《史记》第四卷:周本纪
Records of the Grand Historian|Volume Four|Annals of Zhou
Die Aufzeichnungen des großen Historikers, Band IV: Die Aufzeichnungen der Zhou-Dynastie
The Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 4: The Records of the Zhou Dynasty
Los registros históricos, volumen 4: Los Zhou Benji (周本纪)
Les archives historiques, tome 4 : Les Zhou Benji (周本纪)
史記』第4巻 周本紀
Zapiski historyczne, tom 4: Zhou Benji (周本纪)
Os Registos do Grande Historiador, Volume IV: Os Registos da Dinastia Zhou
Исторические записи, том 4: Чжоуское вэньцзи (周本纪)
De historiska dokumenten, volym 4: Zhou Benji (周本纪)
Tập 4 "Sử ký": Chu Bản Cơ
《史记》第四卷:周本纪
周朝 皇室 的 祖先 可以 追溯到 帝喾 的 一位 叫 姜原 的 妻子 。
Zhou Dynasty|royal family||||traced back to|Emperor Ku||||Jiang Yuan||wife
The ancestors of the imperial family of the Zhou Dynasty can be traced back to a wife named Jiang Yuan of Emperor Ku.
Tổ tiên của hoàng gia nhà Chu có thể bắt nguồn từ vợ của Hoàng đế Ku tên là Jiang Yuan.
传说 姜原 在 荒野 上 看到 一枚 巨人 的 脚印 , 因为 好奇 , 踩 在 那个 脚印 上 玩耍 。
|||wilderness|||a footprint|||footprint|||step on|||||playing
Legend has it that Jiang Yuan saw a giant's footprint in the wilderness, and because of curiosity, he stepped on that footprint to play.
Truyền thuyết kể rằng Jiang Yuan nhìn thấy dấu chân của một người khổng lồ ở nơi hoang dã vì tò mò, anh đã giẫm lên dấu chân và chơi đùa.
没想到 竟然 因此 怀孕 了 , 生 了 个 儿子 , 名叫 弃 。
|||got pregnant|||||||Abandoned
Unexpectedly, she became pregnant and gave birth to a son named Qi.
Thật bất ngờ, cô mang thai và sinh ra một đứa con trai tên là Tề.
弃 擅长 耕种 , 在 帝尧 时期 被 任命 为 农师 。
|good at|farming||Emperor Yao|||appointed as||
Qi was good at farming and was appointed as a farmer during Emperor Yao's period.
Tề giỏi trồng trọt và được phong làm nông dân dưới thời trị vì của Hoàng đế Nghiêu.
帝舜 时期 , 弃 得到 了 自己 的 封地 -- 邰 ( 在 今天 的 陕西省 武功 县 附近 ), 并 获得 了 正式 的 姓氏 -- 姬 。
Emperor Shun||||||||||||Shaanxi Province|Wugong County||||||||surname|
During the Emperor Shun period, Qi obtained his own fief-Tai (near Wugong County in today's Shaanxi Province), and received his official surname-Ji.
Dưới thời trị vì của Hoàng đế Shun, Qi Qi có được thái ấp của riêng mình - Tai (gần huyện Wugong, tỉnh Thiểm Tây ngày nay), và nhận được họ chính thức - Ji.
弃 的 后代 在 夏朝 不 受 天子 的 重用 , 因而 离开 自己 的 封地 , 长期 生活 在 游牧民族 之间 , 直到 姬昌 的 祖父 继承 家族 后 , 才 重新 回到 陕西 。
|||||||Son of Heaven||reuse|therefore||||fief||||nomadic tribes|||||grandfather|||||||Shaanxi
The abandoned descendants were not used by the emperor in the Xia Dynasty, so they left their fiefdoms and lived among the nomads for a long time. It was not until Ji Chang's grandfather inherited the family that he returned to Shaanxi.
Con cháu của Ji Chang không được hoàng đế nhà Hạ coi trọng nên đã rời bỏ thái ấp và sống giữa những người du mục trong một thời gian dài. Mãi cho đến khi ông nội của Ji Chang kế thừa gia đình, ông mới trở về Thiểm Tây.
姬昌 继承 了 西伯 的 封号 后 , 通过 开明 的 对内政策 和 积极 的 对外 政策 , 迅速 扩大 了 自己 的 势力 。
|||Western Duke||title|||enlightened|||||||||||||power
他 建立 了 周国 , 定都于 西安 。
|||Zhou State||
He established Zhou Guo, and he is in Xi'an.
虽然 是 他 的 儿子 姬发 完成 了 对 商朝 的 最后 一击 , 不过 姬昌 是 周朝 的 实际 奠基者 , 因而 被 追封 为 周文王 。
|||||||||||||||||||founder|||||
Although it was his son Ji Fa who completed the final blow to the Shang Dynasty, Ji Chang was the actual founder of the Zhou Dynasty, so he was posthumously named King Wen of Zhou.
值得注意 的 是 , 周朝 的 历史 分为 两段 , 前 一段 定都在 西安 , 因而 称为 西周 , 后 一段 迁都 在 洛阳 , 称为 东周 。
|||||history|divided into||||||||||a period|||||
周武王 姬发 成为 天子 之后 , 分封 了 很多 诸侯国 。
King Wu of Zhou||||||||
After Zhou Wuwang Ji Fa became the emperor, he divided many vassal states.
当 周朝 皇室 的 地位 逐渐 衰弱 时 , 强大 的 诸侯国 成为 了 历史 的 主角 , 它们 中间 就 有 后来 统一 中国 的 秦国 。
||royal family||||decline||powerful|||||||protagonist|||||||||
When the status of the Zhou imperial family gradually weakened, powerful vassal states became the protagonists of history, among them the state of Qin who later unified China.
不过 我们 先 来看 一下 西周 的 故事 。
|||||Western Zhou||
西周 的 灭亡 与 两位 荒唐 的 天子 有关 , 他们 分别 是 第 10 和 12 代 周天子 - 周厉王 和 周幽王 。
||fall of Western Zhou|||absurd||Son of Heaven|||respectively||||||King Li of Zhou||King You of Zhou
周厉王 贡献 了 两个 成语 :1) 道路以目 ,2) 防民之口 甚于防川 。
|||||Roads are for eyes|suppressing the people|more than flood control
King Li of Zhou contributed two idioms: 1) The road is for the eyes, 2) The mouth of defending the people is better than defending the river.
周厉王 施行 很多 暴政 , 百姓 多有 怨言 , 于是 厉王 增加 了 监视 , 有 怨言 的 人 就 抓来 杀掉 。
|implemented||tyranny|||complaints||King Li|||surveillance||||||captured|kill
百姓 便 不再 说话 , 在 路上 碰见 熟人 也 只用 眼神 交流 。
||||||meet with|acquaintance||||
The people stopped talking, and they only made eye contact when they met acquaintances on the road.
这 就是 道路以目 这个 成语 的 来源 了 。
||road with eyes|||||
丞相 召公 感叹 道 , 这 不过 是 假象 而已 , 要 知道 堵住 百姓 的 嘴 , 可比 堵住 江河 还要 难 哪 !
|Duke Zhao||||||||||silencing||||comparable to|silencing||||
The Prime Minister Zhaogong sighed, "This is just an illusion. You know, blocking the mouths of the people is even harder than blocking the rivers!"
这 就是 防民之口 甚于防川 的 来源 了 。
||Preventing the people's speech|more than flood control|||
果然 , 没过多久 , 叛乱 就 发生 了 , 周厉王 被 叛军 赶出 了 皇宫 。
as expected||rebellion||||King Li of Zhou||rebels|driven out||imperial palace
Sure enough, it didn't take long for a rebellion to occur, and King Li of Zhou was driven out of the palace by the rebels.
两位 丞相 召公 和 周公 建立 了 一个 共和 政权 , 直到 14 年 后 厉王死 了 , 两位 丞相 接回 厉王 的 太子 , 成为 下 一位 周天子 。
|Chancellor|Duke Zhao||Duke of Zhou|||||||||King Li died|||Chancellor|restored|King Li||||||Zhou Son of Heaven
The two prime ministers called the Duke and the Duke of Zhou to establish a republic, until 14 years later when King Li died, the two prime ministers took over King Li's crown prince and became the next emperor of Zhou.
西周 最后 一位 天子 周幽王 留下 了 一个 典故 : 烽火 戏 诸侯 。
||||||||historical allusion|beacon fire|play|feudal lords
The last emperor of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Youwang, left an allusion: the beacon fire plays the princes.
这个 典故 和 幽王 喜欢 的 一位 叫 褒 姒 的 女人 有关 。
|historical allusion||King You|||||||||
This allusion is related to a woman named Bao Si whom King You liked.
褒 姒 很 美丽 , 却 不 喜欢 笑 。
Bao Si is very beautiful, but she doesn't like to laugh.
幽王 为了 博美人 一笑 , 想出 了 一个 馊主意 -- 点 烽火台 上 的 烽火 。
||beauty||came up with|||bad idea||beacon tower|||
King You came up with a bad idea to light the beacon on the beacon tower for the sake of Bomei's smile.
烽火 是 战争 的 信号 , 接到 信号 的 诸侯国 派兵 来 保护 天子 , 却 发现 是 个 玩笑 。
||||signal|||||send troops||||||||
The beacon is a signal of war. The princes who received the signal sent troops to protect the emperor, but found it to be a joke.
几次 之后 , 再 没有 人 相信 幽王 了 。
后来 游牧民族 真的 入侵 了 , 没有 诸侯国 的 保护 , 周幽王 被 入侵者 杀 了 。
|nomadic tribes||invasion||||||||||
幽王 的 太子 继承 了 周天子 , 并 把 国 都 东迁 到 洛阳 , 史称 东周 。
||||||||||Eastern relocation||||
东周时期 , 天子 的 地位 下降 , 大 的 诸侯国 不断 并吞 小 的 诸侯国 , 形成 了 群雄 争霸 的 局面 。
Eastern Zhou period|||||||||||||||warlords|contending hegemons||situation
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the status of the Son of Heaven declined, and the big vassal states continued to annex the smaller ones, forming a situation in which a group of heroes competed for hegemony.
这个 时期 也 分为 两段 , 前 一段 称为 春秋时期 , 后 一段 称为 战国时期 。
|||divided into|||||||||Warring States Period
春秋时期 最早 称霸 的 是 齐国 的 国君 齐桓公 , 之后 是 晋国 的 国君 晋文公 , 再 后来 有 宋襄公 , 秦穆公 , 楚庄王 。
||dominate|||State of Qi|||Duke Huan of Qi|||State of Jin||king|Duke Wen of Jin||||Duke Xiang of Song|Duke Mu of Qin|King Zhuang of Chu
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Huan of Qi, the monarch of Qi, was the first to dominate, then Duke Wen of Jin, and then Duke Xiang of Song, Duke Mu of Qin, and King Zhuang of Chu.
他们 合 称为 春秋 五霸 , 不过 有 的 书里 认为 最后 两位 霸主 应该 换成 吴国 和 越国 的 国君 。
||called|Spring and Autumn|Five Hegemons|||||||the last two|hegemons||replace with|||State of Yue||king of state
They are collectively known as the Five Hegemons in the Spring and Autumn Period, but some books believe that the last two overlords should be replaced by the monarchs of Wu and Yue.
春秋 和 战国 的 分界线 是 公元前 400 多年 发生 的 一个 标志性 事件 -- 三家 分晋 。
Spring and Autumn||Warring States||boundary line||BCE|||||significant|||Three Families Divide Jin
The dividing line between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was a landmark event that took place in more than 400 BC - the three divisions of Jin.
春秋时期 的 霸主 晋国 被 自己 的 三个 家臣 给 瓜分 了 , 形成 了 三个 新 的 诸侯国 : 韩国 , 魏国 和 赵国 , 并且 得到 了 周天子 的 承认 。
Spring and Autumn Period||||||||vassals||divided up|||||||||State of Wei||||||||
The state of Jin, the overlord of the Spring and Autumn Period, was divided among his three retainers, and three new vassal states were formed: Korea, Wei and Zhao, which were recognized by the emperor of Zhou.
之后 的 诸侯国 竞争 进入 了 白热化 的 阶段 , 形成 了 战国七雄 并立 和 相互 征伐 的 局面 。
||||||intense competition||intense competition|||Seven Warring States|||mutual|military campaigns||situation
After that, the competition of the vassal states entered a white-hot stage, forming a situation in which the seven heroes of the Warring States Period stood side by side and conquered each other.
战国七雄 指 的 是 最大 的 七个 诸侯国 : 齐 、 楚 、 燕 、 赵 、 韩 、 魏 、 秦 。
Seven Warring States|||is||||feudal states|Qi State||Yan State|Zhao|Han|Wei|Qin State
直到 秦国 并吞 六国 , 战国 的 硝烟 才 算 平息 。
until|Qin State|unification|Six States|Warring States||smoke of war|||calmed down
It wasn't until the Qin State annexed the Six Kingdoms that the smoke of the Warring States Period was subdued.
在 群雄 争霸 的 过程 中 , 周天子 的 正统 地位 逐渐 变成 了 一个 名义 上 的 存在 , 公元前 256 年 , 周朝 被 秦国 所灭 。
||||||||legitimate authority||||||nominal existence|||||||||destroyed
During the struggle for hegemony, the orthodox position of Emperor Zhou gradually became a nominal existence. In 256 BC, the Zhou Dynasty was annihilated by the State of Qin.
春秋 和 战国 也 是 中国 历史 上 思想家 辈出 的 时代 , 后来 人们 把 这种 思想 和 文化 繁荣 的 现象 称为 百家争鸣 。
|||||||||emergence of thinkers||||||||||prosperity||||Hundred Schools of Thought
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were also times when thinkers appeared in large numbers in Chinese history. Later, people called this phenomenon of ideological and cultural prosperity a hundred schools of thought.
比如 , 道家 、 儒家 、 墨家 、 法家 等等 的 思想 均 产生 在 这个 时期 。
||Confucianism|Mohism|Legalism||||all||||
儒家 学说 的 创始人 孔子 就 出生 在 春秋时期 的 鲁国 。
|doctrine||Founder|Confucius||||||
春秋战国 也 为 我们 留下 了 很多 的 成语 和 典故 , 比如 假虞灭 虢 , 唇亡齿寒 , 图穷匕现 , 负荆请罪 , 东施效颦 , 邯郸学步 , 讳疾忌医 ,……。
||||||||||||False Yu destroys Guo|Guo State|Lips and teeth|the dagger is revealed|carrying a thorny bramble to plead guilty|Dong Shi imitates frowning|learning to walk|avoiding treatment
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period also left us with a lot of idioms and allusions, such as false Yu destroys the Guo, the lips die and the teeth are cold, the daggers appear in the picture, the thorns beg for guilt, the east is used to imitate the frown, the Handan learns to walk, the taboo and the doctor are forbidden, ... .
也许 在 《 史记 》 后面 的 章节 里会 读到 这些 成语 的 出处 。
||Records of the Grand Historian|||||||||origin