitment to Yugoslavia being more of a military and political practicality rather posvećenošću Jugoslaviji kao više vojnoj i političkoj praktičnosti nego Engagement für Jugoslawien mehr als militärisches und politisches Hilfsmittel als einer wirklichen

than ideology. Not at all what Radić is striving for. ||不是||||||| ideologiji. Ni slično onome što je Radić zagovarao. Ideologie. Ganz im Gegensatz zu den Vorstellungen von Radic.

Despite his fears, in 1918, as the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapses, Radić joins the National Uprkos njegovim strahovima, 1918., kada se Austro-Ugarsko Carstvo raspadalo, Radić se priključuje Nacionalnom Trotz seiner Befürchtungen tritt Radic 1918 während des Zerfalls des österreich-ungarischen Monarchie dem Nationalen

Council of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs which is formed in Zagreb on October 6, thinking Vijeću Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba koje je oformljeno u Zagrebu 6. oktobra, misleći Rat der Slowenen, Kroaten und Serben bei, welcher am 6 Oktober in Zagreb formiert wird, im Gedanken das dies

that it will furhter his goals. The National Council, though, announced the goal of unification da će progurati svoje ciljeve.Nacionalno Vijeće, međutim, proglašava cilj ujedinjenja seine Ziele voranbringen wird. Der Nationalrat erklärt jedoch das Ziel der

with Serbia. Radić is opposed, but despite his continued protests, the National Council sa Srbijom. Radić je protiv, ali uprkos njegovom nastavljenom protivljenju, Nacionalno Vijeće Vereinigung mit Serbien. Radic spricht sich dagegen aus, doch trotz seines anhalten Protestes entscheidet sich

decides to send a delegation to Serbia to call for unification. odlučuje poslati delegaciju u Srbiju i pozvati na ujedinjenje. der Nationalrat dafür, eine Delegation nach Serbien zu schicken um eine Vereinigung zu besprechen.

On 1 December 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes is proclaimed. Aleksandar 1\. decembra 1918., proglašena je Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca. Aleksandar Am 1. Dezember 1918 wird das Königreich der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen proklamiert. Alexander

is declared Prince Regent and will become King when his father Peter dies in 1921. The |被宣布||||||||||||| je proglašen princom regentom i postat će kralj kada njegov otac Petar umre 1921. wird zum Prinzregenten erklärt und wird nach dem Tod seines Vaters Peter 1921 zum König gekrönt. Der

prince addresses representatives from the National Council with unequivocal support ||||||||明确的| |speaks to|||||||| Princ obavještava predstavnike Nacionalnog Vijeća o bezrezervnoj podrški Prinz adressiert die Abgeordneten des Nationalrates mit eindeutiger Unterstützung

of the Yugoslav project, stating that “I am convinced that by this act I am fulfilling ||||||||convinced||||||| Jugoslavenskog projekta, izjavljujući: "Ja sam uvjeren da ovim činom ispunjavam des jugoslawischen Projektes. Er spricht sich aus: "Ich bin überzeugt, dass ich mit dieser Tat meine Pflicht

my duty as ruler, because with this I am merely realizing that which the best sons of our |||||||||仅仅|||||||| |||||||||only|||||||| moju dužnost kao vladar, jer ovim, ja samo prihvatam ono što su najbolji sinovi naše als Herrscher erfüllte, da ich mit jener Tat erst realisiere dass die die besten Söhne unseren

blood – of all three faiths and all three names from both sides of the Danube, the Sava blood|||||||||||||||| krvi - sve tri vjere i sva tri imena, sa obe strane Dunava, Save Blutes - von allen Drei Glauben und allen Drei Namen von beiden Seiten der Donau, der Sava

and the Drina… I proclaim the unification of Serbia with the lands of the independent i Drine... Ja proglašavam ujedinjenje Srbije sa zemljama nezavisne und der Drina... Ich proklamiere die Vereinigung Serbiens mit den Landen des

state of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in the unified Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.” države Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba u jedinstvenu Kraljevinu Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca". unabhängigen Staates der Slowenen, Kroaten und Serben in ein Vereinigtes Königreich der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen."

A sudden about face- it would seem- and Radić spares no drama, describing that those rushing |||||||||||戏剧|||| |||||||||spares no|||||| Iznenadna promjena lica - čini se - i Radić ne štedi na dramatici, opisujuči one koji žure Ein sehr plötzlicher Wandel, wie es scheint. Radic scheut kein Drama, mit der Aussage das jene welche in die

into unification are flying “like drunken geese into a fog.” |||||醉的|鹅|||雾 ||||||birds||| u ujedinjenje da "srljaju kao guske u maglu". Vereinigung hineinlaufen wie "Betrunkene Gänse sind, welche in einen Nebel fliegen."

In March 1919, a provisional parliament meets to draft a new constitution and immediately |||临时||||||||| U martu 1919., privremeni parlament sastaje se zbog nacrta novog ustava i istovremeno Im März 1919 versammelt sich ein provisorisches Parlament um eine neue Verfassung zu schreiben und stößt sofort auf

hits bumpy ground because of the conflict of centralism versus federalism. Nikola Pašić's |崎岖|||||||中央集权|||| nailazi na grbav teren zbog sukoba centralizma i federalizma. Radikalna stranka Nikole Pašića Gegenwehr aufgrund des Konfliktes zwischen Föderalismus und Zentralismus. Nikola Pasics

Radical Party considers Serbia's war sacrifice to be what created Yugoslavia, and assumes smatra ratnu žrtvu Srbije onim što je stvorilo Jugoslaviju, i pretpostavlja Radikale Partei sieht Serbiens Kriegsopfer als das Element an, welches Jugoslawien erschaffen hat, und geht davon aus

that Serbian institutions and governance will continue. Sharing their centralist dream is da će se srpske institucije i vlast nastaviti. Djelilac njegovog centralističkog sna dass serbische Institutionen und Regierung fortgeführt werden. Dieser zentralistische Traum wird geteilt von

the Democratic Party, led by Ljubomir Davidovic, but who oppose the Radical Party's ill-hidden je i Demokratska Stranka, pod vodstvom Ljubomira Davidovića, ali oni se protive slabo prikrivenoj želji der Demokratischen Partei, angeführt von Ljubomir Davidovic, welche sich jedoch dem schlecht versteckten Verlangen

desire for Serb domination and instead advocate a unitarian Kingdom where old dividing lines ||||||||统一的||||| ||||||advocate||||||| Radikalne Stranke za Srpskom dominacijom, i umjesto toga zalažu se za unitarističku Kraljevinu gdje će stare linije podjele der Radikalen Partei für serbische Dominanz entgegenstellen und als Alternative ein einheitliches Königreich vorschlagen,

shall be forgotten. The dominant Slovenian party, the Slovene Peoples Party (SLS), is biti zaboravljene. Dominantna Slovenska stranka, Slovenska Ljudska Stranka (SLS), je in welchem alte, spaltende Linien vergessen seien. Die dominante slowenische Partei, die Slowenische Volkspartei (SLS), ist

pro regionalism, but has Italy breathing down its neck after already taking chunks of Italian 它|地方主义||||||||||||| pro-regionalistička, ali ima Italiju koja joj diše za vratom nakon što su joj već uzeli komade für Regionalismus, hat jedoch Italien mit einem Messer an der Kehle hinter sich stehen nachdem Italien bereits Teile

territory after the war, and now sees Belgrade as a guarantee of safety. In some ways in |||||||贝尔格莱德||||||||| teritorije nakon rata, i sada vidi Beograd kao garanciju sigurnosti. Na neki način u slowenischen Territoriums nach dem Krieg übernommen hatte und nun Belgrad als ein Garanteur für Sicherheit ansieht. In

opposition to all of them is Radić, who is now leading the Croat Peasant Party, opposed opoziciji prema svima njima je Radić, koji sada vodi Hrvatsku Seljačku Stranku, suprotstavljenu manchen Wegen ist die Opposition zu jenen Fraktionen Radic, welcher nun die kroatische Bauernpartei anführt und

to unification, which has unexpected electoral success in November 1920, propelling Radić |||||||||推动| ujedinjenju, koja je imala neočekivani izborni uspjeh u novembru 1920., uzdižući Radića als Opposition zu Vereinigung steht, nachdem die Bauernpartei einen unerwarteten Wahlerfolg im November 1920 erlebt,

to a higher position of influence. Within weeks of electoral success, though, he and na poziciju većeg utjecaja. Tokom sedmica nakon izbornog uspjeha, on i welcher Radic zu einer einflussreicheren Position bringt. Innerhalb der Wochen nach dem Wahlerfolg kommen er

the party come to accept federalization within some kind of unified state as reality, and stranka prihvataju federalizaciju unutar neke vrste ujedinjene države kao realnost, i und die Partei jedoch dazu, Föderalismus zu akzeptieren, innerhalb eines zu einem gewissen Grad Vereinigten Staates als Realität

republicanism becomes relevant. ||relevant republikanizam postaje relevantan. und Republikanismus wird relevant.

On top of the main parties, the diverse communities of Slavic Muslims form a number of independent |||||||various||||||||| Povrh glavnih stranaka, različite zajednice (Južno)Slavenskih muslimana formiraju brojne nezavisne i Oberhalb der größeren Parteien bilden die slawischen Muslime eine Zahl an unabhängigen

and largely opposed groups. They seek alliances with the main parties in exchange for support |||||seek||||||||| prilično suprotsavljene grupe. Oni traže saveze sa vodećim strankama u zamjenu za podršku und größtenteils oppositionellen Gruppen. Diese suchen nach Allianzen mit den größeren Parteien im Gegenzug zu ihrer Unterstützung

of Islamic institutions and good treatment of Muslim landowners in, for instance, Bosnia. |||||||||||for example| Islamskih institucija i dobrog tretmana muslimanskih zemljoposjednika u, npr. Bosni. für islamische Institutionen und guter Behandlung der muslimischen Landbesitzer beispielsweise in Bosnien.

Montenegrins and Macedonians get little special representation as they are viewed as Serbs Crnogorci i Makedonci imaju slabo predstavništvo jer su ih iz Beograda smatrali Srbima Montenegriner und Mazedonier werden wenig speziell repräsentiert da sie von Belgrad als Serben angesehen werden.

by Belgrade. Others, like the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, oppose Yugoslavia Drugi, kao Unutrašnja Makedonska Revolucionarna Organizacija (VMRO), protive se Jugoslaviji Andere, wie die Interne Mazedonische Revolutionäre Organisation, stellen sich gegen Jugoslawien

altogether and carry out attacks against Serbian officials. Constitutional and identity issues altogether||||||||||| u potpunosti i vrše napade na Srpske vlasti. Ustavna i pitanja identiteta im Allgemeinen und attackieren serbische Beamte. Verfassungsrechtliche und identitäre Problematiken

are compounded by economic issues. It's a motley crew of disjointed agrarian economies ||||||||||支离破碎的|| su izmješana sa ekonomskim pitanjima. To je raznolika družina razjedinjenih agrarnih ekonomija werden durch wirtschaftliche Probleme verstärkt. Es ist eine bunte Gruppierung an zusammenhangslosen Argrarwirtschaften

with more diversity than cooperation. The northwest is a great deal more prosperous 有|||||||||||| koje imaju više razlika nego sličnosti. Sjeverozapad je umnogome bogatiji mit mehr Diversität als Zusammenarbeit. Der Nordwesten ist deutlich wohlhabender und fortgeschrittener

and advanced than the southeast, and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Muslim landowners and Serbian i napredniji od jugoistoka, a u Bosni i Hercegovini, Bošnjački zemljoposjednici i Srpski als der Südosten, und in Bosnien und der Herzegowina streiten sich muslimische Großgrundbesitzer und

peasants are struggling with each other for economic control. To make things worse, the seljaci se bore jedni sa drugima za ekonomsku kontrolu. Da stvari budu gore, serbische Bauern über wirtschaftliche Kontrolle. Um Dinge noch schlimmer zu machen

new state has different tax and banking systems, transport and communication networks, and nova država ima različite porezne i bankarske sisteme, prometne i komunikacijske mreže, i hat der neue Staat unterschiedliche Steuern- und Bankensysteme, unterschiedliche Transport- und Kommunikationsnetzwerke und

legal codes which all have to be linked up. 法律|||||||| zakonske kodekse koje je sve potrebno povezati. unterschiedliche rechtliche Dokumente, welche alle zusammengefasst werden müssen.

Despite all the differences, on 28 June 1921, exactly seven years after the assassination Uprkos svim razlikama, 28. juna 1921., tačno sedam godina nakon ubistva Trotz aller Unterschiede wird am 28 Juni 1921, exakt Sieben Jahre nach der Ermordung

of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and 532 years after the Battle of Kosovo, the Vidovdan Constitution ||||||||||||维多丹| Nadvojvode Franje Ferdinanda i 532 godine nakon Kosovske bitke, Vidovdanski Ustav des Erzherzoges Franz Ferdinand und 532 Jahre nach der Schlacht bei Kosowo die Vidovdan-Verfassung von 223 aus 285

is ratified by 223 of the 285 delegates present at the Constitutional Assembly in Belgrade, je ratificiran od strane 223 od 285 delegata prisutnih na Ustavnoj skupštini u Beogradu, bei der verfassungsrechtlichen Versammlung in Belgrad anwesenden Abgeordneten ratifiziert, auch wenn ein großer Block aus

though a huge block of 161 Croat and Slovene delegates boycott the vote. The Kingdom will |||||||||抵制||||| iako je veliki blok hrvatskih i slovenskih delegata bojkotovao glasanje. Kraljevina će 161 kroatischen und slowenischen Abgeordneten die Abstimmung boykottieren. Das Königreich wird

be a constitutional, parliamentary, and hereditary monarchy - one nation comprised of three tribes. |||议会的||世袭||||由||| biti ustavna, parlamentarna i nasljedna monarhija - jedna nacija sačinjena od tri plemena. als konstitutionelle, parlamentarische und erbliche Monarchie organisiert sein, erstellt aus drei Stämmen.

It is a victory for centralists. The monarch, still Peter I at this point, is invested with To je pobjeda za centraliste. Monarh, u ovom trenutku još uvijek Kralj Petar I, je osnažen Dies ist ein Sieg für die Zentralisten. Der Monarch, immer noch Peter I zu diesem Zeitpunkt, ist mit

considerable power over parliamentary politics, declared to be head of the military, and has značajnom premoći nad parlamentarnom politikom, proglašen za vrhovnog vojskovođu, i ima bemerkenswerter Macht über das Parlament ausgestattet, oberster Befehlshaber und kontrolliert

most of the government bureaucracy flowing from him. He has the power to appoint and |||||||||||||appoint| većinu vladajuće birokratije koja počinje od njega. On ima moć da postavi i den Großteil der Regierungsbürokratie unter Kontrolle. Er hat die Fähigkeit Premierminister zu ernennen und zu

dismiss prime ministers and the de facto ability to reject any legislation he doesn't like. otpusti premijere i de facto mogućnost da odbije bilo koji zakon koji mu se ne sviđa. entlassen und hat die de facto-Fähigkeit jede Legislation die ihm nicht gefällt zurückzuweisen.

The kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes now has a constitution, but it is far from Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca sada ima ustav, ali je daleko od Das Königreich der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen hat nun eine Verfassung, ist jedoch weit davon entfernt

having a stable government, and it will stay that way. posjedovanja stabilne vlade, i tako će i ostati. eine stabile Regierung zu haben, und genau so wird es auch bleiben.

In fact, government will come close to failing or will actually fail over 20 times over the U stvari, vlada će doći blizu pada ili će stvarno pasti preko 20 puta u toku Die Regierung wird über das kommende Jahrzehnt fast oder tatsächlich über 20 Mal komplett versagen, und keine

decade, and no government will ever serve out a full parliamentary mandate. Two opposing ||||||||||议会的|任期|| decenije, i nijedna vlada neće odslužiti puni parlamentarni mandat. Dva suprotstavljena Regierung wird jemals ein komplettes parlamentarisches Mandat zuendeführen. Zwei oppositionelle