The Roman Empire: Crash Course World History #10 Das Römische Reich: Crashkurs Weltgeschichte #10 Η Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία: Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία: Crash Course World History #10 El Imperio Romano: Crash Course World History #10 L'Empire romain : Cours accéléré d'histoire mondiale #10 L'Impero romano: Corso accelerato di storia mondiale #10 ローマ帝国クラッシュコース世界史第10回 로마 제국: 크래시 코스 세계사 #10 Romos imperija: Pasaulio istorijos kursas #10 Imperium Rzymskie: Przyspieszony kurs historii świata #10 O Império Romano: Curso Rápido de História Mundial #10 Римская империя: Краткий курс всемирной истории №10 Roma İmparatorluğu: Crash Course Dünya Tarihi #10 Римська імперія: Прискорений курс всесвітньої історії #10 罗马帝国：世界历史速成班 #10 羅馬帝國：世界歷史速成班 #10

Hi, I'm John Green; this is Crash Course World History and today we're going to learn ||||||Crash Course||||||||| |||Green|||Crash||||||||| Pozdravljeni, jaz sem John Green; to je Crash Course World History in danes se bomo učili Merhaba, ben John Green; burası Crash Course Dünya Tarihi ve bugün şunları öğreneceğiz

about the Roman Empire, which of course began when two totally nonfictional twins, Romulus |||||||||||невыдуманные||Ромул ||||that|||was founded||||factual, real, historical|twin brothers| Roma İmparatorluğu hakkında, tabii ki tamamen kurgusal olmayan iki ikiz, Romulus

and Remus, who'd been raised by wolves, founded a city on seven hills. |Ремус||||||||||| ||who had||brought up||||||||mountains ve kurtlar tarafından yetiştirilen Remus, yedi tepe üzerinde bir şehir kurdular.

Mr Green, Mr Green, what… what does SPQR stand for? |||||||Сенат и народ|| |||||||SPQR steht für?|| |||||||Senate and People|| |||||||SPQR|| Bay Green, Bay Green, ne... SPQR ne anlama geliyor?

It means shut pie hole quickly, rapscallion. No, it means Senātus Populusque Rōmānus, ||||||мошенник|||||| |||mouth|||mischievous person||||Roman Senate|Roman people|Roman citizen Cela signifie fermer le trou du gâteau rapidement, rapscallion. Non, cela signifie Senātus Populusque Rōmānus, Çabuk kapa çeneni demek, rapscallion. Hayır, Senātus Populusque Rōmānus demek,

one of the mottos of the Roman Republic. |||девизов|||| |||mottos|||| |||slogans|||| |||mottos|||| Roma Cumhuriyeti'nin sloganlarından biri.

So today we're going to do some old school Great Man History and focus on Julius Caesar Bugün biraz eski usul Büyük Adam Tarihi yapacağız ve Julius Caesar'a odaklanacağız

while trying to answer a question: When, if ever, is it OK to stab someone 23 times? |||||||conditional|if at all|||||attack with knife|| |||||||||||||apuñalar|| Bir soruyu yanıtlamaya çalışırken: Birini 23 kez bıçaklamak ne zaman doğru olur?

[Theme Music]

Shakespeare answers that question by saying that Roman senators killed Caesar because ||||||||senators||| Shakespeare répond à cette question en disant que les sénateurs romains ont tué César parce que Shakespeare bu soruya Romalı senatörlerin Sezar'ı öldürdüğünü söyleyerek cevap verir çünkü

he was going to destroy the Roman republic, but even if that's true, we still have to answer whether: il allait détruire la république romaine, mais même si c'est vrai, nous devons encore répondre si : Roma cumhuriyetini yok edecekti, ama bu doğru olsa bile, yine de cevaplamamız gereken bir soru var:

a. The Roman Republic was worth preserving, and ||||||preservar| un. La République romaine méritait d'être préservée, et a. Roma Cumhuriyeti korunmaya değerdi ve

b. whether Caesar actually destroyed it. b. si César l'a réellement détruit. b. Sezar'ın onu gerçekten yok edip etmediği.

One of the things that made the Roman republic endure, both in reality and in imagination |||||||||существовать|||||| ||||die||||||||||| |||||||||last long|||||| Une des choses qui ont fait perdurer la république romaine, à la fois dans la réalité et dans l'imaginaire Roma cumhuriyetinin hem gerçekte hem de hayalde kalıcı olmasını sağlayan şeylerden biri

was its balance. According to the Greek historian Polybius, "THE THREE kinds of government, ||||||||Полифий||||| ||||||||government balance theory|||||

monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, were all found united in Rome. And… it was no easy монархия|аристократия||демократия||||||||||| royal rule|nobility||people's rule||||||||||| la monarchie, l'aristocratie et la démocratie se trouvaient réunies à Rome. Et... ce n'était pas facile

thing to determine with assurance, whether the entire state was an aristocracy, a democracy, or a monarchy.” ||||Sicherheit|||||||||||| ||||confidence|||||||||||| ||||certeza||||||||||||

At the heart of this blended system was the Senate, a body of legislators chosen from |||||gemischten||||||||Gesetzgeber|| |||||combined||||legislative body||||lawmakers|| |||||mezclado||||||||||

a group of elite families. (Rome was divided into two broad classes: the Patricians – the |||||||||||||Патриции| ||||||||||||the Patricians|Noble families|

small group of aristocratic families and the Plebeians, basically everybody else. The Senators |||||||плебеи||||| |||||||plébéiens||||| |||||||common people||||| petit groupe de familles aristocratiques et les Plébéiens, essentiellement tout le monde. Les Sénateurs

were drawn from the Patricians.) The Senate was a sort of a mixture of legislature and ||||||||||||||законодательного органа| ||||patriciens||||||||||| |stammten|||||||||||||| |taken|||Patricians||||||||||legislature|

giant advisory council. Their main job was to set the policy for the Consuls. |||||||||||||консулов |conseil|||||||||||| |advisory||||||||||||Consuls conseil consultatif géant. Leur tâche principale consistait à définir la politique des consuls.

Each year the Senate would choose from among its ranks 2 co-Consuls to serve as sort of |||||||||||консулов||||| Every|||||||||||||serve||sort|

the chief executives of Rome. There needed to be two so they could check each other's |head|||||||||||||| les chefs de l'exécutif de Rome. Il fallait qu'ils soient deux pour qu'ils puissent vérifier l'un l'autre

ambition, and also so that one could, you know, take care of Rome domestically, while амбиция|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||im Inland| |||||||||||||within the country|

the other was off fighting wars, and conquering new territory.

There were two additional checks on power: First, the one-year term. I mean, how much

trouble could you really do in a year, right? Unless you're the CEO of Netflix, I mean

he destroyed that company in like two weeks.

And secondly, once a senator had served as consul, he was forbidden to serve as consul

again for at least 10 years. Although that went a little bit like you say you're only de nuevo durante al menos 10 años. Aunque eso fue un poco como usted dice que usted es sólo encore pendant au moins 10 ans. Même si ça s'est passé un peu comme tu dis que tu es seulement

going to eat one Chipotle burrito per week, and then there are a few exceptions, and then ||||Чипотле|буррито||||||||||| ||||Chipotle burrito|burrito|||||||||||

all of a sudden you're there every day, and YES, I know guacamole is more, JUST GIVE IT TO ME! ||||||||||||гуакамоле||||||| ||||||||||||extra charge||||||| tout d'un coup, vous êtes là tous les jours, et OUI, je sais que le guacamole est plus, DONNEZ-LE MOI !

But right, we were talking about the Romans. The Romans also had a position of dictator, |||||||||||||||dictator

a person who would who'd take over in the event the Republic was in imminent danger. ||||would||||||||||imminent| une personne qui prendrait le relais au cas où la République serait en danger imminent.

The paradigm for this selfless Roman ruler was Cincinnatus, a general who came out of ||||||||Цинциннат|||||| ||||désintéressé||||Cincinnatus|||||| |Paradigma|||selbstlos||||||General|||| |paradigm|||altruistic||||selfless Roman leader|||||| ||||desinteresado||gobernante|||||||| Le paradigme de ce dirigeant romain désintéressé était Cincinnatus, un général qui est sorti de

comfortable retirement at his plantation, took command of an army, defeated whatever ||||Plantage||||||| ||||||||||defeated|

enemy he was battling, and then laid down his command and returned to his farm, safe ||||||gave up||||||||| |||||||||mando||||||

in the knowledge that one day the second largest city in Ohio would be named for him. ||||||||||||would||||

If that model of leadership sounds familiar to Americans by the way, it's because George ||||||||the American people||||||

Washington was heavily influenced by Cincinnatus when he invented the idea of a two term president. Washington a été fortement influencé par Cincinnatus lorsqu'il a inventé l'idée d'un président à deux mandats.

So along comes Caesar. Gaius Ju- Gay-us? No it's Gaius, I know from Battlestar Galactica. ||||Гай||||||||||Баттлстар|Галактика ||arrives||Gaius|Julius|||||||||sci-fi series|Sci-fi series Alors vient César. Gaius Ju- Gay-nous ? Non, c'est Gaius, je le connais de Battlestar Galactica.

Gaius Julius Caesar was born around 100 BCE to one of Rome's leading families. His birth ||||||до н.э.|||||||| ||||||a.C.||||||||

was somewhat miraculous, requiring a surgical procedure that we know as Caesarian section. |||||||||||кесарево| ||wunderbar|erfordernd||||||||| |somewhat|miraculous|||||||||C-section surgery| était quelque peu miraculeux, nécessitant une intervention chirurgicale que nous connaissons sous le nom de césarienne.

Coming as he did from the senatorial class, it was natural that Caesar would serve in ||||||сенаторского||||||||| coming||||||of the Senate||||||||| Issu de la classe sénatoriale, il était naturel que César serve dans

both the army and the Senate, which he did. He rose through the ranks, and after some ||||||||||advanced||||||

top-notch generalling, and a gig as the governor of Spain, he decided to run for consul. |de premier ordre||||||||||||||| top|high-quality|military leadership skills|in addition to||position||||||||||| |de primera|general|||carguito||||||||||| généraliste de premier ordre et un poste de gouverneur d'Espagne, il a décidé de se présenter au poste de consul.

In order to win, Caesar needed financial help, which he got from Crassus, one of Rome's ||||||||||||Красс||| ||||||||||||Crassus|||

richest men. Crassus ran a private fire company whose business model was essentially, “Hey, ||||||fire department|||||||

I notice your house is on fire. Give me some money and I'll help you out with that.”

Caesar succeeded in becoming consul in 59 BCE and thereafter sought to dominate Roman |||||||||s'efforça||| ||||chief magistrate|||||||| ||||||||después|||| César a réussi à devenir consul en 59 avant notre ère et a ensuite cherché à dominer l'Empire romain

politics by allying himself with Crassus and also with Rome's other most powerful man, ||союзом||||||||||| ||s'alliant||||||||||| ||forming an alliance||||||||||| ||sich verbündend|sich||||||||||

the general Pompey. You'll no doubt remember Pompey from his fascination with Alexander ||Помпей|||||||||| |||||||Pompey the Great|||||

the Great. Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar were the so-called first triumvirate, and the alliance |||||||||||триумвират||| |||||||||||triomphe||| |||||||||||three-man rule|||

worked out super well, for Caesar. Not so well for the other two. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. ||||||||||||||||||Bubble of Thought a super bien fonctionné, pour César. Pas si bien pour les deux autres. Allons à la bulle de pensée.

After a year as consul that included getting the senate to pass laws largely because of

intimidation by Pompey's troops, Caesar landed the governorship of Gaul, at least ||Помпея|||||провинцию|||| Einschüchterung|||||||Governorship|||| intimidation||Pompey's forces|troops||landed||administrative control||Gaul|| |||||obtuvo|||||| intimidation par les troupes de Pompée, César décroche le poste de gouverneur de la Gaule, au moins

the southern part of Gaul that Rome controlled. He quickly conquered the rest of Gaul and ||||||||||||Rest|||

his four loyal armies — or legions, as the Romans called them — became his source of |||||легионы||||||||| ||||||as they||||||||

power. Caesar continued his conquests, invading Britain and waging another successful war against the Gauls. ||||||||menant|||||| |Julius Caesar|||conquests||||conducting||||||Gauls ||||||||führte|||||| ||||||||librando|||||| ||||||||travando||||||

While he was away, Crassus died in battle with the Parthians and Pompey, who had become ||||Красс||||||партами||Помпей||| ||||||||||Parthes||||| ||||||||||Parthian forces||||| Pendant son absence, Crassus mourut au combat contre les Parthes et Pompée, devenu

Caesar's rival and enemy, was elected Consul. Pompey and the Senate decided to try to strip Цезаря||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||remove power |||||||||||||||despojar Rival et ennemi de César, fut élu Consul. Pompée et le Sénat ont décidé d'essayer de se déshabiller

Caesar of his command and recall him to Rome. If he returned to Rome without an army, Caesar |||||summon|||||||||||| |||||recall||||||||||||

would have been prosecuted for corrupt consuling and also probably exceeding his authority ||||||консультирование|||||| ||||||consultation|||||| |||verurteilt|||Beratung||||Überschreitung|| |||faced legal action||corrupt|corrupt advising practices||||exceeding|| |||procesado||||||||| aurait été poursuivi pour corruption consulaire et aussi probablement excès de pouvoir

as governor, so instead he returned with the 13th Legion.

He crossed the Rubicon River, famously saying, “The die is cast” or possibly, “Let |||Рубикон|||||||брошен||возможно| |||||||der|Würfel||||| |||Point of no return|||||die||die||| ||||||||||la suerte está echada||| Il a traversé la rivière Rubicon, en disant: "Les dés sont jetés" ou peut-être, "Laissez

the die be cast.” Sorry, Thought Bubble, sources disagree. Basically, Caesar was invading ||||||||||||вторгался les dés soient jetés. Désolé, bulle de pensée, les sources ne sont pas d'accord. Au fond, César envahissait

his own hometown. Pompey was in charge of Rome's army but like a boss fled the city, ||||||verantwortlich|||||||||| ||||||||||||||left|| ||ciudad natal|||||||||||jefe|huyó|| sa propre ville natale. Pompée était en charge de l'armée de Rome mais comme un chef a fui la ville,

and by 48 BCE Caesar was in total command of all of Rome's holdings, having been named ||||||||||||territories||| ||||||||||||posesiones||| et en 48 avant notre ère, César contrôlait totalement toutes les possessions de Rome, ayant été nommé

both dictator and consul. à la fois dictateur et consul.

Caesar set out to Egypt to track down Pompey only to learn that he'd already been assassinated |verb phrase|||||locate|||||||||| ||||||rastrear|||||||||| César s'est rendu en Égypte pour retrouver Pompée seulement pour apprendre qu'il avait déjà été assassiné

by agents of the Pharaoh Ptolemy. Egypt had its own civil war at the time, between the ||||фараона|Птолемей||||||||||| |||||Ptolemy|||||||||||

Pharaoh and his sister/wife Cleopatra. Ptolemy was trying to curry favor with Caesar by killing ||||||Птолемей||||||||| ||||||||||sich einschmeicheln||||| ||||||||||gain favor||||| ||||||||||ganar|||||

his enemy, but Caesar was mad in that the-only-person-who-gets-to-tease-my-little-brother-is-me kind of way, except with murder instead of ||||||||||||||taquiner||||||||||||| |||||angry|||||||||mock||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||burlarse||||||||||||| son ennemi, mais César était fou dans ce sens que la seule personne qui peut taquiner mon petit frère c'est moi, sauf avec le meurtre au lieu de

teasing. So Caesar sided with — and skoodilypooped with — Cleopatra. Thank you, Thought Bubble. ||||||попробовал|||||| teasing||||||s'est allié|||||| playful banter|||sided|||messed around with|||||| teasing||||||skoodilypooped|||||| burlándose|||se alineó|||skoodilypooped|||||| taquinerie. Alors César s'est rangé du côté – et skoodilypooped – de Cléopâtre. Merci, Bulle de Pensée.

Cleopatra went on to become the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt and bet on Marc “I am the |||||||Firavun|||||||||| ||||||||||||apostó||||| Cléopâtre est devenue le dernier pharaon de l'Egypte ancienne et a parié sur Marc "Je suis le

Wrong Horse” Antony instead of Emperor “There is a Baby Attached to My Leg” Augustus. Mauvais cheval" Antoine au lieu de l'empereur "Il y a un bébé attaché à ma jambe" Auguste.

But before all that, Caesar made his way back from Egypt to Rome, stopping off to defeat Mais avant tout cela, César est revenu d'Égypte à Rome, s'arrêtant pour vaincre

a few kings in the east, and was declared dictator again. That position that was later quelques rois à l'est, et a été déclaré dictateur à nouveau. Cette position qui était plus tard

extended for ten years, and then for life.

He was elected consul in 46 BCE and then again in 45 BCE, this last time without a co-consul.

By 45 BCE Caesar was the undisputed master of Rome and he pursued reforms that strengthened |||||unbestritten|||||||||stärkten |||||undisputed||||||pursued|||enhanced power ||||||||||||||fortalecieron

his own power. He provided land pensions for his soldiers, restructured the debts of a ||||||||||реструктурировал|||| ||||||||||||Schulden|| ||||||land grants|||||||| ||||||emeklilik maaşları|||||||| |||||tierras|||||||||

huge percentage of Rome's debtors, and also changed the calendar to make it look more ||||должников|||||||||| ||||débiteurs|||||||||| ||||debtors||||||||||

like the one we use today.

But by 44 BCE, many Senators had decided that Caesar controlled too much of the power in ||44 BC|||||||||||||

Rome, and so they stabbed him 23 times on the floor of the Roman senate. Caesar was ||||l'ont poignardé||||||||||| ||||attacked with a knife||||||||||| ||||stachen||||||||||| ||||apuñalaron|||||||||||

duly surprised about this and everything, but he never said, “Et Tu, Brute” when dûment||||||||||||| properly|||||||||||you|| debidamente||||||||||||| devidamente||||||||||||| dûment surpris à ce sujet et tout, mais il n'a jamais dit "Et Tu, Brute" quand

he realized Brutus was one of the co-conspirators. That was an invention of Shakespeare. ||||||||conspirators||||||

The conspirators thought that the death of Caesar would bring about the restoration of |заговорщики|||||||||||| ||||||||||||Wiederherstellung| ||||||||||||restoration|

the Republic, and they were wrong. For one thing, Caesar's reforms were really popular

with the Rome's people, who were quick to hail his adopted son Octavian, as well as ||||||||||||Октавиан||| ||||||||praise||adopted||Augustus||| ||||||||aclamar||||||| avec le peuple de Rome, qui n'a pas tardé à saluer son fils adoptif Octave, ainsi que

his second-in-command Mark “I am the Wrong Horse” Antony and a dude named Lepidus, |||||||||||||||Лепид |||||||||||||||a minor player |||||||||||||tipo|| son commandant en second Mark "Je suis le mauvais cheval" Antony et un mec nommé Lepidus,

as a second triumvirate. |||триумвират

This triumvirate was an awesome failure, degenerating into a second civil war. Octavian and Antony ||||||превращаясь|||||||| ||||||deteriorating into conflict||||||||

fought it out. Antony, being the wrong horse, lost. Octavian won, changed his name to Caesar |||||||||Октавиан||||||

Augustus, became sole ruler of Rome, attached a baby to his leg, adopted the title Emperor, Август||||||||||||||| ||unique||||||||||||| ||only||||||||||||| ||único|gobernante|||||||||||| Auguste, devenu seul souverain de Rome, attacha un bébé à sa jambe, adopta le titre d'Empereur,

and started printing coins identifying himself as Divini Filius: The Son of God. More on that next week. |||||||Son of God|Son of God|||||||||

Although Augustus tried to pretend that the forms of the Roman republic were still intact, ||||||||||||||intact ||||fingir||||||||||

the truth was that he made the laws and the Senate had become nothing more than a rubber |||||||||||||||||caoutchouc |||||||||||||||||Gummi |||||||||||||||||de goma

stamp. Which reminds me, it's time for the open letter. sello|||||||||

Movie magic! An open letter to the Roman Senate. Oh, but first, let's see what's in the

secret compartment. Ah, it's a harmonica! Stan, do you want me to play some old, Roman |||||гармошка|||||||||| |||||Harmonika||||||||||

folk songs? Very well. Stan, I just want to thank you for doing such a good job of overdubbing there. ||||||||||||||||||дубляжа| ||||||||||||||||||doublage| ||||||||||||||||||layering audio tracks| ||||||||||||||||||Nachvertonen| ||||||||||||||||||üstüne kayıt yapmak| folklóricas||||||||||||||||||doblaje|

Dear Roman Senate, Whether you were rubber stamping the laws of Emperor Augustus, or |||||||abnicken|||||| ||||siz||||||||| |||si||||sellando|||||| Cher Sénat romain, Que vous approuviez les lois de l'empereur Auguste ou

stabbing Caesar on the floor of your sacred hall, you were always doing something! I don't stabbing||||||||||||||| Assassinating|||||||sacred|||||||| ||||||||salón|||||||

want to sound nostalgic for a time when people lived to be 30, a tiny minority of adults

could vote, and the best fashion choice was bed-sheets, but oh my god, at least you did something! ||||||||draps|||||||||| |||||||||Bettlaken||||||||| pouvait voter, et le meilleur choix de mode était les draps, mais oh mon dieu, au moins tu as fait quelque chose !

Your senate was chosen from among the Patrician class. Our senate here in the United States |||||||патриций|||||||| |||||||noble ruling class||||||||

is chosen from among the obstructionist class. But don't get me wrong, Roman senate, you |||||обструкционистского||||||||| |||||Obstruktionisten||||||||| |||||obstructive individual||||||||| |||||obstruccionista||||||||| |||||engel çıkaranlardan seçilir||||anlamayın||||| est choisi parmi la classe obstructionniste. Mais ne vous méprenez pas, sénat romain, vous

were terrible. Best wishes, John Green.

So did Caesar destroy the Republic? Well, he started a series of civil wars, he seized |||||||||||||||s'est emparé |||||||||||||||seized |||||||||||||||tomó

power for himself, he subverted the ideas of the republic, he changed the constitution, ||||a subverti||||||||| ||||undermined|||||||||constitution ||||altüst etti|||||||||anayasa ||||untergrub|||||||||

but he's only really to blame if he was the first one to do that. And he wasn't. |||||at fault|||||||||||| mais il n'est vraiment à blâmer que s'il a été le premier à le faire. Et il ne l'était pas.

Take the general Marius, for instance, who rose to power on the strength of his generalship |||||||||||||||полководство |||||||||||||||Führung |||Marius||||||||||||military leadership skills Prenez le général Marius, par exemple, qui est arrivé au pouvoir grâce à sa position de général

and on his willingness to open up the army to the poor, who were loyal to him personally, |||willingness|||||||||||||| |||istekliliği|||||||||||||| |||disposición||||||||||||||

and not to Rome, and whom he promised land in exchange for their good service in the

army. This of course required the Romans to keep conquering new land so they could keep

giving it to new legionnaires. Marius also was consul 5 times in a row, 60 years before Caesar. ||||легионерам||||||||||| ||||new recruits|||||||||||

Or look at the general Sulla who, like Marius, ensured that his armies would be more loyal ||||||||Мариус|||||||| |||||General Sulla||||||||||| |||||||||sağladı||||||| |||||||||aseguró|||||||

to him personally than to Rome, but who marched against Rome itself, and then became its dictator,

executing thousands of people in 81 BCE, 30 years before Caesar entered the scene.

There is another way of looking at this question altogether if we dispense with great man history. ||||||||||||verzichten|||| ||||||||||||vazgeçersek|||| ||||||||||||set aside||||

Maybe Rome became an empire before it had an emperor. Like, remember the Persian Empire?

You'll recall that empire had some characteristics that made it, imperial. Like a unified system ||||||||||imparatorlukla ilgili|||birleşik sistem|

of government, continual military expansion, and a diversity of subject peoples. ||stetlicher|||||||| |||||||çeşitlilik||tebaa halklar| |||||||||sujeto|

The Roman empire had all three of those characteristics long before it became The Roman Empire. Like

Rome started out as a city, and then it became a city state, then a kingdom, and then a Republic,

but that entire time, it was basically comprised of the area around Rome. |||||||composed||||| |||||||oluşuyordu||||| |||||||compuesta|||||

By the 4th century BCE, Rome started to incorporate its neighbors like the Latins and the Etruscans, |||||||||||||латинов|||этруски ||||||||to include|||||Latin people|||ancient Italian people ||||||||dahil etmek||||||||

and pretty soon they had all of Italy under their control, but that's not really diversity |||||||||||||||çeşitlilik değil et bientôt ils avaient toute l'Italie sous leur contrôle, mais ce n'est pas vraiment de la diversité

of subject peoples. I mean, nothing personal, Italians, but you have a lot of things in

common, like the constant gesticulations. ||||жесты ||||gesticulations ||||hand movements ||||el hareketleri ||||Gestik

If you want to talk about real expansion and diversity, you've got to talk about the

Punic Wars. These were the wars that I remember, primarily because they involved Hannibal crossing the Пунические|||||||||||||Ганнибал|| Carthaginian|||||||||||||Hannibal Barca|| Pön Savaşları|||||||||||||||

Alps with freaking war-elephants, which was probably the last time that the elephants could have risen ||fichus|||||||||||||| Alps||||elephants|||||||||||| ||malditos|||||||||||||| Alpes avec des éléphants de guerre effrayants, ce qui était probablement la dernière fois que les éléphants auraient pu se lever

up, and formed their awesome secret elephant society with elephant planes and elephant cars. ||||incroyable|||||||||

In the First Punic War, Rome wanted Sicily, which was controlled by the Carthaginians. |||||||||||||карфагеняне |||||||Sicily||||||people of Carthage Lors de la première guerre punique, Rome voulait la Sicile, contrôlée par les Carthaginois.

Rome won, which made Carthage cranky, so they started the second Punic war. In 219 BCE, |||||||||||Пуннической||| |||||irritable||||||||| ||||Carthage|cranky||||||||| |||||irritada||||||||| |||||verärgert||||||||| |||||irritable|||||||||

Hannibal attacked a Roman town and then led an army across Spain, and then crossed the Ганнибал||||||||||||||| Hannibal|||||||||||||||

freaking Alps with elephants.

Hannibal and his elephant army almost won, but alas, they didn't, and as a result the ||||||||unfortunately||||||| ||||||||ay|||||||

Romans got Spain. People in Spain are definitely NOT Romans (despite Russell Crowe's character ||||||||||||Crowes| ||||||||||||Russell Crowe's|

in Gladiator), which means that by 201 BCE Rome was definitely an empire.

The third Punic War was a formality – Rome found some excuse to attack Carthage and then |||||||||||||Карфаген|| ||||||formality|||||||||

destroyed it so completely that these days you can't even find it on a map. Eventually

this whole area, and a lot more, would be incorporated into a system of provinces and ||||||||||||||eyaletler sistemi|

millions of people would be ruled by the Roman Empire. |||||gouvernées||||

And it's ridiculous to say that Rome was a Republic until Augustus became Rome's

first official emperor, because by the time he did that, Rome had been an empire for almost

200 years. There's a reason I'm arguing that the death of the Republic came long before

Caesar and probably around the time that Rome became an Empire.

If anything destroyed the idea of Republican Rome, it was the concentration of power into

the hands of one man. And this man was always a general. I mean, you can't march on Rome

without an army, after all. Why were there such powerful generals? Because Rome had decided

to become an Empire, and empires need to expand militarily. Particularly, the Roman empire

needed to expand militarily because it always needed new land to give its retired legionnaires.

That expansion created the all-powerful general and the incorporation of diverse peoples made |||||||||integration|||| |||||||||katılımı||çeşitli||

it easier for them to be loyal to him, rather than to some abstract idea of the Republic. |||||||||||||abstract|||| ||||||sadık|||||||soyut kavram||||

Julius Caesar didn't create emperors: Empire created them.

Next week we'll be discussing Christianity, so that shouldn't be controversial. Until ||||||||||controversial|

then, thanks for watching.

Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson.

The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself and our graphics

team is Thought Bubble.

Last week's Phrase of the Week was "Pre-Distressed Designer Jeans" If you want to guess at this ||||||||Distressed|||||||||

week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in Comments where you

can also ask questions about today's video which our team of historians will endeavor to answer. |||||||||||||endeavor|| |||||||||||||esforzará||

Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, Don't Forget To Be Awesome. thank you||||||||||||||||

Whoah… Geez! Yikes! Everything is fine! Wow|geez|Yikes||| |vaya|¡Ay!|||