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Crash Course European History, Expansion and Consequences: Crash Course European History #5 (2)

Expansion and Consequences: Crash Course European History #5 (2)

discussed earlier, a process that accelerated in Central and South Americas through the

twentieth century.

In Europe, sugar was initially such a precious luxury that a sprinkle of it was all that

even the wealthy could afford.

Queen Isabella of Castille and Spain gave a small box of sugar to her daughter as a

Christmas present to be treasured.

[[TV: Chocolate]] Chocolate began as a ceremonial drink for the powerful, as it was among the

Aztecs.

But as European communities became wealthier, more people transitioned from subsistence

living to being able to afford goods from distant places.

Treats of sugar, chocolate, tea, coffee and tobacco transformed attitudes, while the hot

water that was needed for making tea and coffee and hot cocoa is thought to have extended

the life spans in Europe by killing water-born germs.

And slowly the English and some of Spain and Portugal's other competitors established

their own colonies—the English had the unsuccessful colony of Roanoke in the 1580s, and then Jamestown

in 1607, and the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1620.

Some of these settlers came in families but many came as single men and occasionally single

women.

And in the developing propaganda war among these rivals, English latecomers to the Atlantic

world promoted an idea that came to be called the “Black Legend.”

It maintained that unlike the tolerant and kind English Protestants, the Spanish were

bigoted Catholics, brutal and destructive of local people.

That would be what Psychologists call “projection.”

Today we know that English settlers slaughtered local peoples with abandon—even people on

whom their own survival depended because many adventurers had no knowledge of farming.

Moreover most English settlers were as bigoted as other Europeans in those days.

But the “Black Legend” was a really powerful idea in history for a long time--in fact,

when I was a kid growing up in Florida, I was told that it was unfortunate Florida had

been a Spanish colony, because the English were much kinder rulers.

So by the end of the seventeenth century, the rush for trade and empire was in full

swing.

Plantations based on New World tobacco had been set up in North America and sugar mills

in the Caribbean and South America.

Mining and many other lucrative enterprises as well as the promise of exploitable land

kept the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans crowded with voyagers.

All the while most native people ruled by colonizers saw the vast majority of their

labor's value exported.

It was the beginning of the true globalization we experience today, complete with all of

its contradictions and complexities.

We live in a world today of tremendous abundance where a pinch of sugar is not generally seen

as a great Christmas present.

Starvation and child mortality are more rare than they have ever been.

But we also live in a world with profound inequality and injustice, where the powerful

have legal and social protections that the weak do not.

It's important to remember that in all those senses we are the products of history--but

of course we are also producing history.

Thanks for watching.

I'll see you next time.

[i] Bernal Dias, quoted in Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 7th ed.

(Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2009) 419.

[ii] Bartolomé Las Casas, “Thirty Very Juridical Propositions” (1552) quoted in

Bonnie G. Smith, ed., Modern Empires: A Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018)

64-67.

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Expansion and Consequences: Crash Course European History #5 (2) Expansion und ihre Folgen: Crashkurs Europäische Geschichte #5 (2) Expansión y consecuencias: Curso acelerado de Historia Europea nº 5 (2) Espansione e conseguenze: Corso accelerato di storia europea #5 (2) 拡大と結果クラッシュコース ヨーロッパ史 第5回 (2) Expansie en gevolgen: Spoedcursus Europese geschiedenis #5 (2) Expansão e consequências: Curso Rápido de História Europeia #5 (2) Экспансия и последствия: Краткий курс европейской истории №5 (2) 扩展和后果:欧洲历史速成课程#5 (2) 擴展與後果:歐洲歷史速成課程#5 (2)

discussed earlier, a process that accelerated in Central and South Americas through the |||||sped up||||||| このプロセスは、前述したように、中南米で加速した。

twentieth century.

In Europe, sugar was initially such a precious luxury that a sprinkle of it was all that |||||||valuable rare||||small amount||||| ヨーロッパでは当初、砂糖は貴重な贅沢品であり、一振りするだけで十分だった。

even the wealthy could afford. 裕福な人たちでさえ、それを手に入れることができたのだ。

Queen Isabella of Castille and Spain gave a small box of sugar to her daughter as a |||Castile|||||||||||||

Christmas present to be treasured. ||||cherished

[[TV: Chocolate]] Chocolate began as a ceremonial drink for the powerful, as it was among the ||||||ritualistic||||||||| [テレビ:チョコレート]]。チョコレートの始まりは、権力者の儀式用の飲み物として始まった。

Aztecs.

But as European communities became wealthier, more people transitioned from subsistence ||||||||moved away||self-sufficient living しかし、ヨーロッパのコミュニティが豊かになるにつれ、より多くの人々が自給自足から脱却していった。

living to being able to afford goods from distant places. 遠方からの商品を買う余裕のある生活。

Treats of sugar, chocolate, tea, coffee and tobacco transformed attitudes, while the hot |||||||||perspectives||| 砂糖、チョコレート、紅茶、コーヒー、タバコなどのご馳走が態度を一変させた。

water that was needed for making tea and coffee and hot cocoa is thought to have extended |||||||||||cocoa beverage|||||

the life spans in Europe by killing water-born germs. ヨーロッパでは、水に由来する細菌を殺すことで、寿命が延びた。

And slowly the English and some of Spain and Portugal's other competitors established そして徐々に、イギリスやスペイン、ポルトガルの他の競争相手たちが、その地位を確立していった。

their own colonies—the English had the unsuccessful colony of Roanoke in the 1580s, and then Jamestown ||||||||||Roanoke colony||||||first permanent settlement イギリスは1580年代にロアノークの植民地を失敗させ、その後ジェームズタウンに植民した。

in 1607, and the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1620. 1607年、マサチューセッツ湾植民地は1620年である。

Some of these settlers came in families but many came as single men and occasionally single 入植者の中には家族で来た者もいたが、多くは独身男性で、時には単身で来た者もいた。

women.

And in the developing propaganda war among these rivals, English latecomers to the Atlantic ||||information campaign||||competitors||newcomers|||

world promoted an idea that came to be called the “Black Legend.” 世界は "黒い伝説 "と呼ばれるようになったアイデアを推進した。

It maintained that unlike the tolerant and kind English Protestants, the Spanish were |||||accepting and understanding||||Protestant community||| 寛容で親切なイギリスのプロテスタントとは異なり、スペイン人は次のように主張した。

bigoted Catholics, brutal and destructive of local people. 偏屈なカトリック教徒で、残忍で地元の人々を破壊する。

That would be what Psychologists call “projection.” それは心理学者が言うところの "投影 "だ。

Today we know that English settlers slaughtered local peoples with abandon—even people on 今日、私たちは、イギリス人入植者たちが現地の人々を虐殺したことを知っている。

whom their own survival depended because many adventurers had no knowledge of farming. というのも、冒険家の多くは農業の知識がなかったからだ。

Moreover most English settlers were as bigoted as other Europeans in those days. ||||||intolerant|||||| しかも、ほとんどのイギリス人入植者は、当時の他のヨーロッパ人と同じように偏屈だった。

But the “Black Legend” was a really powerful idea in history for a long time--in fact,

when I was a kid growing up in Florida, I was told that it was unfortunate Florida had

been a Spanish colony, because the English were much kinder rulers.

So by the end of the seventeenth century, the rush for trade and empire was in full こうして17世紀末には、貿易と帝国の建設ラッシュが本格化した。

swing. sway back and forth

Plantations based on New World tobacco had been set up in North America and sugar mills 北米では新世界のタバコをベースにしたプランテーションが設立され、製糖工場も建設された。

in the Caribbean and South America.

Mining and many other lucrative enterprises as well as the promise of exploitable land ||||profitable||||||||| 鉱業やその他多くの儲かる事業、そして搾取可能な土地が約束されている。

kept the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans crowded with voyagers. 大西洋と太平洋は多くの航海者で賑わった。

All the while most native people ruled by colonizers saw the vast majority of their 一方、植民者に支配された先住民の大半は、自分たちの支配の大部分が、植民者の支配下にあることを目の当たりにしていた。

labor's value exported. labor's|| 労働力の輸出額

It was the beginning of the true globalization we experience today, complete with all of

its contradictions and complexities. |conflicts|| その矛盾と複雑さ。

We live in a world today of tremendous abundance where a pinch of sugar is not generally seen ||||||||plentiful resources|||small amount|||||| 私たちは今日、途方もなく豊かな世界に生きている。

as a great Christmas present. 素晴らしいクリスマス・プレゼントとして。

Starvation and child mortality are more rare than they have ever been. 飢餓や子どもの死亡は、かつてないほど珍しいことだ。

But we also live in a world with profound inequality and injustice, where the powerful ||||||||deep|||||| しかし、私たちはまた、深刻な不平等と不公正に満ちた世界に生きている。

have legal and social protections that the weak do not. 弱者にはない法的、社会的保護がある。

It's important to remember that in all those senses we are the products of history--but 私たちが歴史の産物であることを忘れてはならない。

of course we are also producing history.

Thanks for watching.

I'll see you next time.

________________

[i] Bernal Dias, quoted in Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 7th ed. |||||||Spielvogel||||

(Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2009) 419. Belmont|||Wadsworth Publishing

[ii] Bartolomé Las Casas, “Thirty Very Juridical Propositions” (1552) quoted in ||||||legal|||

Bonnie G. Smith, ed., Modern Empires: A Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018) Bonnie G Smith||||||||||||

64-67.