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Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell, The Next Pandemic Will Be Man Made

The Next Pandemic Will Be Man Made

A breathtaking scientific revolution is taking place – biotechnology has been progressing

at stunning speed, giving us the tools to eventually gain control over biology.

On the one hand solving the deadliest diseases while also creating viruses more dangerous

than nuclear bombs, able to devastate humanity.

What is going on?

Biotechnology is increasingly everywhere.

The cotton in your clothes, the vegetables you eat, your dog.

Humans manipulate living things.

We use bacteria to produce insulin, connect prosthetics directly with our brains and make

industrial enzymes to produce paper.

Gene therapy creates cures to previously untreatable diseases while we are working on food crops

resistant to climate change.

Our mastery over biology has been speeding up so much that within weeks of the first

Covid 19 case, the unknown coronavirus was broken down in laboratories and analysed.

Scientists generated a copy of its genetic material to create a vaccine that was ready

for testing months after the pandemic began.

Something unthinkable a decade ago.

Where is all this sudden progress coming from?

Well, it's complicated.

But in a nutshell: really expensive things got cheap and knowledge of how to do

impressive things spread freely.

The Human Genome Project starting in 1990 was the first major attempt to read human

DNA in its entirety. 13 years and $3 billion later, it was complete.

By then the cost of decoding a human genome had fallen to about $100 million.

Today it is 100,000 times cheaper, costing only about $1000.

How is that possible?

Converting DNA into computer data and then studying it used to be a super tedious process,

taking expert humans around 3 years of manual work.

Today it takes about two weeks and is almost completely automated.

Biotechnology has gone from something restricted to the best and well-funded laboratories staffed

by the world's top experts, to something affordable enough for hundreds of thousands of people

to casually work on.

What has sped up the process even more is that information in the field is shared

widely and freely.

Cutting-edge discoveries now take just about a year to be copied in laboratories around the world,

a few years for anyone with a biology background to work out, and a bit over a decade

for high school students to experiment with them in schools.

Imagine that your local computer repair shop could build a pristine Iphone 11 with just

the parts lying around, and that teenagers are asked to build a new Iphone 5 for homework.

Not a crappy homemade version, the real thing.

This is what is going on right now in biotechnology – a true revolution.

We are adding knowledge at unprecedented rates, while things get ever faster and cheaper to do.

This speed means we can expect even more wonderful things for humanity.

Lifesaving treatments, miracle crops and solutions to problems we can't even imagine right now.

But unfortunately progress cuts both ways.

What can be used for good, can also be used for bad, by accident or on purpose.

For all the good biotech will do for us, in the near future it also could easily kill

many millions of people, in the worst case hundreds of millions.

Worse than any nuclear bomb.

The world just witnessed how fast the novel coronavirus spread.

We still do not know for sure if it came from nature or was the result of an accidental leak

from a lab working with corona viruses, that's still subject to scientific debate.

In the end at least 7 million people died.

And this was still a relatively mild virus that didn't cause serious disease in most of those infected.

But that might change in the future.

Wherever the last pandemic came from, the next one might very well be our own fault

– in a sense, many things going on in biotechnology could lead to this.

Most of all how easy it is to work with dangerous viruses.

Thousands of scientists can simply order the genetic data of infectious virus samples online

to experiment with them.

Assembling these into an artificial virus in 2023 costs about as much as a new car,

including all the lab equipment.

At the same time, other scientists are trying to find viruses that hide in nature,

like in wild bats or monkeys.

There are probably plenty of potentially deadly pandemics out there.

Virus hunters take samples back to the lab to learn whether the newly discovered viruses

are likely to spread in humans and catalogue the danger.

When a biologist discovers a new virus, they usually publish its genetic data to the public.

Journals are eager to share descriptions of potentially dangerous viruses.

Other labs go further and make viruses more dangerous.

They combine and mutate different viruses to understand which mutations make them more

likely to spread between humans or make them deadlier than their original forms.

And again, these results are shared freely.

All while synthetic DNA and equipment to rebuild these viruses are sold online to anyone

without any or very little tracking.

As the tools of biotechnology get ever cheaper and easy to use and the data on

dangerous viruses keeps multiplying, it is only a matter of time before a well-meaning scientist shares

blueprints for the equivalent nuclear bomb of viruses, a superbug that will cause millions of deaths

– and someone uses it.

Maybe because they have bad intentions, maybe because they are irresponsible or sloppy.

We are creating an environment in which it is increasingly easy for anyone to create

a weaponized virus in their backyard.

This is scary.

The world would be plunged into an unending crisis as new pandemics pop up year after year

or all at once – killing large parts of the world's population, doing unimaginable

damage to civilisation as a whole, and possibly undoing centuries of progress.

It's not the first time we've faced a challenge like this and we are not helpless

– think of nuclear technology.

Something extremely powerful and dangerous with huge upsides and downsides.

Nuclear energy was born from weapon programs, so its creators were always aware of the potential

for their knowledge to be abused.

From the very beginning it was clear that knowledge in this field and access to the

technology needed to be handled with utmost care.

So a lot of effort has gone into making sure no radioactive material disappears from sight

or that countries don't try to hide weapons development behind energy programs.

The result hasn't been perfect, but considering the 411 nuclear power stations running today,

we've been very successful.

Likewise, no researcher would think to share data on how to turn common laboratory equipment

into bomb-making machines on the internet.

There is no reason we could not handle the really dangerous aspects of biotechnology

in a similar way!

Experts have come up with three sort of bullet points:

First we need to delay the next deadly pandemic by getting a grip on how we treat dangerous viruses.

Their genetic data should be treated as an infohazard: information that poses a danger

to society if it is shared without care.

In other words, not just anyone should be able to order dangerous DNA online.

And if you do, you should be tracked, so it becomes much harder for the wrong people

to access the really spicy stuff.

The next step is detecting the danger by becoming aware which viruses are present among us

and are spreading explosively between humans.

This could be as easy as having labs in population centres maintain virus detectors

that monitor what is going on in the micro world.

If we suddenly see certain microorganisms show up a lot in a short time, we can react quickly

and start counter measures.

Which is the final step: Destroy.

We basically need to build a machine that is ready to destroy any pandemic threat

before it has a chance to take over.

We can do this with new tools that are being developed right now, like nanofilters

that pull dangers out of the air we breathe or specialized UV lamps that just kill any virus

before it has a chance to jump from person to person.

And of course, we need to get better at getting new vaccines faster than ever before in history.

If we do these three things, the chances are really good that we can avoid

a catastrophic pandemic in the future.

Biotechnology, like any exciting and powerful technology, is neither inherently good or bad.

It has the potential to be both in breathtaking ways.

We have the chance to a future where we get to truly control biology - our biology,

the biology of the plants and animals around us – and the biology of the microworld.

So let's use it to create a future where we triumph over pandemics and diseases for good.

This video was supported by Open Philanthropy.

If you want to help and want to have a high impact on the world,

check out the biorisk career guide from 80,000 hours,

a nonprofit organisation that helps people find careers

that can tackle some of humanity's greatest problems in the most efficient way.

We put a link and further reading in the description and sources.

Aside from biorisk there are more guides to check out too!

Let us tell you about one of the most embarrassing moments in kurzgesagt history,

it's a pretty great story.

A few years ago we posted an image of a fake evolutionary tree on social media.

Just to post something nice, without thinking about it.

But we messed with the wrong birbs.

Immediately we got thousands of messages from you telling us how wrong it was, unscientific,

bad.

We underestimate that you take everything that we put out into the world seriously and

you set high standards for our research and fact-checking process.

This hurt.

A lot.

We wanted to be better than that.

So we deleted it and contacted experts and spent hundreds of hours on research and illustration

and developed a new visualization of the relationships between species that did not exist before.

A Map of Evolution you can use to figure out how closely you are related to a Flying Lemur:

Expert approved.

We were extremely proud of the result – and since we had spent so much time on it,

we turned it into a poster.

And from that a new vision was born:

We wanted to become the best infographic and scienceposter shop in the world.

Today we've designed almost 100 posters and sold over half a million copies

– every single one made with love, care and lots of attention to detail.

All because you guys challenged us.

Thank you so much for that and for supporting our weird ideas and our sometimes weird Merch.

Because of you we can continue to release our videos for free for everyone and drop

hundreds of hours into new concepts to spark curiosity in people all around the world.

Thank you so, so much for being part of our vision – we literally couldn't do it without you.

To hear audio for this text, and to learn the vocabulary sign up for a free LingQ account.

Άνοιγμα αυτού του μαθήματος στο LingQ

The Next Pandemic Will Be Man Made The upcoming|||||| Die nächste Pandemie wird menschengemacht sein The Next Pandemic Will Be Man Made La próxima pandemia será obra del hombre La prochaine pandémie sera d'origine humaine La prossima pandemia sarà causata dall'uomo 次のパンデミックは人為的なもの 다음 팬데믹은 인간이 만들어낼 것입니다. Kitą pandemiją sukels žmogus Następna pandemia będzie spowodowana przez człowieka A próxima pandemia será provocada pelo homem Следующая пандемия будет рукотворной Naslednjo pandemijo bo povzročil človek Bir Sonraki Pandemi İnsan Yapımı Olacak Наступна пандемія буде штучною 下一次流行病将是人为造成的下一次流行病將是人為造成的

A breathtaking scientific revolution is taking place – biotechnology has been progressing |||||||生物科技||| |захоплююча||||||||| Se está produciendo una revolución científica asombrosa: la biotecnología ha progresado Происходит захватывающая дух научная революция - биотехнологии прогрессируют V znanosti se dogaja osupljiva revolucija - biotehnologija je napredovala

at stunning speed, giving us the tools to eventually gain control over biology. |incredible||||||||achieve||| |приголомшливою|||||||зрештою|здобути||| a una velocidad asombrosa, dándonos las herramientas para llegar a controlar la biología. 놀라운 속도로 발전하여 궁극적으로 생물학을 통제할 수 있는 도구를 제공했습니다. с ошеломляющей скоростью, давая нам инструменты, чтобы в конечном итоге получить контроль над биологией.

On the one hand solving the deadliest diseases while also creating viruses more dangerous ||On one side|side|||||||||| |||з одного боку|||найсмертоносніші|хвороби|||||| Por un lado, resolver las enfermedades más mortíferas y, por otro, crear virus más peligrosos. 한편으로는 가장 치명적인 질병을 해결하면서 다른 한편으로는 더 위험한 바이러스를 만들어냅니다. С одной стороны, решение проблемы самых смертоносных заболеваний, но в то же время создание вирусов, более опасных для здоровья. Po eni strani rešujemo najbolj smrtonosne bolezni, po drugi strani pa ustvarjamo še nevarnejše viruse.

than nuclear bombs, able to devastate humanity. |||||摧毀人類| |||||спустошити|людство kot jedrske bombe, ki lahko uničijo človeštvo.

What is going on?

Biotechnology is increasingly everywhere. Biotech advancements pervasive.||more and more| ||все більше|повсюди La biotecnología está cada vez más presente en todas partes. Biotehnologija je vse bolj prisotna povsod.

The cotton in your clothes, the vegetables you eat, your dog. |cotton||||||||| |бавовна|||одяг||овочі||їси|твій / твоя / твоє|собака Bombaž v vaših oblačilih, zelenjava, ki jo jeste, vaš pes.

Humans manipulate living things. |маніпулюють|| Los humanos manipulan los seres vivos. Ljudje manipulirajo z živimi bitji.

We use bacteria to produce insulin, connect prosthetics directly with our brains and make |||||胰島素||義肢|||||| |||||||artificial body parts|||||| ||бактерії використовуємо для||виробляти|інсулін|з'єднувати|протези|безпосередньо|||мозок||створювати Utilizamos bacterias para producir insulina, conectamos prótesis directamente con nuestros cerebros y hacemos Z bakterijami proizvajamo inzulin, proteze povezujemo neposredno z možgani in izdelujemo

industrial enzymes to produce paper. |工業酶||| промислові ферменти|ферменти для паперу||виробляти|папір průmyslové enzymy k výrobě papíru. enzimas industriales para producir papel. 工業用酵素で紙を作る industrijskih encimov za proizvodnjo papirja.

Gene therapy creates cures to previously untreatable diseases while we are working on food crops ||||||incurable||||||||food plants Ген|Генна терапія||ліки||раніше|невиліковні||поки що|ми|||||сільськогосподарські культури Genová terapie vytváří léky na dříve neléčitelné nemoci, zatímco my pracujeme na potravinářských plodinách. La terapia génica crea curas para enfermedades antes intratables mientras trabajamos en cultivos alimentarios Z gensko terapijo lahko zdravimo prej neozdravljive bolezni, medtem ko se ukvarjamo s pridelki za hrano.

resistant to climate change. стійкий до змін клімату||кліматичним змінам|зміни клімату resistentes al cambio climático. odporne na podnebne spremembe.

Our mastery over biology has been speeding up so much that within weeks of the first |володіння біологією|||||||||настільки, що||||| Naše ovládnutí biologie se zrychlilo natolik, že během několika týdnů od prvního

Covid 19 case, the unknown coronavirus was broken down in laboratories and analysed. |||||||||||examined in detail |випадок COVID-19||невідомий|коронавірус||||у лабораторіях|лабораторіях|та| Covid 19 byl neznámý koronavirus laboratorně rozložen a analyzován. V primeru Covid 19 so neznani koronavirus razgradili v laboratorijih in ga analizirali.

Scientists generated a copy of its genetic material to create a vaccine that was ready Вчені|||копію||||генетичний матеріал||||вакцину|||готова Vědci vytvořili kopii jejího genetického materiálu, aby mohli vytvořit vakcínu, která byla připravena. Znanstveniki so ustvarili kopijo njegovega genskega materiala, da bi ustvarili cepivo, ki je bilo pripravljeno

for testing months after the pandemic began. pro testování několik měsíců po začátku pandemie. za testiranje nekaj mesecev po začetku pandemije.

Something unthinkable a decade ago. |Немислиме||десять років тому| Pred desetletjem je bilo to nepredstavljivo.

Where is all this sudden progress coming from? Звідки||||раптовий|прогрес|| Kde se vzal ten náhlý pokrok? Od kod ves ta nenadni napredek?

Well, it's complicated. Ну||Ну, це складно. To je zapleteno.

But in a nutshell: really expensive things got cheap and knowledge of how to do |||коротко кажучи|дійсно|дорогі речі здешевіли|||дешевими|і|знання того, як||як це робити|| Ale ve zkratce: opravdu drahé věci zlevnily a znalosti o tom, jak na to. Na kratko: zelo drage stvari so se pocenile, znanje o tem, kako jih narediti, pa se je pocenilo.

impressive things spread freely. вражаючі речі поширюються вільно||поширюються|вільно поширюються působivé věci se volně šíří. impresivne stvari se prosto širijo.

The Human Genome Project starting in 1990 was the first major attempt to read human ||基因組||||||||嘗試||| ||||||||||effort||| |Людський|Геном людини|Проєкт людського геному||у||||основний|спроба||прочитати людський геном| Projekt Človeški genom, ki se je začel leta 1990, je bil prvi večji poskus branja človeškega

DNA in its entirety. 13 years and $3 billion later, it was complete. ДНК|||цілком|років||мільярди доларів|пізніше|||завершено DNA vcelku. Po 13 letech a 3 miliardách dolarů byla dokončena. DNK v celoti. Po 13 letih in 3 milijardah dolarjev je bila končana.

By then the cost of decoding a human genome had fallen to about $100 million. ||||||||геном людини||||| Do té doby klesly náklady na dekódování lidského genomu na přibližně 100 milionů dolarů. К тому времени стоимость расшифровки генома человека снизилась примерно до 100 миллионов долларов. Do takrat so se stroški dekodiranja človeškega genoma znižali na približno 100 milijonov dolarjev.

Today it is 100,000 times cheaper, costing only about $1000. Dnes je 100 000krát levnější a stojí jen asi 1000 dolarů. Danes je 100.000-krat cenejši in stane le približno 1000 dolarjev.

How is that possible?

Converting DNA into computer data and then studying it used to be a super tedious process, ||||||||||||||繁瑣的| ||||||||||||||very time-consuming| Перетворення||||дані ДНК||||||||||нудний|процес Převod DNA do počítačových dat a jejich následné zkoumání byl dříve velmi zdlouhavý proces, Pretvarjanje DNK v računalniške podatke in njihovo preučevanje je bilo včasih zelo zamudno,

taking expert humans around 3 years of manual work. |експертам потрібно три роки|||||| přičemž odborník na lidi asi 3 roky manuální práce. pri čemer strokovnjak ljudje približno 3 leta ročnega dela.

Today it takes about two weeks and is almost completely automated. |||||||||повністю|автоматизований Dnes to trvá asi dva týdny a je to téměř zcela automatizované. Danes traja približno dva tedna in je skoraj popolnoma avtomatiziran.

Biotechnology has gone from something restricted to the best and well-funded laboratories staffed |||||||||||financially supported||manned by experts |||||обмежений доступом||||||||укомплектовані персоналом Biotechnologie se změnila z něčeho, co je vyhrazeno pouze nejlepším a dobře financovaným laboratořím s personálem. Biotehnologija se je spremenila v nekaj, kar je omejeno na najboljše in dobro financirane laboratorije z osebjem

by the world's top experts, to something affordable enough for hundreds of thousands of people |||||||reasonably priced||||||| ||||експертами світу|||доступне|достатньо доступне|||||| by the world's top experts, to something affordable enough for hundreds of thousands of people ki so jih pripravili vrhunski svetovni strokovnjaki, na cenovno dostopno ceno, ki jo lahko doseže več sto tisoč ljudi.

to casually work on. |隨意地|| працювати над|невимушено працювати над|| na kterých můžete příležitostně pracovat. za priložnostno delo.

What has sped up the process even more is that information in the field is shared ||accelerated||||||||||||| ||прискорило||||||||інформація|||галузь||поширюється Proces se ještě více urychlil tím, že se informace v terénu sdílejí. Še bolj je proces pospešilo to, da se informacije na terenu izmenjujejo

widely and freely. широко||широко і вільно široko in svobodno.

Cutting-edge discoveries now take just about a year to be copied in laboratories around the world, ||||||||рік|||скопійовані|||||світі Kopírování špičkových objevů v laboratořích po celém světě dnes trvá jen asi rok, Za kopiranje vrhunskih odkritij v laboratorijih po vsem svetu je zdaj potrebno le približno leto dni,

a few years for anyone with a biology background to work out, and a bit over a decade ||||||||біологічна освіта|||зрозуміти||||||десяток років několik let pro každého, kdo má biologické vzdělání, a něco přes deset let pro každého, kdo má biologické vzdělání. nekaj let za vse, ki imajo biološko ozadje, in nekaj več kot desetletje za vse, ki imajo biološko ozadje, in nekaj več kot desetletje za vse, ki imajo biološko ozadje.

for high school students to experiment with them in schools. |||учні старших класів||експериментувати з ними|||| za srednješolce, da z njimi eksperimentirajo v šolah.

Imagine that your local computer repair shop could build a pristine Iphone 11 with just ||||||||||全新完美||| ||||||||||pristine||| Уявіть собі|||місцева|комп'ютер|ремонт комп'ютерів|магазин ремонту комп'ютерів||||незаплямований||| Představte si, že by vaše místní opravna počítačů mohla sestavit bezvadný Iphone 11 s pouhými Imagine que su taller de reparación de ordenadores local pudiera fabricar un Iphone 11 impecable con sólo Predstavljajte si, da bi lahko vaš lokalni servis računalnikov izdelal brezhiben Iphone 11 s samo

the parts lying around, and that teenagers are asked to build a new Iphone 5 for homework. |||||||||||||||домашнє завдання a že teenageři mají za domácí úkol sestavit nový Iphone 5. deli, ki ležijo naokoli, in da najstniki za domačo nalogo sestavijo nov Iphone 5.

Not a crappy homemade version, the real thing. ||low-quality|made at home|||| ||поганий|домашній|версія||| Žádná mizerná domácí verze, ale pravá. Ne gre za slabo domačo različico, ampak za pravo.

This is what is going on right now in biotechnology – a true revolution. ||||||||||||революція Právě to se nyní děje v biotechnologiích - je to skutečná revoluce. To se zdaj dogaja v biotehnologiji - prava revolucija.

We are adding knowledge at unprecedented rates, while things get ever faster and cheaper to do. |||||never before seen|||||||||| |||знання|із швидкістю|безпрецедентними темпами|темпами||||||||| Znalosti přibývají nebývalou rychlostí, zatímco práce je stále rychlejší a levnější. Znanje pridobivamo z neznansko hitrostjo, medtem ko so stvari vedno hitrejše in cenejše.

This speed means we can expect even more wonderful things for humanity. |||||очікувати|||чудові|||людство Tato rychlost znamená, že můžeme očekávat ještě úžasnější věci pro lidstvo. Ta hitrost pomeni, da lahko pričakujemo še več čudovitih stvari za človeštvo.

Lifesaving treatments, miracle crops and solutions to problems we can't even imagine right now. Vital for survival||||||||||||| Рятівні|лікування|диво|врожайні культури||рішення||||||уявити собі|| Život zachraňující léčba, zázračné plodiny a řešení problémů, které si teď ani neumíme představit. Zdravljenje, ki rešuje življenja, čudežni pridelki in rešitve za težave, ki si jih zdaj ne moremo niti predstavljati.

But unfortunately progress cuts both ways. |на жаль||різати|обидва| Pokrok je však bohužel oboustranný. Žal pa je napredek obojestranski.

What can be used for good, can also be used for bad, by accident or on purpose. |||||добро||||||погане||випадково||навмисно|навмисно Co může být použito k dobrému, může být použito i ke špatnému, ať už omylem, nebo záměrně. Kar se lahko uporabi za dobro, se lahko uporabi tudi za slabo, po naključju ali namerno.

For all the good biotech will do for us, in the near future it also could easily kill ||||biotechnology||||||||||||| ||||біотехнології||||||||майбутнє|||||вбити Přes všechno dobré, co pro nás biotechnologie udělají, by nás v blízké budoucnosti mohly také snadno zabít. Ob vsem dobrem, kar nam bo biotehnologija prinesla, lahko v bližnji prihodnosti zlahka ubije tudi

many millions of people, in the worst case hundreds of millions. |мільйони||люди|||найгіршому випадку|випадок||| več milijonov ljudi, v najslabšem primeru več sto milijonov.

Worse than any nuclear bomb. Гірше|||ядерна|гірше за будь-яку ядерну бомбу Slabše kot katerakoli jedrska bomba.

The world just witnessed how fast the novel coronavirus spread. |||спостерігав||швидко||новий|коронавірус|поширився Svět se právě stal svědkem rychlosti šíření nového koronaviru. Svet je bil pravkar priča, kako hitro se je širil novi koronavirus.

We still do not know for sure if it came from nature or was the result of an accidental leak ||||||напевно|||||природного походження|||||||випадковий витік|витік Še vedno ne vemo zagotovo, ali je izvira iz narave ali je nastal zaradi naključnega uhajanja.

from a lab working with corona viruses, that's still subject to scientific debate. ||лабораторії|||коронавірусами|віруси|||предмет наукових дебатів||науковий|наукових дискусій iz laboratorija, ki se ukvarja z virusi korone, je to še vedno predmet znanstvene razprave.

In the end at least 7 million people died. |||||||померли Nakonec zemřelo nejméně 7 milionů lidí. Na koncu je umrlo vsaj 7 milijonov ljudi.

And this was still a relatively mild virus that didn't cause serious disease in most of those infected. ||||||輕微的||||||||||| |||||відносно|помірний|вірус|||спричиняти|серйозне захворювання|захворювання|||||інфікованих Přitom se stále jednalo o relativně mírný virus, který u většiny nakažených nezpůsobil vážné onemocnění. To je bil še vedno razmeroma blag virus, ki pri večini okuženih ni povzročil resne bolezni.

But that might change in the future. |||змінитися||| To se však může v budoucnu změnit. Toda to se lahko v prihodnosti spremeni.

Wherever the last pandemic came from, the next one might very well be our own fault Звідки б|||||||||||||||провина Ať už poslední pandemie přišla odkudkoli, za tu příští si dost možná můžeme sami. Ne glede na to, od kod je prišla zadnja pandemija, smo za naslednjo morda krivi sami.

– in a sense, many things going on in biotechnology could lead to this. ||||||||||призвести до цього|до| - v jistém smyslu by k tomu mohlo vést mnoho věcí, které se dějí v biotechnologiích. - v nekem smislu bi to lahko povzročilo veliko stvari, ki se dogajajo na področju biotehnologije.

Most of all how easy it is to work with dangerous viruses. ||||легко працювати||||||небезпечними вірусами|віруси Především to, jak snadné je pracovat s nebezpečnými viry. Predvsem to, kako enostavno je delati z nevarnimi virusi.

Thousands of scientists can simply order the genetic data of infectious virus samples online ||||просто|замовити|||генетичні дані||інфекційного|вірусної інфекції|зразків вірусу| Na tisoče znanstvenikov lahko preprosto naroči genetske podatke vzorcev nalezljivih virusov prek spleta.

to experiment with them. eksperimentirati z njimi.

Assembling these into an artificial virus in 2023 costs about as much as a new car, 組裝|||||||||||||| Збірка|цих елементів|||штучний|||коштує приблизно стільки||||||| Če jih leta 2023 sestavite v umetni virus, stane približno toliko kot nov avtomobil,

including all the lab equipment. ||||обладнання лабораторії vključno z vso laboratorijsko opremo.

At the same time, other scientists are trying to find viruses that hide in nature, ||||||||||||ховаються в природі||природі Hkrati drugi znanstveniki poskušajo najti viruse, ki se skrivajo v naravi,

like in wild bats or monkeys. |||野生蝙蝠|| |||flying mammals|| ||дикі|кажани||мавпи kot pri divjih netopirjih ali opicah.

There are probably plenty of potentially deadly pandemics out there. |||||||可能致命的疫情|| |||a lot of|||||| ||ймовірно|багато||потенційно|смертельних|пандемії|| Verjetno obstaja veliko potencialno smrtonosnih pandemij.

Virus hunters take samples back to the lab to learn whether the newly discovered viruses Вірус|мисливці за вірусами||зразки||||||дізнатися|чи||щойно виявлені|виявлені| Lovci na viruse odnesejo vzorce nazaj v laboratorij, da bi ugotovili, ali so novo odkriti virusi

are likely to spread in humans and catalogue the danger. |||||||document the risks|| |ймовірно||поширюватися|||і|каталогізувати||небезпеку se lahko razširijo med ljudmi in povečajo nevarnost.

When a biologist discovers a new virus, they usually publish its genetic data to the public. ||||||||зазвичай||||||| Ko biolog odkrije nov virus, običajno objavi njegove genetske podatke.

Journals are eager to share descriptions of potentially dangerous viruses. |||||描述|||| Журнали||нетерплячі||поширювати|описів||потенційно|небезпечних| Časopisi z veseljem delijo opise potencialno nevarnih virusov.

Other labs go further and make viruses more dangerous. |лабораторії|йдуть далі|далі||||| Drugi laboratoriji gredo še dlje in naredijo viruse še nevarnejše.

They combine and mutate different viruses to understand which mutations make them more |||突變||||||||| |поєднують||мутують||||||мутації||| Združujejo in mutirajo različne viruse, da bi ugotovili, katere mutacije jih naredijo bolj

likely to spread between humans or make them deadlier than their original forms. ||||||||more lethal|||| |||між||||||||первісні форми|формами se lahko razširijo med ljudmi ali postanejo bolj smrtonosni od svojih prvotnih oblik.

And again, these results are shared freely. |||||поділяються|вільно Tudi ti rezultati se prosto delijo.

All while synthetic DNA and equipment to rebuild these viruses are sold online to anyone ||синтетична|||обладнання||відновити||||продаються||| Medtem ko se sintetična DNK in oprema za obnovo teh virusov prodajajo na spletu vsakomur.

without any or very little tracking. |||||відстеження brez sledenja ali z zelo malo sledenja.

As the tools of biotechnology get ever cheaper and easy to use and the data on Ker so biotehnološka orodja vse cenejša in enostavnejša za uporabo, podatki o

dangerous viruses keeps multiplying, it is only a matter of time before a well-meaning scientist shares |||繁殖||||||||||||| ||продовжують|розмножуються|||||питання часу||питання часу|||||вчений|поширить nevarnih virusov se še naprej množijo, je le vprašanje časa, kdaj bo kakšen dobronamerni znanstvenik delil

blueprints for the equivalent nuclear bomb of viruses, a superbug that will cause millions of deaths |||等同的|||||||||||| |||||||||Deadly antibiotic-resistant bacteria|||||| плани створення|||еквівалентної||||||супербактерія|||спричинить|||смертей načrti za enakovredno jedrsko bombo med virusi, superbakterijo, ki bo povzročila na milijone smrti.

– and someone uses it. ||використовує| - in nekdo ga uporabi.

Maybe because they have bad intentions, maybe because they are irresponsible or sloppy. ||||||||||不負責任|| ||||||||||||careless or negligent |||||наміри|||||безвідповідальні||недбалі Morda zato, ker imajo slabe namene, morda zato, ker so neodgovorni ali površni.

We are creating an environment in which it is increasingly easy for anyone to create ||||середовище|||||все легше|легко||||створювати Ustvarjamo okolje, v katerem lahko vsakdo vse lažje ustvari

a weaponized virus in their backyard. |engineered for harm|||| |зброєний||||задньому дворі oboroženega virusa na njihovem dvorišču.

This is scary. ||Це страшно. To je strašljivo.

The world would be plunged into an unending crisis as new pandemics pop up year after year |||||陷入||||||||||| ||||thrown into|||never-ending||||||||| ||||занурений|||нескінченна|криза||||з'являються|спалахують||| Svet bi se znašel v neskončni krizi, saj bi se vsako leto pojavljale nove pandemije.

or all at once – killing large parts of the world's population, doing unimaginable ||||вбиваючи||||||населення світу||немислиме ali vse naenkrat - ubijanje velikega dela svetovnega prebivalstva, nepredstavljive

damage to civilisation as a whole, and possibly undoing centuries of progress. ||human society's progress||||||reversing||| шкода|до|цивілізація|||цілком||можливо|скасування|століть прогресу||прогресу людства ущерб цивилизации в целом и, возможно, свести на нет многовековой прогресс. škodo za celotno civilizacijo in morda izničenje večstoletnega napredka.

It's not the first time we've faced a challenge like this and we are not helpless |||||||||||||||incompetent or powerless ||||||||виклик|||||||безпорадні S takšnim izzivom se ne soočamo prvič in nismo nemočni.

– think of nuclear technology. думати про||ядерний| - pomislite na jedrsko tehnologijo.

Something extremely powerful and dangerous with huge upsides and downsides. |надзвичайно|потужний||небезпечний||величезний|переваги|| Nekaj izjemno močnega in nevarnega z ogromno prednostmi in slabostmi.

Nuclear energy was born from weapon programs, so its creators were always aware of the potential |||||||||творці||завжди||з, від, про||потенціал Jedrska energija je nastala na podlagi programov za izdelavo orožja, zato so se njeni ustvarjalci vedno zavedali, da lahko

for their knowledge to be abused. |||||濫用 ||знання|||зловживати знаннями da bi bilo njihovo znanje zlorabljeno.

From the very beginning it was clear that knowledge in this field and access to the |||початок|||||знання в цій галузі|||галузь|та|доступ до|| Že od samega začetka je bilo jasno, da bosta znanje s tega področja in dostop do

technology needed to be handled with utmost care. ||||||greatest possible| |потребує||потрібно бути|потрібно поводитися||максимальною обережністю|обережність с технологией нужно было обращаться очень осторожно. tehnologijo je bilo treba ravnati zelo previdno.

So a lot of effort has gone into making sure no radioactive material disappears from sight |||||||||||радіоактивний матеріал|радіоактивний матеріал|зникає з поля зору||з поля зору Veliko truda je bilo vloženega v to, da radioaktivni material ne bi izginil izpred oči.

or that countries don't try to hide weapons development behind energy programs. ||||||приховувати|зброю|розробка зброї|під прикриттям|| ali da države ne poskušajo skriti razvoja orožja za energetskimi programi.

The result hasn't been perfect, but considering the 411 nuclear power stations running today, |результат|||ідеальним||враховуючи|||атомні електростанції|атомні електростанції|працюючих| Rezultati niso bili popolni, a glede na 411 jedrskih elektrarn, ki obratujejo danes,

we've been very successful. |||дуже успішні smo bili zelo uspešni.

Likewise, no researcher would think to share data on how to turn common laboratory equipment 同樣地|||||||||||||| Так само||дослідник||||ділитися|дані|||щоб|використовувати|звичайне лабораторне обладнання|лабораторне обладнання|лабораторне обладнання Prav tako si noben raziskovalec ne bi mislil deliti podatkov o tem, kako spremeniti običajno laboratorijsko opremo

into bomb-making machines on the internet. v stroje za izdelavo bomb na internetu.

There is no reason we could not handle the really dangerous aspects of biotechnology |||||||впоратися з|||небезпечні аспекти|аспекти біотехнології|| Nobenega razloga ni, da ne bi mogli obvladati resnično nevarnih vidikov biotehnologije.

in a similar way! |||подібним чином na podoben način!

Experts have come up with three sort of bullet points: Strokovnjaki so pripravili tri vrste točk:

First we need to delay the next deadly pandemic by getting a grip on how we treat dangerous viruses. Спершу||||затримати|||смертельна|пандемія|||||над тим, як|||лікуємо|небезпечні віруси| Najprej moramo odložiti naslednjo smrtonosno pandemijo, in sicer tako, da se naučimo, kako zdraviti nevarne viruse.

Their genetic data should be treated as an infohazard: information that poses a danger ||||||||dangerous information||||| |||||оброблятися|||інформаційна загроза|інформація, що загрожує|яка|становить загрозу||небезпека Их генетические данные должны рассматриваться как информационная опасность: информация, представляющая опасность Njihove genetske podatke je treba obravnavati kot infozabavo: informacije, ki predstavljajo nevarnost.

to society if it is shared without care. |||||||турбота za družbo, če se delijo brez previdnosti.

In other words, not just anyone should be able to order dangerous DNA online. ||||||||||замовляти|небезпечну|ДНК| Z drugimi besedami, nevarnega DNK ne bi smel naročiti vsakdo.

And if you do, you should be tracked, so it becomes much harder for the wrong people Če to storite, vas je treba izslediti, tako da bo to za napačne ljudi veliko težje.

to access the really spicy stuff. |отримати доступ до|||| za dostop do zares začinjenih stvari.

The next step is detecting the danger by becoming aware which viruses are present among us Naslednji korak je odkrivanje nevarnosti z ugotavljanjem, kateri virusi so prisotni med nami.

and are spreading explosively between humans. |||вибухово|| y se están propagando explosivamente entre los humanos. in se eksplozivno širijo med ljudmi.

This could be as easy as having labs in population centres maintain virus detectors To je lahko tako preprosto, kot če bi laboratoriji v naseljenih središčih vzdrževali detektorje virusov.

that monitor what is going on in the micro world. |стежити за|||||||| ki spremljajo dogajanje v mikrosvetu.

If we suddenly see certain microorganisms show up a lot in a short time, we can react quickly ||раптово|помітимо|певні||||||||||||реагувати швидко|швидко реагувати Če se v kratkem času nenadoma pojavi veliko število določenih mikroorganizmov, se lahko hitro odzovemo.

and start counter measures. |і почати контрзаходи|лічильник|контрзаходи in začnite izvajati protiukrepe.

Which is the final step: Destroy. |||остання||Знищити To je zadnji korak: uničiti.

We basically need to build a machine that is ready to destroy any pandemic threat |в основному||||||||||||пандемічну загрозу|загрозу пандемії V bistvu moramo zgraditi stroj, ki bo pripravljen uničiti vsako grožnjo pandemije.

before it has a chance to take over. ||||шанс||| še preden bo imela priložnost prevzeti oblast.

We can do this with new tools that are being developed right now, like nanofilters ||||||||||||||奈米過濾器 ||||||||||||||Tiny filters ||||||||||||||нанофільтри To lahko storimo z novimi orodji, ki jih trenutno razvijamo, kot so nanofiltri.

that pull dangers out of the air we breathe or specialized UV lamps that just kill any virus ||||||||||||燈具||||| ||||||||||||UV lights||||| |витягують|||||||дихаємо||спеціалізовані|ультрафіолетові лампи|лампи ультрафіолетові|||знищують|| ki iz zraka, ki ga dihamo, izločajo nevarnosti, ali specializirane UV-žarnice, ki uničujejo vse viruse.

before it has a chance to jump from person to person. ||||||перескакувати|||| še preden bi se lahko prenesla z osebe na osebo.

And of course, we need to get better at getting new vaccines faster than ever before in history. ||звісно|||||||||||||ніж будь-коли|| In seveda moramo postati boljši pri pridobivanju novih cepiv hitreje kot kdaj koli prej v zgodovini.

If we do these three things, the chances are really good that we can avoid |||||||шансів|||||||уникнути Če naredimo te tri stvari, je velika verjetnost, da se bomo izognili

a catastrophic pandemic in the future. |катастрофічна пандемія|катастрофічна пандемія в майбутньому||| katastrofalne pandemije v prihodnosti.

Biotechnology, like any exciting and powerful technology, is neither inherently good or bad. |||||||||by nature||| Біотехнологія|||захоплююча||потужна|||ні...ні|за своєю суттю|||погана Biotehnologija, kot vsaka zanimiva in zmogljiva tehnologija, ni niti dobra niti slaba po svoji naravi.

It has the potential to be both in breathtaking ways. |||潛力|||||| |||потенціал|||обидва||захоплюючий дух| Lahko je oboje na osupljiv način.

We have the chance to a future where we get to truly control biology - our biology, |||шанс||||||||справді|||| Imamo priložnost, da v prihodnosti resnično nadzorujemo biologijo - našo biologijo,

the biology of the plants and animals around us – and the biology of the microworld. ||||рослини||тварини||||||||мікросвіт biologijo rastlin in živali okoli nas ter biologijo mikrosveta.

So let's use it to create a future where we triumph over pandemics and diseases for good. ||||||||||переможемо|над||||| Zato jo uporabimo za ustvarjanje prihodnosti, v kateri bomo za vedno premagali pandemije in bolezni.

This video was supported by Open Philanthropy. ||||||慈善事業 Ta videoposnetek je podprla Odprta filantropija.

If you want to help and want to have a high impact on the world, ||||допомогти|||||||вплив на світ||| Če želite pomagati in močno vplivati na svet,

check out the biorisk career guide from 80,000 hours, |||biological risk management|||| перегляньте||||||| si oglejte karierni vodnik za biorisk iz 80.000 ur,

a nonprofit organisation that helps people find careers |неприбуткова організація|неприбуткова організація||||| neprofitna organizacija, ki ljudem pomaga pri iskanju poklicev.

that can tackle some of humanity's greatest problems in the most efficient way. ||впоратися з|||||||||ефективний спосіб| que puede abordar algunos de los mayores problemas de la humanidad de la manera más eficiente. ki lahko na najučinkovitejši način rešujejo največje težave človeštva.

We put a link and further reading in the description and sources. |||||додаткові матеріали||||описі та джерелах||джерела V opis in vire smo vključili povezavo in nadaljnje branje.

Aside from biorisk there are more guides to check out too! |окрім||||||||| Poleg bioriska je na voljo še več vodnikov, ki jih lahko preverite!

Let us tell you about one of the most embarrassing moments in kurzgesagt history, |||||||||незручний|моментів||коротко кажучи| Naj vam povemo o enem najbolj neprijetnih trenutkov v zgodovini kurzgesagt,

it's a pretty great story. ||доволі гарна|чудова|Це чудова історія.

A few years ago we posted an image of a fake evolutionary tree on social media. |||||||зображення|||підроблений|еволюційного|еволюційне дерево||| Pred nekaj leti smo v družabnih medijih objavili sliko umetnega evolucijskega drevesa.

Just to post something nice, without thinking about it. ||опублікувати||приємне|||| Samo zato, da bi objavil nekaj lepega, ne da bi o tem razmišljal.

But we messed with the wrong birbs. ||||||birds ||||||птахами Но мы связались не с теми березами. Vendar smo se zapletli z napačnimi pticami.

Immediately we got thousands of messages from you telling us how wrong it was, unscientific, Негайно|||||повідомлень|від||||||||ненауково Takoj smo dobili na tisoče vaših sporočil, v katerih ste nam sporočali, kako napačno in neznanstveno je bilo to,

bad.

We underestimate that you take everything that we put out into the world seriously and |недооцінюємо||||усе||||||||серйозно сприймаєте| Podcenjujemo, da vse, kar objavimo v svetu, jemljete resno in

you set high standards for our research and fact-checking process. |встановлюєте||||||||| usted pone el listón muy alto a nuestro proceso de investigación y comprobación de hechos. postavili ste visoke standarde za naše raziskave in preverjanje dejstev.

This hurt. |Це боляче. To je bolelo.

A lot.

We wanted to be better than that. Želeli smo biti boljši od tega.

So we deleted it and contacted experts and spent hundreds of hours on research and illustration |||||||||||||дослідження та ілюстрації||ілюстрація Zato smo ga izbrisali, se obrnili na strokovnjake in porabili na stotine ur za raziskave in ilustracije.

and developed a new visualization of the relationships between species that did not exist before. ||||візуалізацію|||взаємозв'язків між видами||видів||||існували раніше|раніше не існували in razvil novo vizualizacijo odnosov med vrstami, ki prej ni obstajala.

A Map of Evolution you can use to figure out how closely you are related to a Flying Lemur: ||||||||||||||||||Flying primate relative |Карта еволюції||Еволюція|||||з'ясувати|поза межами||тісно пов'язані||||||| Un Mapa de la Evolución que puedes utilizar para averiguar tu grado de parentesco con un lémur volador: Zemljevid evolucije, s katerim lahko ugotovite, v kakšnem sorodstvu ste z letečim lemurjem:

Expert approved. |Схвалено експертом. Strokovnjak odobril.

We were extremely proud of the result – and since we had spent so much time on it, |||пишалися||||||||||||| Na rezultat smo bili izjemno ponosni - in ker smo mu posvetili toliko časa,

we turned it into a poster. smo ga spremenili v plakat.

And from that a new vision was born: Tako se je rodila nova vizija:

We wanted to become the best infographic and scienceposter shop in the world. ||||||資訊圖表||科學海報|||| ||||||||science poster|||| ||||||інфографіка||науковий постер|||| Želeli smo postati najboljša trgovina z infografikami in znanstvenimi plakati na svetu.

Today we've designed almost 100 posters and sold over half a million copies ||||||продали||||| Danes smo oblikovali skoraj 100 plakatov in prodali več kot pol milijona izvodov.

– every single one made with love, care and lots of attention to detail. ||||||турбота|||||до|деталей - vsak je narejen z ljubeznijo, skrbjo in veliko pozornosti do podrobnosti.

All because you guys challenged us. ||||кинули виклик| Vse to zato, ker ste nas izzvali.

Thank you so much for that and for supporting our weird ideas and our sometimes weird Merch. ||||||||||||||||商品 |||||||||||||||unconventional or quirky|products for sale ||||||||підтримку||дивний|ідеї||||| Najlepša hvala za to in za podporo našim čudaškim idejam in našemu včasih čudaškemu Merchu.

Because of you we can continue to release our videos for free for everyone and drop |||||продовжувати випускати||випускати||||||||випускати нові відео Zaradi vas lahko še naprej brezplačno objavljamo naše videoposnetke za vse in spustimo

hundreds of hours into new concepts to spark curiosity in people all around the world. |||вивчаючи||концепції||запалити цікавість|цікавість|||||| na stotine ur v nove koncepte, da bi spodbudili radovednost ljudi po vsem svetu.

Thank you so, so much for being part of our vision – we literally couldn't do it without you. ||||||||||||буквально||||| Najlepša hvala, ker ste bili del naše vizije - brez vas nam dobesedno ne bi uspelo.