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Crash Course, Language Acquisition: Crash Course Linguistics #12

Language Acquisition: Crash Course Linguistics #12

Hi, I'm Taylor and welcome to Crash Course Linguistics!

What was your first word?

Maybe it was ‘mama' or ‘dada' or some other family name, or ‘dog,' or ‘ta' for thank you.

I've been told my first word was dada, so I was a super original baby.

Before a child says their first word, they've already had to learn lots of other language stuff.

Babies need fine motor skills to control their mouth and hands,

and their vocal tract isn't even the right shape for making human speech when they're tiny.

There's also a lot that has to happen in the brain before first words.

This is why it takes around a year for a baby to say their first word,

but you can leave your first lesson in a new language with half a dozen words.

In this episode we'll learn about language acquisition,

both when we're young and as we get older.

[THEME MUSIC]

Learning a language isn't like learning that the Moon orbits the Earth,

one fact, and you're done.

Instead it's many, many tasks across all of the levels of language:

phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and so much more.

There is a longstanding distinction in the research between the study of child language acquisition, and adult language acquisition.

Some linguists think these happen by entirely different processes,

and some think they are almost the same process with some tweaks.

We'll learn about both!

Let's start in the womb.

By 30 weeks in the womb, you can feel physical sound waves through the amniotic fluid.

It's a bit like listening to the radio with your head underwater:

picking up the overall intonation rather than specific words.

Shortly after birth, babies are more interested in language sounds than non-language sounds.

They also pay more attention to the voice of the person who gestated them

and people who speak the same language than to other voices and languages.

Not long after that, babies with signed language around them pay more attention to signs.

Babies are great at tuning into language.

Of course, we can't ask a baby, "hey, what do you think about these two words?"

Instead, studies of infants make use of one simple fact:

babies pay a bit more attention when they notice something new.

We can tell if a baby is paying attention using a method called high-amplitude sucking.

Babies suck faster on pacifiers when they're interested and slower when they're bored.

So if you give a baby a pacifier with a sensor in it, and then play "ba ba ba ba ba ba ba" over and over again, they'll eventually get bored and slow down.

If you switch the audio from "ba ba ba ba" to "pa pa pa pa", the baby starts sucking faster again.

That's how we know that they can hear a difference between those two sounds.

They've learned phonemes!

Also, if a baby has typical hearing, they can distinguish between any two sounds that are relevant for any spoken language,

up until around six to twelve months.

Around that age, babies lose the ability to distinguish between sounds that aren't relevant for any languages they're exposed to,

which helps them pay attention only to the parts that are important.

After babies begin to figure out how their hands and mouths work, they start babbling.

Babbling is what you might think of as classic baby talk:

long, repetitive sequences of nonsense syllables.

Babies who are exposed to signed languages, whether they're deaf or hearing children of deaf adults, also babble by making reduced versions of signs.

The cutesy way that older people address children is called child directed speech.

In some cultures, child directed speech is very distinct from the kind directed at people one's own age.

In other cultures, they are more similar.

But in both cases, kids learn language just fine!

Kids generally say their first word or two around one year of age.

There's a lot of variation in this age, though, and it also depends on how eager the adults are.

Easy syllables like mama, nana, baba, papa, dada, and tata are names for family members in many unrelated languages,

suggesting that a lot of people want their babies' babbles to be meaningful.

Even if you're more cautious, however, eventually toddlers are definitely in the one word phase.

When a child systematically uses one word plus one gesture,

such as grabbing and saying “cookie” to indicate they want a cookie,

it means they're almost into the two word phase, where they'll say “want cookie.”

These milestones might not get the spotlight on social media,

but they mark real progress in language acquisition.

Let's visit the thought bubble to see some more language learning in action.

Are you ready to do a linguistics experiment? Okay.

This is a wug.

Now there is another one.

There are two of them.

There are two…

If you said ‘wugs', congratulations!

You're doing as well as a toddler acquiring English.

Before the wug test was introduced, many researchers hypothesized that children learn language by mimicking the people around them.

And it's true that input is important.

But wugs are imaginary creatures that children have never encountered before,

and yet they still know how to form the plural of them.

This shows that kids must have figured out generalizations, or rules, about how language works, without ever being taught them

rules that they can also apply to new words.

The wug test was created in 1958 by Jean Berko Gleason,

along with a host of other imaginary creatures like luns, tors, and gutches.

Kids can deduce for themselves how to fit all of them into a sentence,

just like you do when you learn or make up a new word.

Kids don't just absorb language verbatim from the older people around them,

the way you might download the full text of a dictionary onto your phone.

We each figure it out, and reconstruct it as a system inside our heads.

That's how language changes each generation.

Thanks, Thought Bubble!

Language acquisition doesn't happen in a straight line of improvement.

Children can learn a rule and then overextend it.

A very young child might say ‘went', and then learn the rule that past tense is shown with the morpheme -ed, like with danced and jumped.

Then the child might go from saying ‘went' to ‘goed.' It looks like they're going backward, but they've actually learned a new rule!

But in general, children follow a similar set of milestones within a range of ages, from paying attention and babbling all the way up to levels of double meaning, tact, and formal situations.

These milestones are why linguists often talk about a critical period when it comes to learning language for the first time.

However, linguists are still debating about exactly how long the critical period lasts,

since we learn different parts of language at different times.

Our ear for sounds is established pretty early, but complicated features like relative clauses take several years to learn, and we learn new words our whole lives!

Exposure to at least one language in infancy provides the foundation that lets you acquire more advanced language skills and additional languages later in life.

Of course, it would be highly unethical to deliberately raise a child without language for research.

But some unfortunate real life situations have given linguists insight into the critical period.

For instance, when deaf babies are raised with access to a signed language from a very young age,

they follow the same developmental stages as their hearing peers.

From that solid foundation of a language they have complete access to,

they can learn further languages, including spoken or written language.

But because of prejudice against deaf people, some deaf babies are raised without a signed language,

and taught only spoken language that they can't fully access.

Many don't start learning a signed language until later childhood, adolescence, or adulthood.

And their earlier language deprivation results in cognitive difficulties for the remainder of their lives.

But as long as children are exposed to an accessible language,

they do a great job with multiple languages.

In fact, there's no cognitive limit to how many languages a child can learn during the critical period!

So if a family lives in Malaysia and one of the parents also speaks Russian,

their child will easily learn both parents' languages.

And if they move to Mexico when she's in preschool, she'll pick up Spanish, too.

The situation is more varied when it comes to learning additional languages at later ages.

On the one hand, we can learn a second, third, or more languages by scaffolding off languages we already know, and our teachers can use our existing language to explain things.

That's why you don't see older language learners babbling for a year in Italian classes before figuring out that mom is “mamma”.

Plus, we've developed our fine-motor skills, and it's way faster to learn how to read in a new language if you've already learned in a language you know.

On the other hand, the grammar of your existing languages can also influence your learning.

If you're an English speaker learning to say ‘purple rabbit' in Italian,

you might have a tough time remembering that in Italian it's ‘rabbit purple.'

When your existing language skills influence the learning process in a new language,

this is known as language transfer.

And babies are lucky--they just get to lie around all day and learn language and have other people take care of them!

As we get older, we have other priorities.

So, like with any skill, we're going to learn different amounts depending on how much time we spend practicing.

Luckily, there are some things that help adult language learners.

The first is motivation to want to learn the language.

The second is that it fits with your larger identity and goals.

You might really want to learn Japanese to watch your favorite anime,

but never make it through an exercise workbook.

If your teacher gave you anime translation exercises,

your motivation and goals would line up and make you way more likely to finish the class.

There are many different ways to learn language.

Learning one language at home and a second through formal schooling is a path that's over-represented in the research, but actually an anomaly, both in the world today and across human history.

Instead, many people start learning another language in mid- to late- childhood or adolescence outside of formal schooling.

People who learn and retain multiple languages are bi- or multilingual.

Some people use different languages in different domains, like at home versus at work,

or with friends versus in public.

In fact, they might end up with domain-specific vocabulary words that they only know in one language.

Maybe you're multilingual but can only read one of the languages you speak,

or maybe you grew up with a language that you understand but you can't speak easily,

which is known as receptive bi- or multilingualism.

In contrast, other multilingual people might be around others with the same set of languages and constantly mix and move between them, which is a type of code-switching.

Just as there are many languages in the world, there are many ways to be multilingual.

One of those ways involves knowing a heritage language,

which is a broad term for any language that you have a family connection to that isn't also the dominant language of your current community.

It may be a language that you still know quite well, a language you have some knowledge of,

or an ancestral language that you haven't been connected with for several generations.

Sometimes people lose touch with a heritage language because their parents were pressured,

implicitly or explicitly, to not speak it with them.

But research has now shown that it's actually great for kids to grow up with several languages.

Regardless of how or at what age you do it, learning languages is a great way of understanding more about how language works and being able to connect with more people.

See you next time, when we cover how languages change over time!

Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Linguistics.

If you want to help keep all Crash Course free for everybody, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.

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Language Acquisition: Crash Course Linguistics #12 язык|||| |Acquisition|||linguistics Spracherwerb: Crashkurs Linguistik #12 Language Acquisition: Crash Course Linguistics #12 Adquisición del lenguaje: Crash Course Linguistics #12 Acquisition des langues : Cours accéléré de linguistique #12 Acquisizione linguistica: Corso accelerato di linguistica #12 言語習得クラッシュコース言語学 第12回 언어 습득: 단기 코스 언어학 #12 Przyswajanie języka: Crash Course Linguistics #12 Aquisição de línguas: Curso rápido de linguística #12 Приобретение языка: Краткий курс лингвистики #12 Dil Edinimi: Crash Course Linguistics #12 Вивчення мови: Прискорений курс лінгвістики #12 语言习得:语言学速成班 #12 語言習得:語言學速成課程#12

Hi, I'm Taylor and welcome to Crash Course Linguistics! |||và||||Khóa| ||||welcome||||

What was your first word? Was war Ihr erstes Wort?

Maybe it was ‘mama' or ‘dada' or some other family name, or ‘dog,' or ‘ta' for thank you. |||mom||dada|||||||||ta||| |||mamma||dada|||||||||ta|||

I've been told my first word was dada, so I was a super original baby. Disseram-me que a minha primeira palavra foi dada, por isso fui um bebé super original.

Before a child says their first word, they've  already had to learn lots of other language stuff.

Babies need fine motor skills to control their mouth and hands, Os bebés precisam de capacidades motoras finas para controlar a boca e as mãos,

and their vocal tract isn't even the right shape for making human speech when they're tiny. ||vocal|||||||||||||nhỏ ||vocale||||||||||||| e o seu trato vocal nem sequer tem a forma certa para fazer a fala humana quando são pequenos.

There's also a lot that has to happen in the brain before first words.

This is why it takes around a year for a baby to say their first word,

but you can leave your first lesson in a new language with half a dozen words. mas pode sair da sua primeira aula de uma nova língua com meia dúzia de palavras.

In this episode we'll learn about language acquisition, |||||||приобретение

both when we're young and as we get older.

[THEME MUSIC]

Learning a language isn't like learning that the Moon orbits the Earth, |||||||||quay quanh|| |||||||||orbits|| |||||||||orbita|| Aprender uma língua não é como aprender que a Lua orbita a Terra,

one fact, and you're done. um facto, e está feito.

Instead it's many, many tasks across all of the levels of language: Em vez disso, são muitas, muitas tarefas em todos os níveis da língua:

phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and so much more. фонология|морфология|||||| |morphology|syntax|semantics|||| |||semantica||||

There is a longstanding distinction in the research between the study of child language acquisition, and adult language acquisition. |||lâu đời|sự phân biệt||||||nghiên cứu|||||||| |||longstanding||||||||||||||| |||lungo termine||||||||||||||| |||długotrwały||||||||||||||| |||давняя|различие|||||||||||||| Há muito que existe uma distinção na investigação entre o estudo da aquisição da linguagem pela criança e a aquisição da linguagem pelo adulto.

Some linguists think these happen by entirely different processes,

and some think they are almost the same process with some tweaks. ||||là|||||||sửa đổi |||||||||||ajustes |||||||||||modifiche |||||||||||dostosowania |||||||||||корректировки e há quem pense que são quase o mesmo processo, com algumas adaptações.

We'll learn about both! Vamos aprender sobre ambos!

Let's start in the womb. ||||tử cung ||||womb ||||утробе Comecemos no ventre materno.

By 30 weeks in the womb, you can feel physical sound waves through the amniotic fluid. |||||||||||||nước ối|dịch âm |||||||||||||amniotic| |||||||||||||amniotico| ||||útero|||||||||amniótico| |||||||||||||амниотической|

It's a bit like listening to the radio with your head underwater: É um pouco como ouvir rádio com a cabeça debaixo de água:

picking up the overall intonation rather than specific words. ||||ngữ điệu|||| apanhar a entoação geral em vez de palavras específicas.

Shortly after birth, babies are more interested in language sounds than non-language sounds. |after||||||||||non|| Pouco depois do nascimento, os bebés estão mais interessados nos sons linguísticos do que nos sons não linguísticos.

They also pay more attention to the voice of the person who gestated them ||||||||||||выносила| ||||||||||||gestated| ||||||||||||gestou| ||||||||||||sinh ra| ||||||||||||ha partorito| ||||||||||||noszącego je| Ze besteden ook meer aandacht aan de stem van de persoon die ze heeft gebaard

and people who speak the same language than to other voices and languages.

Not long after that, babies with signed language around them pay more attention to signs. Pouco tempo depois, os bebés com língua gestual à sua volta prestam mais atenção aos sinais.

Babies are great at tuning into language. ||||thích ứng|| ||||tuning|| ||||настраиваться|| Os bebés são óptimos a sintonizar a linguagem.

Of course, we can't ask a baby, "hey, what do you think about these two words?"

Instead, studies of infants make use of one simple fact: |||infants|||||| |||neonati|||||| Em vez disso, os estudos sobre bebés recorrem a um facto simples:

babies pay a bit more attention when they notice something new. Os bebés prestam um pouco mais de atenção quando reparam em algo novo.

We can tell if a baby is paying attention using a method called high-amplitude sucking. |||||||||||||cao||sucking ||||||||||||||ampiezza|succhiamento ||||||||||||||amplitude elevada|sucção de alta ||||||||||||||амплитудное|сосание Podemos saber se um bebé está a prestar atenção através de um método chamado sucção de alta amplitude.

Babies suck faster on pacifiers when they're interested and slower when they're bored. ||||пустышки|||||||| |suck|||pacifiers|||||||| ||||chupetas|||||||| trẻ sơ sinh|||||||||||| |succhiano|||ciucci|||||||| ||||smoczki|||||||| Os bebés chupam mais depressa as chupetas quando estão interessados e mais devagar quando estão aborrecidos.

So if you give a baby a pacifier with a sensor in it, and then play "ba ba ba ba ba ba ba" over and over again, they'll eventually get bored and slow down. |||||||vú giả|||cảm biến||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||pacifier|||||||||ba||||||||||||||||| |||||||ciuccio|||sensore||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||chupeta|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||пустышка|||датчик||||||||||||||||||||||| Assim, se dermos a um bebé uma chupeta com um sensor e depois tocarmos "ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba" vezes sem conta, ele acabará por se aborrecer e abrandar.

If you switch the audio from "ba ba ba ba" to "pa pa pa pa", the baby starts sucking faster again. |||||||||ба||||||||||| |||||||||||pa||||||||| |||||||||||pa|||||||||

That's how we know that they can hear a difference between those two sounds.

They've learned phonemes! ||фонемы ||âm vị

Also, if a baby has typical hearing, they can distinguish between any two sounds that are relevant for any spoken language, ||||||||||||||||relevantes para|||| Além disso, se um bebé tiver uma audição típica, pode distinguir entre dois sons relevantes para qualquer língua falada,

up until around six to twelve months. até cerca dos seis a doze meses.

Around that age, babies lose the ability to distinguish between sounds that aren't relevant for any languages they're exposed to, Por volta dessa idade, os bebés perdem a capacidade de distinguir entre sons que não são relevantes para as línguas a que estão expostos,

which helps them pay attention only to the parts that are important.

After babies begin to figure out how their hands and mouths work, they start babbling. ||||||||||||||biết nói ||||||||||||||babbling ||||||||||||||a balbettare ||||||||||||||balbuciando ||||||||||||||бормотать Depois de os bebés começarem a perceber como funcionam as mãos e a boca, começam a balbuciar.

Babbling is what you might think of as classic baby talk: bập bẹ|||||||||| Balbuciar é o que se pode considerar a clássica conversa de bebé:

long, repetitive sequences of nonsense syllables. |||||слоги sequências longas e repetitivas de sílabas sem sentido.

Babies who are exposed to signed languages, whether they're deaf or hearing children of deaf adults, also babble by making reduced versions of signs. |||||жестовые языки|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||babble|||||| |||||||||||||||||babbano|||||| ||||||||||||||surdos||||||||| |||||||||khiếm thính||||||||||||||các dấu hiệu Os bebés que são expostos a línguas gestuais, quer sejam surdos ou filhos ouvintes de adultos surdos, também balbuciam fazendo versões reduzidas dos sinais.

The cutesy way that older people address children is called child directed speech. |милый||||||||||направленный на детей| |cutesy||||||||||| |fofa||||||||||| |dễ thương|||||||||trẻ em|| |affettuoso||||||||||| |słodki||||||||||| De schattige manier waarop oudere mensen kinderen aanspreken, wordt kindgerichte spraak genoemd. A forma carinhosa como as pessoas mais velhas se dirigem às crianças chama-se discurso dirigido às crianças.

In some cultures, child directed speech is very distinct from the kind directed at people one's own age. |||||||||||||||one's|| Em algumas culturas, o discurso dirigido às crianças é muito diferente do discurso dirigido às pessoas da sua idade. В некоторых культурах речь, направленная на детей, очень отличается от речи, направленной на людей своего возраста.

In other cultures, they are more similar. В других культурах они более похожи.

But in both cases, kids learn language just fine! Mas em ambos os casos, as crianças aprendem muito bem a língua! Но в обоих случаях дети прекрасно учат язык!

Kids generally say their first word or two around one year of age. As crianças dizem geralmente a sua primeira palavra ou duas por volta de um ano de idade.

There's a lot of variation in this age, though, and it also depends on how eager the adults are. ||||sự khác biệt|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||eager||| |||||||||||||||eager||| ||||||||||||||насколько|||| No entanto, há muitas variações nesta idade e também depende da vontade dos adultos.

Easy syllables like mama, nana, baba, papa, dada, and tata are names for family members in many unrelated languages, ||||nana|baba|papa|||tata||||||||| ||||nana||papà|||tata||||||||| |||||vovô||||tata||||||||não relacionadas|

suggesting that a lot of people want their babies' babbles to be meaningful. |||||||||babbles||| |||||||||battiti||| |||||||||balbucios||| sugerindo que muitas pessoas querem que os balbucios dos seus bebés tenham significado.

Even if you're more cautious, however, eventually toddlers are definitely in the one word phase. |||||однако||малыши||||||| |||||||bambini||||||| No entanto, mesmo que seja mais cauteloso, eventualmente as crianças estão definitivamente na fase de uma palavra. Тем не менее, даже если вы более осторожны, маленькие дети точно находятся в фазе одного слова.

When a child systematically uses one word plus one gesture, |||sistematicamente|||||| Когда ребенок систематически использует одно слово плюс один жест,

such as grabbing and saying “cookie” to indicate they want a cookie, ||cầm||||||||| ||prendere|||biscotto|||||| como agarrar e dizer "bolacha" para indicar que querem uma bolacha, например, беря и говоря "печенье", чтобы указать, что он хочет печенье,

it means they're almost into the two word phase, where they'll say “want cookie.” significa que estão quase a entrar na fase das duas palavras, onde dirão "quero bolacha".

These milestones might not get the spotlight on social media, |этапы достижения|||||||| |traguardi|||||||| |marcos importantes|||||destaque nas redes||| |cột mốc|||||||| Estes marcos podem não ser objeto de destaque nas redes sociais, Эти вехи могут не получить популярности в социальных сетях,

but they mark real progress in language acquisition. но они обозначают настоящий прогресс в приобретении языка.

Let's visit the thought bubble to see some more language learning in action. |||мысль||||||||| ||||bong bóng|||||||| Vamos visitar o balão de pensamento para ver um pouco mais de aprendizagem de línguas em ação. Давайте посетим мыслительный пузырь, чтобы увидеть еще больше примеров изучения языка в действии.

Are you ready to do a linguistics experiment? Okay.

This is a wug. đây|||wug |||wug |||um wug |||wug |||wug Dit is een wauw. Este é um "wug". Это вуг.

Now there is another one. Теперь есть еще один.

There are two of them. Их двое.

There are two…

If you said ‘wugs', congratulations! |||wugs| |||wugs| |||wugs|

You're doing as well as a toddler acquiring English. ||||||bambino|| ||||||uma criança pequena|| Está a ir tão bem como uma criança a aprender inglês.

Before the wug test was introduced, many researchers hypothesized that children learn language by mimicking the people around them. ||||||||đã giả thuyết||||||bắt chước|||| ||||||||||||||imitando|||| ||||||||||||||imitar|||| ||||||||hipotetyzowali|||||||||| ||||||||||||||подражая|||| Antes da introdução do teste wug, muitos investigadores colocaram a hipótese de que as crianças aprendem a linguagem imitando as pessoas que as rodeiam.

And it's true that input is important. E é verdade que o contributo é importante.

But wugs are imaginary creatures that children have never encountered before, |вугсы||||||||| |||hư cấu||||||gặp|

and yet they still know how to form the plural of them. |vẫn||||||||||

This shows that kids must have figured out generalizations, or rules, about how   language works, without ever being taught them ||||||||các quy tắc tổng quát||||||||||| ||||||||обобщения||||||||||| Isto mostra que as crianças devem ter descoberto generalizações, ou regras, sobre o funcionamento da língua, sem nunca lhes terem sido ensinadas

rules that they can also apply to new words.

The wug test was created in 1958 by Jean Berko Gleason, |||||||Жан|Берко| |||||||Jean||Gleason ||||||||Berko|Gleason O teste do puxão foi criado em 1958 por Jean Berko Gleason,

along with a host of other imaginary creatures like luns, tors, and gutches. |с||множество||||||вымышленные существа|торсы||гатчи |||||||||luns|tors||gutches |||||||||luns|tors||gutches |||||||||luny|||gucze samen met een groot aantal andere denkbeeldige wezens zoals luns, tors en gutches.

Kids can deduce for themselves how to fit all of them into a sentence, ||выводить||||||||||| ||suy ra||||||||||| As crianças podem deduzir por si próprias como encaixar todas elas numa frase,

just like you do when you learn or make up a new word. tal como se faz quando se aprende ou se inventa uma palavra nova.

Kids don't just absorb language verbatim from the older people around them, |||||дословно|||||| |||||word for word|||||| |||||verbo|||||| |||||nguyên văn|||||| As crianças não se limitam a absorver a linguagem literalmente das pessoas mais velhas que as rodeiam,

the way you might download the full text of a dictionary onto your phone. |||||||||||para|| da mesma forma que se pode descarregar o texto completo de um dicionário para o telemóvel.

We each figure it out, and reconstruct it as a system inside our heads. ||||||||||систему||| ||||||ricostruiamo||||||| Cada um de nós descobre-o e reconstrói-o como um sistema dentro da sua cabeça.

That's how language changes each generation. |||||generation É assim que a língua muda a cada geração.

Thanks, Thought Bubble!

Language acquisition doesn't happen in a straight line of improvement. A aquisição de uma língua não se faz numa linha reta de aperfeiçoamento.

Children can learn a rule and then overextend it. |||||||преувеличить правило| |||||||apply| |||||||extrapolar demais| |||||||mở rộng| |||||||applicare in modo eccessivo| |||||||przedłużają ją| Kinderen kunnen een regel leren en deze vervolgens overdrijven. As crianças podem aprender uma regra e depois estendê-la demasiado.

A very young child might say ‘went', and then learn the rule that past tense is shown with the morpheme -ed, like with danced and jumped. |||||||||||||||||||hình vị|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||ed||||| |||||||||||||||||||морфема||||||

Then the child might go from saying ‘went' to ‘goed.' It looks like they're going backward, but they've actually learned a new rule! |||||||||||||||sai||||||| |||||||||goed||||||||||||| Depois, a criança pode passar de dizer "went" para "goed". Parece que está a andar para trás, mas na verdade aprendeu uma nova regra!

But in general, children follow a similar set of milestones within a range of ages, from paying attention and babbling all the way up to levels of double meaning, tact, and formal situations. |||||||||этапов||||||||||||||||||||такта||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||tact||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sự khéo léo||hình thức| Mas, em geral, as crianças seguem um conjunto semelhante de etapas dentro de um intervalo de idades, desde prestar atenção e balbuciar até níveis de duplo sentido, tato e situações formais.

These milestones are why linguists often talk about a critical period when it comes to learning language for the first time. É por isso que os linguistas falam frequentemente de um período crítico quando se trata de aprender uma língua pela primeira vez.

However, linguists are still debating about exactly how long the critical period lasts, ||||||||||||длится

since we learn different parts of language at different times. uma vez que aprendemos diferentes partes da língua em alturas diferentes.

Our ear for sounds is established pretty early, but complicated features like relative clauses take several years to learn, and we learn new words our whole lives! |||||||||||||предложения||||||||||||| |||||||||||||clauses||||||||||||| O nosso ouvido para os sons é estabelecido muito cedo, mas as características complicadas, como as orações relativas, levam vários anos a aprender, e aprendemos novas palavras durante toda a nossa vida!

Exposure to at least one language in infancy provides the foundation that lets you acquire more advanced language skills and additional languages later in life. Экспозиция|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||infancy||||||||||||||||| |||||||infanzia||||||||||||||||| |||||||thời thơ ấu||||||||||||||||| A exposição a pelo menos uma língua na infância constitui a base que permite adquirir competências linguísticas mais avançadas e outras línguas mais tarde na vida.

Of course, it would be highly unethical to deliberately raise a child without language for research. ||||||vô đạo đức||cố ý||||||| ||||||non etico||||||||| ||||||||намеренно||||||| É claro que seria muito pouco ético criar deliberadamente uma criança sem linguagem para fins de investigação.

But some unfortunate real life situations have given linguists insight into the critical period. |||||||||intuizione|||| ||infelizes||||||||||| Mas algumas situações infelizes da vida real deram aos linguistas uma visão do período crítico.

For instance, when deaf babies are raised with access to a signed language from a very young age, |||surdos|||||||||||||| Por exemplo, quando os bebés surdos são criados com acesso a uma língua gestual desde a mais tenra idade,

they follow the same developmental stages as their hearing peers. ||||developmental|||||peers ||||sviluppo||||| |||||||||colegas ouvintes seguem as mesmas fases de desenvolvimento que os seus pares ouvintes. они проходят те же стадии развития, что и их слышащие сверстники.

From that solid foundation of a language they have complete access to, A partir dessa base sólida de uma língua a que têm acesso total, На этой прочной основе языка у них есть полный доступ к,

they can learn further languages, including spoken or written language. podem aprender outras línguas, incluindo a língua falada ou escrita. они могут изучать другие языки, включая устные или письменные языки.

But because of prejudice against deaf people, some deaf babies are raised without a signed language, |||định kiến|||||||||||| |||prejudice|||||||||||| |||preconceito|||||||||||| Mas devido ao preconceito contra as pessoas surdas, alguns bebés surdos são criados sem uma língua gestual, Но из-за предвзятости против глухих людей некоторые глухие дети растут без жестового языка,

and taught only spoken language that they can't fully access. ||||||||totalmente| e só lhes é ensinada a língua falada, à qual não conseguem aceder plenamente. и обучаются только разговорному языку, который они не могут полностью усвоить.

Many don't start learning a signed language until later childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. ||||||||||thanh thiếu niên|| ||||||||||adolescence||adulthood ||||||||||adolescenza|| ||||||||||подростковый возраст|| Muitos só começam a aprender uma língua gestual mais tarde, na infância, na adolescência ou na idade adulta. Многие начинают изучать жестовый язык только в более позднем детстве, подростковом возрасте или во взрослом возрасте.

And their earlier language deprivation results in cognitive difficulties for the remainder of their lives. ||ранней||лишение|||||для||||| ||||deprivation|||||||||| |||||||||||o restante||| ||||thiếu thốn|||nhận thức||||phần còn lại||| Além disso, a privação linguística anterior resulta em dificuldades cognitivas para o resto das suas vidas.

But as long as children are exposed to an accessible language, |||||||||tiếp cận| Mas desde que as crianças sejam expostas a uma língua acessível,

they do a great job with multiple languages.

In fact, there's no cognitive limit to how many languages a child can learn during the critical period!

So if a family lives in Malaysia and one of the parents also speaks Russian, Por exemplo, se uma família vive na Malásia e um dos pais também fala russo,

their child will easily learn both parents' languages.

And if they move to Mexico when she's in preschool, she'll pick up Spanish, too. |||||||||детский сад||||| |||||||||preschool||||| |||||||||jardim de infância||||| E se eles se mudarem para o México quando ela estiver na pré-escola, ela também aprenderá espanhol.

The situation is more varied when it comes to learning additional languages at later ages.

On the one hand, we can learn a second, third, or more languages by scaffolding off languages we already know, and our teachers can use our existing language to explain things. ||||||||||||||dựa vào|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||scaffolding|of||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||suporte linguístico|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||wsparcie językowe|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||basandoci|||||||||||||||| Por um lado, podemos aprender uma segunda, terceira ou mais línguas através de andaimes de línguas que já conhecemos, e os nossos professores podem utilizar a nossa língua atual para explicar as coisas.

That's why you don't see older language learners babbling for a year in Italian classes before figuring out that mom is “mamma”. |||||||||||||||||||mom||mama ||||||||||||||||capire|||||mamma |||||||||||||||||||||mamãe É por isso que não se vêem alunos de línguas mais velhos a balbuciar durante um ano nas aulas de italiano antes de perceberem que a mãe é "mamma".

Plus, we've developed our fine-motor skills, and it's way faster to learn how to read in a new language if you've already learned in a language you know. Além disso, desenvolvemos as nossas capacidades motoras finas e é muito mais rápido aprender a ler numa nova língua se já tivermos aprendido numa língua que conhecemos.

On the other hand, the grammar of your existing languages can also influence your learning.

If you're an English speaker learning to say ‘purple rabbit' in Italian, |||||||||coniglio|| Se é um falante de inglês que está a aprender a dizer "coelho roxo" em italiano,

you might have a tough time remembering that in Italian it's ‘rabbit purple.' ||||трудное|||||||| talvez tenha dificuldade em lembrar-se que em italiano é "coelho roxo".

When your existing language skills influence the learning process in a new language, Quando as competências linguísticas existentes influenciam o processo de aprendizagem de uma nova língua,

this is known as language transfer. é o que se designa por transferência linguística.

And babies are lucky--they just get to lie around all day and learn language and have other people take care of them! E os bebés são uns sortudos - ficam deitados o dia todo, aprendem a língua e têm outras pessoas a cuidar deles!

As we get older, we have other priorities.

So, like with any skill, we're going to learn different amounts depending on how much time we spend practicing. Por isso, tal como acontece com qualquer competência, vamos aprender quantidades diferentes consoante o tempo que passamos a praticar.

Luckily, there are some things that help adult language learners. Felizmente, há algumas coisas que ajudam os adultos a aprender línguas.

The first is motivation to want to learn the language.

The second is that it fits with your larger identity and goals. ||||isso|se encaixa|||||| A segunda é que se enquadra na sua identidade e objectivos mais amplos.

You might really want to learn Japanese to watch your favorite anime, Talvez queiras aprender japonês para veres o teu anime favorito,

but never make it through an exercise workbook. |||||||рабочая тетрадь |||||||libro di esercizi mas nunca conseguem passar de um caderno de exercícios.

If your teacher gave you anime translation exercises, |||||anime|| |||||anime||

your motivation and goals would line up and make you way more likely to finish the class. a sua motivação e os seus objectivos seriam alinhados e aumentariam a probabilidade de terminar a aula.

There are many different ways to learn language.

Learning one language at home and a second through formal schooling is a path that's over-represented in the research, but actually an anomaly, both in the world today and across human history. |||||||||||||||quá||||||||ngoại lệ||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||аномалия||||||||| Aprender uma língua em casa e uma segunda língua através da escolaridade formal é um percurso que está sobre-representado na investigação, mas que, na verdade, é uma anomalia, tanto no mundo atual como ao longo da história da humanidade. Изучение одного языка дома и второго через формальное образование — это путь, который часто встречается в исследованиях, но на самом деле является аномалией как в современном мире, так и в истории человечества.

Instead, many people start learning another language in mid- to late- childhood or adolescence outside of formal schooling. |||||||||||||thanh thiếu niên|||| Em vez disso, muitas pessoas começam a aprender outra língua a meio ou no final da infância ou da adolescência, fora do ensino formal. Вместо этого многие люди начинают изучать другой язык в середине или в конце детства или в подростковом возрасте вне формального образования.

People who learn and retain multiple languages are bi- or multilingual. ||||giữ||||bilingual|| ||||||||lingual|| ||||||||bi|| As pessoas que aprendem e retêm várias línguas são bi- ou multilingues. Люди, которые изучают и сохраняют несколько языков, являются двуязычными или многоязычными.

Some people use different languages in different domains, like at home versus at work, |||||||сферах||||по сравнению с|| |||||||||||versus|| Algumas pessoas utilizam línguas diferentes em domínios diferentes, como em casa ou no trabalho, Некоторые люди используют разные языки в разных сферах, например, дома и на работе,

or with friends versus in public. |||hay với bạn bè ở nơi công cộng.|| |||в отличие от|| ou com amigos ou em público. или с друзьями и на публике.

In fact, they might end up with domain-specific vocabulary words that they only know in one language. |||||||miền|||||||||| |||||||domain|||||||||| |||||||dominio|||||||||| De facto, podem acabar por ter um vocabulário específico de um domínio que só conhecem numa língua. На самом деле, они могут в конечном итоге обзавестись словарным запасом, специфичным для определенной сферы, который они знают только на одном языке.

Maybe you're multilingual but can only read one of the languages you speak, |bạn||||||||||| Возможно, вы владеете несколькими языками, но можете читать только на одном из них,

or maybe you grew up with a language that you understand but you can't speak easily, или, возможно, вы выросли с языком, который понимаете, но не можете легко говорить,

which is known as receptive bi- or multilingualism. ||||tiếp nhận|||đa ngôn ngữ ||||receptive|||multilingualism ||||ricettivo||| o que é conhecido como bi- ou multilinguismo recetivo. что известно как рецептивный билингвизм или мультиязычие.

In contrast, other multilingual people might be around others with the same set of languages and constantly mix and move between them, which is a type of code-switching. ||những|||||||||||||||||||||||||| Em contrapartida, outras pessoas multilingues podem estar rodeadas de outras pessoas com o mesmo conjunto de línguas e misturar-se constantemente entre elas, o que constitui um tipo de alternância de códigos.

Just as there are many languages in the world, there are many ways to be multilingual.

One of those ways involves knowing a heritage language, |||||||di sản| |||||||heritage| |||||||наследие| Uma dessas formas envolve o conhecimento de uma língua de herança, Один из таких способов включает в себя знание наследственного языка,

which is a broad term for any language that you have a family connection to that isn't also the dominant language of your current community. |||amplo||||||||||||||||||||| что является широким термином для любого языка, с которым у вас есть семейная связь, который не является доминирующим языком вашего нынешнего сообщества.

It may be a language that you still know quite well, a language you have some knowledge of, Это может быть язык, который вы все еще знаете довольно хорошо, язык, о котором у вас есть некоторые знания,

or an ancestral language that you haven't been connected with for several generations. |một||||||||||| ||ancestral||||||||||

Sometimes people lose touch with a heritage language because their parents were pressured, ||||||||||||bị áp lực ||||||||||||pod presją ||||||||||||под давлением

implicitly or explicitly, to not speak it with them. ngầm||rõ ràng|||||| implicitamente|||||||| pośrednio||jawnie||||||

But research has now shown that it's actually great for kids to grow up with several languages.

Regardless of how or at what age you do it, learning languages is a great way of understanding more about how language works and being able to connect with more people. |||||||||||||||cách||||||||||||||| independentemente||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

See you next time, when we cover how languages change over time!

Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Linguistics.

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