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Inter-War Period (between WW 1 and II), Rise of Evil - From Populism to Fascism | BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1932 Part 4 of 4 - YouTube (1)

Rise of Evil - From Populism to Fascism | BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1932 Part 4 of 4 - YouTube (1)

When you think of Fascism before World War Two, you mostly think of Germany and Italy,

perhaps Spain.

But that's not quite right, in the 1920s and 1930s Fascism was fashionable, and almost

created a global Fascist surge.

Welcome to Between-2-Wars a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all

facets of life, the uncertainty, hedonism, and euphoria, and ultimately humanity's descent

into the darkness of the Second World War.

I'm Indy Neidell.

In our early episodes of this series we covered how Socialism and Communism spread across

the world like a wildfire after the Great War.

It launched several unsuccessful Revolutions, and in many places the Red Scare took hold.

In the one case where the Socialist Revolution was successful, Russia, we have looked at

the horrors left wing authoritarian ideology brought with it.

Today we turn to the origins of the authoritarian movements on the other side of the political

spectrum, and how now in 1932 Fascism might be on its way to a global surge.

Fascism becomes a thing when Mussolini rises to a de facto dictator with his flamboyant,

bombastic new form of authoritarianism in the 1920s.

This then influences many other ideologies that could be considered fascist, like National-Socialism,

and a whole slew of different movements.

According to some even Stalinism, which at the time referred to as 'Red Fascism' by many

other Communists.

But it isn't restricted to that.

In fact, the 1930s were good times for Fascism, with its ideas spreading like dandelion seeds

in brisk wind, carried through Europe into the Balkans and East Europe, France, Britain,

the low countries, Scandinavia, Spain, Portugal, to the New World through Brazil, Chile, Mexico,

and the United States.

In the Middle East, Arab versions of Fascism challenges the status quo, and in far eastern

Japan, another version of Fascism grabs control over society.

Now, in 2019, Fascism is a heavily charged term often used, or rather abused, to frame

any country, political organization or business that holds power.

The expression has been subject to inflation in a way that it's not really usable in a

constructive manner anymore.

George Orwell even wrote that 'the word Fascism has no meaning except so far as it signifies

'something not desirable."

Some academics have gone so far as suggesting not using the term at all anymore.

And even in 1932, there are many different forms of authoritarian and totalitarian ideologies.

And as the example of Red Fascism, it is a term that lends itself to a biased definition

from the get-go.

Or as Political-Scientist Robert Paxton put it: 'Everyone is sure they know what Fascism

is; "A chauvinist demagogue haranguing an ecstatic crowd; disciplined ranks of marching

youths; colored-shirted militants beating up members of some demonized minority; surprise

invasions at dawn; and fit soldier sparring through a captured city."

But Fascism is, of course, more, and when you do dig into it, some lowest common denominators

define Fascism beyond that… let's say; purely aesthetic definition.

Again we turn to Robert Paxton: 'Fascism may be defined as a political behaviour

marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victimhood and by

compensatory cults of unity, energy and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed national

militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandon

democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraint

goals of internal cleansing and external expansion.'

As I opened; the first truly fascist movement fulfilling Paxton's definition is Mussolini's

Italian Fascist party that arises in the aftermath of World War 1.

We've covered that and how it was named in our episode about the March on Rome, the event

that makes him prime minister of Italy in 1922.

But a lot of his inspiration comes from three French thinkers and activists.

The first is French General Georges Boulanger in the 1880s.

His 'Boulangisme' is a fiercely nationalistic, and a populist reaction to pull Conservatives

into a more extreme movement.

You see, Boulanger and many other Frenchmen feel that Conservative politicians aren't

dealing aggressively enough with what they perceive as France's core problems.

They want 'Revanche' against Germany for the loss in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

and a restoration of the French monarchy.

They want the Anarchist and Socialist threat to social organization dealt with decisively.

They seek a return to law and order and an imagined greater glory of the past.

Despite being monarchist, the Boulangist movement 'rekindles the sentiments of patriotism, egalitarianism,

and popular vigilance' (Hutton).

He does so by tapping into a deeply-rooted French sentiment of revolution in times of

dissatisfaction, and Boulangism soon wins a massive following.

But to make a long story short, his movement flounders when he gets embroiled in some very

salacious sex scandals.

He's forced into exile in Belgium where he commits suicide by putting a bullet in his

head on his late mistress' grave in 1891.

In any case, it can well be argued that Boulanger was the founding father of the first far-right

populist mass movement in modern politics.

Mussolini's more left-wing ideas are influenced by another Frenchman, the political thinker

Georges Sorel and his Sorelianism.

Sorel is Influenced by Socialist thinker Karl Marx and Mutualist philosopher and politician

Piere-Joseph Proudhon.

But Sorel believes that labor organization is the key to a Marxist society.

He seeks a revolution of the proletariat driven by union action, which becomes known as Syndicalism.

But the central part of Sorrelianism that Mussolini picks up is the power of myth.

Sorel argues that a shared story, regardless if it is based on lies, falsehoods, or myths,

is crucial in uniting a group of people into a movement.

This belief in the power of myth and his strong anti-democratic opinions also influence another

thinker.

He will, in turn, eventually attract Sorel himself and Mussolini to abandon their leftist

ideology of egalitarianism for a reactionary, hierarchical worldview.

He is Charles Maurras, the father of Integral Nationalism.

Maurras believes in militarism.

He has a belief in ethnic assertion, coupled with outspoken xenophobia, and a deeply rooted

anti-Marxism.

But he also believes that some aspects of Socialism are useful.

Or as he puts it; "Socialism liberated from democratic and cosmopolitan elements fits

Nationalism well as a well made glove fits a beautiful hand."

He is opposed to liberal democracy which he believes was responsible for degrading French

culture by allowing freemasons, protestants, jews, and foreigners to enter the French Nation.

Maurras strong pro-catholic and antisemitic views gain popularity in France in parallel

to the Dreyfus Affair, the case in which Charles Dreyfus, a French Jewish officer is wrongfully

tried and convicted for treason.

In reality, it is a crime committed by another French officer; Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy.

But Dreyfus is preconceived as guilty because he is a Jew and from Alsace, hence more or

less German anyway.

The trial and Maurrasian thought bring about the creation of the first really proto-fascist

movement.

Action Française, which will develop a staunchly reactionary, racist, and antisemitic form

of Nationalism, and have a significant impact on a certain Adolf Hitler's thinking.

Later, when Mussolini, develops Fascism in Italy multiple French fascist parties such

as Faisceau, the Parti Populaire Français, and Rassemblement Nationale Populaire, follow

his model.

A few factions will turn to violent terrorism.

The most prominent of them is La Cagoule.

All the way until the end of the 1930s La Cagoule will assassinate perceived opponents

of the Right.

They will also sabotage any French efforts to aid the Republicans in the Spanish Civil

War.

Yet, Fascism never gets as organized and centralized as in Italy or Germany, but these movements

will one day serve as a base for French collaboration with the German Nazis.

And it is Germany that provides the fertile ground for the reactionary components of Fascism

to develop into Naziism.

Just like communism requires an industrialized society, Fascism requires a modernized society

in a modern nation-state.

Nations with a sizable portion of people fed up with they see as hypocritical and decadent

liberal democracies of Modern Europe that arise just before and after World War One.

Here, Fascism seeks a national rebirth.

But you can only go back to 'old values' if they have been there before and if you feel

like they are slipping away.

This means that certain preconditions need to create a 'perfect storm.'

The enlightenment, democratic revolution, the industrial revolution, followed by the

Great War, create precisely these conditions, and they are especially virulent in Germany.

As the 20s progress, it looks like Germany is on the path to genuinely modern society.

Democracy with universal suffrage.

Civil liberties.

A mass media boom.

Mass consumption.

Cult of the automobile.

Vibrant youth culture.

Changing moral standards.

All aspects of the German Golden Twenties.

But the country is also wrought with political strife between extremes.

A fractured parliament is unable to rule effectively.

Economic hardship for many parts of society.

Eroding classical values.

And perhaps most significant: a widespread and shared national myth.

It is The Stab in the Back conspiracy.

That Germany was not genuinely defeated in World War One and is being dealt an unfair

blow though the effects of actually losing that war, which they definitely did.

And in this divided society, this myth is seized upon in true Sorelian manner to whip

up a movement of catastrophic proportions.

The Maurrasian ideas of race and anti-semitism take this ideology yet another step.

You see, the Nazis imagine that the German race is embroiled in a secret war with Zionism.

Thus they transpose all of the things they see as corrupt, derelict, and decadent in

society to the Jewish faith.

They even blame the imagined Stab in the Back on the Jews.

These Jews, who make up less than 1% of the German population, who are by no means especially

dominant, and many of whom are secular Jews, and all of whom are relatively well-integrated

as Germans.

Many Nazi's - shall we say - stretch the definition of what a Jew is.

Although it is still debated within the Party, a lot of the more rabid anti-Semites consider

even converts and citizens with some some Jewish grandparents to be Jews.

But following Sorel's thoughts; the realism for accuracy of a shared vision doesn't matter

much, as long as it can unite the troops.

And although it fails at first to make Naziism into a broad movement, it is very efficient

to create a broad base of dedicated fanatics.

Following Maurras lead, the Nazi movement is also extremely anti-Marxist, and yet they

recruit large parts of their militants from Socialist Revolutionaries.

Even the Name of the political party: the German National 'Socialist' Workers' Party

indicates the influence of traditionally left political thought on its origins.

And in the 1920s there is a sizable part of the Nazi Party and some German Conservative

Revolutionaries who pursue a Mussolini style Fascism.

It is called Querfront, or in English; the Third Position.

In the Nazi Party, they are the Strasserists led by Gregor and Otto Strasser.

But in December 1932 they are soundly defeated by Hitler's version of Naziism, which rejects

Mussolini's statist and collectivist economic aspects of Fascism.

We will get back to that in the next chapter on Germany.

Instead, Hitler espouses an oligarchic economic model.

He supports private industry and finance, allowing them relative freedom to act, as

long as they are aligned with the Racist and Nationalist goals of the party.

Moreover, Germany has long adopted a conservative welfare state.

In 1932 it already has some of the world's most advanced labor rights, created under

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in the 1880s.

So there is not even a perceived need for more labor rights by most ordinary people.

In yet another anti-semitic masterstroke, the Nazis have also managed to channel existing

anti-capitalist emotion into hatred of the Jews.

They have rhetorically equated Judaism with banking and capitalism.

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When you think of Fascism before World War Two, you mostly think of Germany and Italy, ||||fašizmas||||||daugiausia||||| Cuando piensas en Fascismo antes de la Segunda Guerra, mayormente piensas en Alemania e Italia,

perhaps Spain. tal vez España.

But that's not quite right, in the 1920s and 1930s Fascism was fashionable, and almost |||ne visai|||||||||madinga|| Pero eso no está del todo bien, en la década de 1920 y 1930 el fascismo estaba de moda, y casi

created a global Fascist surge. |||fašistų|bangą creó un surgimiento fascista global.

Welcome to Between-2-Wars a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all |||||||||tarpukario||apimantis viską| Bienvenido a Between-2-Wars un cronológico resumen de los años de entreguerras, que abarca todo

facets of life, the uncertainty, hedonism, and euphoria, and ultimately humanity's descent aspektai||||neapibrėžtumas|hedonizmas||euforija||galiausiai|žmonijos|nuosmukis facetas de la vida, la incertidumbre, el hedonismo, y euforia, y en última instancia, el descenso de la

into the darkness of the Second World War. humanidad en la oscuridad de la segunda guerra mundial.

I'm Indy Neidell. Soy Indy Neidell

In our early episodes of this series we covered how Socialism and Communism spread across ||||||||||Socializmas(1)||komunizmas|plito|per En nuestros primeros episodios de esta serie cubrimos cómo se extendieron el socialismo y el comunismo

the world like a wildfire after the Great War. ||||pasaulis kaip gaisras|||| el mundo como un incendio forestal después del Gran Guerra.

It launched several unsuccessful Revolutions, and in many places the Red Scare took hold. |sukėlė|||||||||||| Lanzó varias revoluciones fallidas, y en muchos lugares el susto rojo se apoderó.

In the one case where the Socialist Revolution was successful, Russia, we have looked at ||||||Socialist|||||||| En el único caso donde la revolución socialista tuvo éxito, Rusia, hemos visto

the horrors left wing authoritarian ideology brought with it. （这）||||专制|||| |||kairiųjų||||| los horrores de la izquierda ideológica autoritaria traído con ella.

Today we turn to the origins of the authoritarian movements on the other side of the political ||kreipiamės|||||||||||||| Hoy pasamos a los orígenes de lo autoritario movimientos en el otro lado de la política

spectrum, and how now in 1932 Fascism might be on its way to a global surge. ||||||||||||||pūstelėjimas espectro, y cómo ahora en 1932 el fascismo podría estar en camino a un aumento global.

Fascism becomes a thing when Mussolini rises to a de facto dictator with his flamboyant, ||||||||||||||华丽的 El fascismo se convierte en una cosa cuando Mussolini se levanta como un dictador de facto con su extravagante,

bombastic new form of authoritarianism in the 1920s. 浮夸的||||威权主义||| bombástica, nueva forma de autoritarismo en la década de 1920.

This then influences many other ideologies that could be considered fascist, like National-Socialism, Esto influye en muchas otras ideologías. que podrían considerarse fascistas, como el nacionalsocialismo,

and a whole slew of different movements. y una gran cantidad de movimientos diferentes.

According to some even Stalinism, which at the time referred to as 'Red Fascism' by many Según algunos incluso el estalinismo, que en el tiempo referido como "Fascismo Rojo" por muchos

other Communists. otros comunistas

But it isn't restricted to that. Pero no se limita a eso.

In fact, the 1930s were good times for Fascism, with its ideas spreading like dandelion seeds ||||||||||||||蒲公英| De hecho, la década de 1930 fueron buenos tiempos para el fascismo, con sus ideas extendiéndose como semillas de diente de león

in brisk wind, carried through Europe into the Balkans and East Europe, France, Britain, 在|清爽的|||||||||||| con fuerte viento, llevado a través de Europa en los Balcanes y Europa del Este, Francia, Gran Bretaña,

the low countries, Scandinavia, Spain, Portugal, to the New World through Brazil, Chile, Mexico, los Países Bajos, Escandinavia, España, Portugal, al Nuevo Mundo a través de Brasil, Chile, México,

and the United States. y los Estados Unidos

In the Middle East, Arab versions of Fascism challenges the status quo, and in far eastern |||||||||现状||现状|||| En Medio Oriente, versiones árabes del fascismo desafía el status quo, y en el extremo oriental

Japan, another version of Fascism grabs control over society. Japón, otra versión del fascismo toma el control sobre la sociedad.

Now, in 2019, Fascism is a heavily charged term often used, or rather abused, to frame |||||严重|||||||||框定 Ahora, en 2019, el fascismo es un término está muy cargado usado a menudo, o más bien abusado,

any country, political organization or business that holds power. para enmarcar cualquier país, organización política o empresa que tiene poder.

The expression has been subject to inflation in a way that it's not really usable in a |||过||||||||||||| La expresión ha estado inflada de una manera que no es realmente utilizable en una

constructive manner anymore. manera más constructiva.

George Orwell even wrote that 'the word Fascism has no meaning except so far as it signifies ||||||||||||||||意味着 George Orwell incluso escribió que 'la palabra fascismo no tiene sentido, excepto en lo que significa

'something not desirable." 某事|| 'algo no deseable ".

Some academics have gone so far as suggesting not using the term at all anymore. |学者|||如此|||||||||| Algunos académicos han ido tan lejos como para sugerir ya no se usa el término.

And even in 1932, there are many different forms of authoritarian and totalitarian ideologies. Inclusive en 1932, hay muchas diferentes formas de ideologías autoritarias y totalitarias.

And as the example of Red Fascism, it is a term that lends itself to a biased definition ||||||||||||适合||||| Y como el ejemplo del fascismo rojo, es un término que se presta a una definición sesgada

from the get-go. 从||| desde el principio.

Or as Political-Scientist Robert Paxton put it: 'Everyone is sure they know what Fascism O como dijo el politólogo Robert Paxton: "'Todos están seguros de saber lo que el fascismo

is; "A chauvinist demagogue haranguing an ecstatic crowd; disciplined ranks of marching |一个||煽动者|煽动||狂喜的|人群|有序的||| es; "Un demagogo chauvinista que arengue muchedumbre enfervorida; marchas disciplinadas con filas de

youths; colored-shirted militants beating up members of some demonized minority; surprise |||||||||妖魔化的|| jóvenes militantes de camisas de colores golpeando a miembros de alguna minoría demonizada;

invasions at dawn; and fit soldier sparring through a captured city." ||||合适的||穿过|穿过||| sorpresivas invasiones al amanecer; y en forma de combate de soldados a través de una ciudad capturada ".

But Fascism is, of course, more, and when you do dig into it, some lowest common denominators Pero el fascismo es, por supuesto, más, y cuando cavas en él, algunos denominadores comunes para

define Fascism beyond that… let's say; purely aesthetic definition. |||||||审美| definir el fascismo más allá de eso ... digamos; puramente definición estética.

Again we turn to Robert Paxton: 'Fascism may be defined as a political behaviour Nuevamente nos dirigimos a Robert Paxton: 'El fascismo puede definirse como un comportamiento político

marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victimhood and by ||痴迷的|关注||社区||羞辱||受害者身份|| marcado por una obsesiva preocupación por la decadencia de la comunidad, humillación o victimización y por

compensatory cults of unity, energy and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed national 补偿性|邪教|||||||||||||| cultos compensatorios de unidad, energía y pureza, en el que una parte masiva de militacia nacional

militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandon comprometida, trabajando en una incómoda pero efectiva colaboración con las élites tradicionales, abandono

democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraint |自由||||救赎的||||伦理|||约束 libertades democráticas y persecuciones con violencia redentora y sin restricciones éticas o legales

goals of internal cleansing and external expansion.' ||内部|||| de objetivos de limpieza interna y expansión externa ".

As I opened; the first truly fascist movement fulfilling Paxton's definition is Mussolini's Cuando abrí; el primer movimiento verdaderamente fascista en cumplir con la definición de Paxton es la de

Italian Fascist party that arises in the aftermath of World War 1. ||||||在|||| Partido fascista italiano de Mussolini que surge después de la Primera Guerra Mundial.

We've covered that and how it was named in our episode about the March on Rome, the event ||||||被||||||||||| |||||||named|||||||||| Hemos cubierto eso y cómo fue nombrado en nuestro episodio sobre la Marcha sobre Roma, el evento

that makes him prime minister of Italy in 1922. eso lo convierte en primer ministro de Italia en .1922

But a lot of his inspiration comes from three French thinkers and activists. Pero gran parte de su inspiración proviene de tres pensadores y activistas franceses.

The first is French General Georges Boulanger in the 1880s. El primero es el general francés Georges Boulanger en la década de 1880.

His 'Boulangisme' is a fiercely nationalistic, and a populist reaction to pull Conservatives |布朗基主义|||激烈地||||民粹主义|||| Su 'Boulangismo' es un ferozmente nacionalista, y una reacción populista para atraer a los conservadores

into a more extreme movement. en un movimiento más extremo.

You see, Boulanger and many other Frenchmen feel that Conservative politicians aren't Ves, Boulanger y muchos otros franceses. sienten que los políticos conservadores no

dealing aggressively enough with what they perceive as France's core problems. lidian lo suficientemente agresivos con lo que perciben como problemas centrales de Francia.

They want 'Revanche' against Germany for the loss in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) ||revenge|||||||||| Quieren 'Revancha' contra Alemania por el pérdida en la guerra franco-prusiana (1870-1871)

and a restoration of the French monarchy. ||恢复|||| y una restauración de la monarquía francesa.

They want the Anarchist and Socialist threat to social organization dealt with decisively. |||无政府主义者|||||||||果断地 ||||||||||addressed||with determination Quieren la amenaza anarquista y socialista a la organización social tratada decisivamente.

They seek a return to law and order and an imagined greater glory of the past. Buscan un retorno a la ley y el orden y una mayor e imaginaria gloria del pasado.

Despite being monarchist, the Boulangist movement 'rekindles the sentiments of patriotism, egalitarianism, ||支持君主制的||||重燃|||||平等主义 A pesar de ser monárquico, el movimiento boulangista 'reaviva los sentimientos de patriotismo, igualitarismo,

and popular vigilance' (Hutton). ||警惕| y vigilancia popular '(Hutton).

He does so by tapping into a deeply-rooted French sentiment of revolution in times of |||||利用||深深|||||||| Lo hace aprovechando un entorno profundamente arraigado. Sentimiento francés de revolución en tiempos

dissatisfaction, and Boulangism soon wins a massive following. de insatisfacción, y el Boulangismo pronto es seguido masivamente.

But to make a long story short, his movement flounders when he gets embroiled in some very |||||||||受挫||||||| Pero para resumir una historia larga corta, su movimiento se tambalea cuando se ve envuelto en algo

salacious sex scandals. 猥亵的|| muy procaces escándalos sexuales.

He's forced into exile in Belgium where he commits suicide by putting a bullet in his |||||||||||||gun|| Se ve obligado a exiliarse en Bélgica, donde él se suicida poniendo una bala en su

head on his late mistress' grave in 1891. cabeza en la tumba de su difunta amante en 1891.

In any case, it can well be argued that Boulanger was the founding father of the first far-right En cualquier caso, se puede argumentar que Boulanger fue el padre fundador de la primera extrema derecha

populist mass movement in modern politics. movimiento de masas populista en la política moderna.

Mussolini's more left-wing ideas are influenced by another Frenchman, the political thinker ||||思想|||||||| Las ideas más izquierdistas de Mussolini están influenciadas por otro francés, el pensador político

Georges Sorel and his Sorelianism. |索雷尔|||索雷尔主义 Georges Sorel y su Sorelianismo.

Sorel is Influenced by Socialist thinker Karl Marx and Mutualist philosopher and politician |||||||||互助主义者||| Sorel está influenciado por el pensador socialista Karl Marx y filósofo y político mutualista

Piere-Joseph Proudhon. Piere-Joseph Proudhon.

But Sorel believes that labor organization is the key to a Marxist society. Pero Sorel cree que la organización laboral es la clave de una sociedad marxista.

He seeks a revolution of the proletariat driven by union action, which becomes known as Syndicalism. |||||||||||||||工团主义 Busca una revolución del proletariado impulsado por acción sindical, que se conoce como sindicalismo.

But the central part of Sorrelianism that Mussolini picks up is the power of myth. Pero la parte central del sorelianismo que Mussolini recoge es el poder del mito.

Sorel argues that a shared story, regardless if it is based on lies, falsehoods, or myths, |||||故事||||||||谎言|| Sorel argumenta que una historia compartida, independientemente si se basa en mentiras, falsedades

is crucial in uniting a group of people into a movement. o mitos, es crucial para unir a un grupo de personas en Un movimiento.

This belief in the power of myth and his strong anti-democratic opinions also influence another Esta creencia en el poder del mito y su fuerte opiniones antidemocráticas también influyen en otro

thinker. pensador.

He will, in turn, eventually attract Sorel himself and Mussolini to abandon their leftist Él, a su vez, eventualmente atraerá a Sorel él y Mussolini para abandonar a su izquierdista

ideology of egalitarianism for a reactionary, hierarchical worldview. ideología de igualitarismo para un reaccionaria cosmovisión jerárquica.

He is Charles Maurras, the father of Integral Nationalism. Él es Charles Maurras, el padre de Integral Nacionalismo.

Maurras believes in militarism. Maurras cree en el militarismo.

He has a belief in ethnic assertion, coupled with outspoken xenophobia, and a deeply rooted ||||||主张|||||||| Él cree en la afirmación étnica, junto con con xenofobia abierta y un profundo arraigo

anti-Marxism. antimarxismo.

But he also believes that some aspects of Socialism are useful. Pero también cree que algunos aspectos del socialismo son útiles.

Or as he puts it; "Socialism liberated from democratic and cosmopolitan elements fits O como él lo dice; "El socialismo liberado de los elementos democráticos y cosmopolitas encaja

Nationalism well as a well made glove fits a beautiful hand." en nacionalismo y los guantes bien hechos en una mano hermosa ".

He is opposed to liberal democracy which he believes was responsible for degrading French ||||||||||负责||使……堕落| Se opone a la democracia liberal que él cree que fue responsable de la degradación de la cultura francesa

culture by allowing freemasons, protestants, jews, and foreigners to enter the French Nation. |||共济会||||外国人||||| permitiendo masones, protestantes, judíos y extranjeros para ingresar a la nación francesa.

Maurras strong pro-catholic and antisemitic views gain popularity in France in parallel ||||||观点|||||| Las visiones fuertemente pro-católicas y antisemitas de Maurras ganan popularidad en Francia en paralelo

to the Dreyfus Affair, the case in which Charles Dreyfus, a French Jewish officer is wrongfully ||德雷福斯|||||||||||||错误地 al caso Dreyfus, el caso en el que Charles Dreyfus, un oficial judío francés es injustamente

tried and convicted for treason. ||定罪||叛国罪 juzgado y condenado por traición.

In reality, it is a crime committed by another French officer; Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy. En realidad, es un crimen cometido por otro Oficial francés; Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy.

But Dreyfus is preconceived as guilty because he is a Jew and from Alsace, hence more or |||先入为主||||||||||||| Pero Dreyfus es preconcebido como culpable porque él es judío y de Alsacia, por lo tanto, de todos modos

less German anyway. mas o menos alemán.

The trial and Maurrasian thought bring about the creation of the first really proto-fascist |||||||||||||原始| El juicio y el pensamiento maurrasiano provocan la creación del primer movimiento proto-fascista

movement. realmente.

Action Française, which will develop a staunchly reactionary, racist, and antisemitic form ||||||||||反犹太主义的| Action Française, que desarrollará una forma firme, reaccionaria, racista y antisemita

of Nationalism, and have a significant impact on a certain Adolf Hitler's thinking. del nacionalismo, y tienen un impacto significativo sobre cierto pensamiento de Adolf Hitler.

Later, when Mussolini, develops Fascism in Italy multiple French fascist parties such Más tarde, cuando Mussolini desarrolla el fascismo en Italia, múltiples partidos fascistas franceses tales

as Faisceau, the Parti Populaire Français, and Rassemblement Nationale Populaire, follow como Faisceau, el Parti Populaire Français, y Rassemblement Nationale Populaire, siga

his model. su modelo

A few factions will turn to violent terrorism. Algunas facciones recurrirán al terrorismo violento.

The most prominent of them is La Cagoule. El más destacado de ellos es La Cagoule.

All the way until the end of the 1930s La Cagoule will assassinate perceived opponents ||||||||||||暗杀|| Todo el camino hasta el final de la década de 1930 La Cagoule asesinará a oponentes percibidos

of the Right. de la derecha.

They will also sabotage any French efforts to aid the Republicans in the Spanish Civil |||破坏||||||||||| También sabotearán cualquier esfuerzo francés para ayudar a los republicanos en la Guerra civil

War. Española.

Yet, Fascism never gets as organized and centralized as in Italy or Germany, but these movements Sin embargo, el fascismo nunca se organiza de manera tan centralizada como en Italia o Alemania, pero estos

will one day serve as a base for French collaboration with the German Nazis. movimientos algún día servirán como base para la colaboración francesa con los nazis alemanes.

And it is Germany that provides the fertile ground for the reactionary components of Fascism |||||||肥沃的||||||| Y es Alemania la que proporciona el terreno fértil para los componentes reaccionarios del fascismo

to develop into Naziism. para convertirse en nazismo.

Just like communism requires an industrialized society, Fascism requires a modernized society Al igual que el comunismo requiere una sociedad industrializada, el fascismo requiere una sociedad

in a modern nation-state. modernizada en un estado-nación moderno.

Nations with a sizable portion of people fed up with they see as hypocritical and decadent ||一个|相当大||||||||||虚伪|| Naciones con una porción considerable de personas alimentadas con ellos ven como hipócritas y decadentes

liberal democracies of Modern Europe that arise just before and after World War One. democracias liberales de la Europa moderna que surgen justo antes y después de la Primera Guerra Mundial.

Here, Fascism seeks a national rebirth. |||一个|| Aquí, el fascismo busca un renacimiento nacional.

But you can only go back to 'old values' if they have been there before and if you feel Pero solo puede volver a los 'valores antiguos' si han estado allí antes y si te sientes

like they are slipping away. |||滑走|走开 como si se estuvieran escapando

This means that certain preconditions need to create a 'perfect storm.' ||||前提条件|||||| Esto significa que ciertas condiciones previas necesitan crear una "tormenta perfecta".

The enlightenment, democratic revolution, the industrial revolution, followed by the |启蒙运动|||||||| La ilustración, la revolución democrática, la revolución industrial, seguida de la

Great War, create precisely these conditions, and they are especially virulent in Germany. Gran guerra, crea precisamente estas condiciones, y son especialmente virulentos en Alemania.

As the 20s progress, it looks like Germany is on the path to genuinely modern society.

Democracy with universal suffrage. Libertades civiles.

Civil liberties. Un boom de los medios de comunicación.

A mass media boom.

Mass consumption.

Cult of the automobile.

Vibrant youth culture.

Changing moral standards.

All aspects of the German Golden Twenties.

But the country is also wrought with political strife between extremes. |||||充满|||冲突||

A fractured parliament is unable to rule effectively.

Economic hardship for many parts of society.

Eroding classical values. 侵蚀||

And perhaps most significant: a widespread and shared national myth.

It is The Stab in the Back conspiracy.

That Germany was not genuinely defeated in World War One and is being dealt an unfair |||||||||||||对待|| |||||||||||||||unjust

blow though the effects of actually losing that war, which they definitely did. 打击||||||||||||

And in this divided society, this myth is seized upon in true Sorelian manner to whip 在||||||||||||索雷尔式|||鞭打

up a movement of catastrophic proportions.

The Maurrasian ideas of race and anti-semitism take this ideology yet another step. ||||||||采取|||||

You see, the Nazis imagine that the German race is embroiled in a secret war with Zionism. |||纳粹|||||||||||||犹太复国主义

Thus they transpose all of the things they see as corrupt, derelict, and decadent in ||转移|||||||||荒废的|||

society to the Jewish faith.

They even blame the imagined Stab in the Back on the Jews.

These Jews, who make up less than 1% of the German population, who are by no means especially

dominant, and many of whom are secular Jews, and all of whom are relatively well-integrated

as Germans.

Many Nazi's - shall we say - stretch the definition of what a Jew is. |||||扩大|||关于||一个||

Although it is still debated within the Party, a lot of the more rabid anti-Semites consider |||||||||||||狂热的|||

even converts and citizens with some some Jewish grandparents to be Jews.

But following Sorel's thoughts; the realism for accuracy of a shared vision doesn't matter

much, as long as it can unite the troops.

And although it fails at first to make Naziism into a broad movement, it is very efficient

to create a broad base of dedicated fanatics. |||||||狂热者

Following Maurras lead, the Nazi movement is also extremely anti-Marxist, and yet they

recruit large parts of their militants from Socialist Revolutionaries.

Even the Name of the political party: the German National 'Socialist' Workers' Party

indicates the influence of traditionally left political thought on its origins.

And in the 1920s there is a sizable part of the Nazi Party and some German Conservative

Revolutionaries who pursue a Mussolini style Fascism.

It is called Querfront, or in English; the Third Position. |||横向阵线||||||

In the Nazi Party, they are the Strasserists led by Gregor and Otto Strasser. |||||||斯特拉瑟派||||||

But in December 1932 they are soundly defeated by Hitler's version of Naziism, which rejects |||||彻底||||||||

Mussolini's statist and collectivist economic aspects of Fascism. |国家主义||集体主义||||

We will get back to that in the next chapter on Germany.

Instead, Hitler espouses an oligarchic economic model. ||支持||寡头政治的||

He supports private industry and finance, allowing them relative freedom to act, as

long as they are aligned with the Racist and Nationalist goals of the party. |||||||种族主义者||民族主义者||||

Moreover, Germany has long adopted a conservative welfare state. ||||||保守的||

In 1932 it already has some of the world's most advanced labor rights, created under

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in the 1880s. 总理|||比ismarck|||

So there is not even a perceived need for more labor rights by most ordinary people. ||||||感知到的||||||||| gente común.

In yet another anti-semitic masterstroke, the Nazis have also managed to channel existing ||||反犹太主义|高明之举|||||||引导| En otro golpe maestro antisemita, los nazis también han logrado canalizar las emociones

anti-capitalist emotion into hatred of the Jews. ||情绪||||| existentes anticapitalista en odio a la Judios

They have rhetorically equated Judaism with banking and capitalism. ||修辞上|等同||||| Han equiparado retóricamente al judaísmo con la banca y capitalismo.