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Spotlight August&September/2011, (Spotlight4733) Computers and the Human Brain 29 August, 2011

(Spotlight4733) Computers and the Human Brain 29 August, 2011

Voice 1

Welcome to Spotlight.

I'm Adam Navis. Voice 2

And I'm Liz Waid.

Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live. Voice 1

Computers are everywhere.

They are used in almost all industries. People use computers for design, financial record keeping, writing, and playing games. People have computers in their homes, their cars, and their telephones. Computers are so normal most people no longer notice them. Today's Spotlight compares computers and the human brain. We will ask the question: are computers more intelligent than people? Voice 2

Computers were invented about sixty years ago.

During the 1950s computers were so large that they filled whole rooms. Compared to today's computers, they could not do very much. But to a world without computers, they did amazing things! This was a machine that could do things that before, only people could do! Voice 1

It did not take long for people to begin to wonder.

If a computer could do difficult mathematics, could a computer ever think like a human brain? Could there ever be a machine that could solve problems? They knew a computer could process information very fast. Would a computer ever think faster and better than a person? Would there ever be a machine that could think for itself? Voice 2

The game of chess was chosen as a good test of this idea.

Chess is 1,500 years old. It is played all around the world. In another Spotlight program, "A History of Chess", we showed how chess became popular around the world. Chess requires planning, intelligence, and the ability to react to changes. If a computer could think about something as complex as chess, it may be able to solve more serious problems of the world. Voice 1

When a person plays chess she uses skill and emotion.

She may even use distractions like moving her feet or hands. She will study who she is playing against. She will learn their favourite moves and plans. But computers do not use any of these things. Computers do not react emotionally. They do not lose concentration. Computers use mathematics to play chess. They look at millions of possible moves in a few seconds. Then they choose the best move based on which move is likely to give the best result. Voice 2

Because early computers were so simple, they could only defeat a beginning chess player. By the 1970s writing programs for computers had become serious work. The power and speed of computers increased quickly. Every two years, computers became two times as fast as they used to be. More powerful computers permitted more complex chess programs. In the 1970s, computers could defeat ninety five percent [95%] of all chess players. Voice 1

By the 1980s computer chess programs reached a new level.

Many people had computers in their homes. They played chess against their computers. This pushed computer program writers to make better programs. At this time, computer chess programs could defeat almost all very good players. However, no chess computer had ever beaten a World Chess Champion. This was seen as the final test of human intelligence against computers. Voice 2

This was not because chess computers were not trying.

There were many public chess games between World Chess Champions and computers. From 1983 to 2005 Gary Kasparov was one of the best chess players in the world. Many people consider him the greatest chess player ever. For ten straight years he was the World Chess Champion. It was Gary Kasparov who played against many of the chess computers. Voice 1

In 1989 a computer called "Deep Blue" was considered the most powerful chess computer in the world. Kasparov played against it and defeated it easily. But every year computers were still getting more powerful. Voice 2

One reason chess computers could not win was because they played using only mathematics. Chess is not only about mathematics. There is planning, emotional reaction and the ability to change attacks. But over the next few years, computer program writers got smarter. They wrote programs that wasted less time. They created a list of past chess games that acted like a memory for the computer. This made chess computers harder to defeat. Voice 1

It took until 1996 for Deep Blue to win a single game.

Once again it was against Kasparov. But they were playing a total of six games. Kasparov was able to learn from this first game. He changed his method and continued on to win the most games. Deep Blue lost the match. But its single win was first time a chess computer had won a game against a World Chess Champion. Voice 2

Only one year later, Kasparov played Deep Blue again.

The computer was two times as fast as it had been the year before. This time the result was different. Deep Blue won the six game competition, three and a half games to two and a half games. Deep Blue was the first computer to ever defeat a human World Chess Champion. Voice 1

Does this mean that Deep Blue thinks like a human?

Not exactly. Deep Blue has amazing processing power. It can perform complex mathematics very quickly. However, it can only do one thing: play chess. It cannot stand, walk, or jump. It cannot recognize a face, welcome a friend, or share a secret. Each of these things would take a new computer, just as complex as Deep Blue. Voice 2

It is very costly to make a computer like Deep Blue.

It costs many millions of dollars. Deep Blue has amazing power. But it would take thirty [30] computers like Deep Blue to equal the average human brain. This is a witness to God's amazing design and creation of the human brain. There is much we do not know about the human brain. But we do know that it is amazingly powerful. Voice 1

Computers are powerful tools.

They are able to doing things we cannot. But so can other tools, like a knife. It can also do things that we cannot. Computers will continue to get faster. Someday computers may be equal to the human brain. For now, we know that computers will be used in more things, things we cannot even imagine. This will change how many people work, play, and live. But it will not replace the human sense of wonder, the very thing behind the creation of the computer in the first place. Voice 2

The writer and producer of this program was Adam Navis.

The voices you heard were from the United States. All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. Computer users can hear our programs, read our scripts, and see our word list on our website at http://www.Radio.English.net. This program is called "Computers and the Human Brain." Thank you for listening. Goodbye!

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(Spotlight4733) Computers and the Human Brain 29 August, 2011 (Spotlight4733) أجهزة الكمبيوتر والدماغ البشري 29 أغسطس 2011 (Spotlight4733) Computer und das menschliche Gehirn 29 August, 2011 (Spotlight4733) Los ordenadores y el cerebro humano 29 agosto, 2011 (Spotlight4733) Les ordinateurs et le cerveau humain 29 août 2011 (Spotlight4733) Computer e cervello umano 29 agosto 2011 (Spotlight4733)コンピューターと人間の脳 2011年8月29日 (Spotlight4733) Os computadores e o cérebro humano 29 agosto, 2011 (Spotlight4733) Компьютеры и человеческий мозг 29 августа, 2011 (Spotlight4733) Bilgisayarlar ve İnsan Beyni 29 Ağustos, 2011 (Spotlight4733) 计算机和人脑 2011 年 8 月 29 日 (Spotlight4733) 電腦與人腦 2011 年 8 月 29 日

Voice 1

Welcome to Spotlight.

I’m Adam Navis. ||亚当·纳维斯 ||Navis ||Navis Voice 2

And I’m Liz Waid.

Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live. Voice 1

Computers are everywhere.

They are used in almost all industries. ||||||industries Onlar||||||sektörler それらはほぼすべての産業で使用されています。 People use computers for design, financial record keeping, writing, and playing games. |||||财务|||||| ||||la conception|financier||tenue de dossiers|||| People have computers in their homes, their cars, and their telephones. ||||||||||telephones Computers are so normal most people no longer notice them. ||||||ne||| コンピューターはごく普通のことで、ほとんどの人はもはやそれに気付かないほどです。 Bilgisayarlar o kadar normal ki çoğu insan artık onları fark etmiyor. 计算机是如此普通,以至于大多数人不再注意到它们。 Today’s Spotlight compares computers and the human brain. ||compares||||| |||||||cerebro humano |Destaque de hoje|||||| We will ask the question: are computers more intelligent than people? ||||||bilgisayarlar|||| 質問をします: コンピューターは人間よりも知的ですか? Voice 2

Computers were invented about sixty years ago. コンピュータは約60年前に発明されました。

During the 1950s computers were so large that they filled whole rooms. 1950 年代のコンピュータは非常に大きく、部屋全体を埋め尽くすほどでした。 Compared to today’s computers, they could not do very much. 今日のコンピュータに比べれば、たいしたことはできません。 But to a world without computers, they did amazing things! しかし、コンピューターのない世界で、彼らは驚くべきことを成し遂げました! 但对于一个没有计算机的世界,他们做了惊人的事情! This was a machine that could do things that before, only people could do! これまで人にしかできなかったことができる機械だった! Voice 1

It did not take long for people to begin to wonder. |cela|||||||||se demander 人々が不思議に思うようになるのに、それほど時間はかかりませんでした。 İnsanların merak etmeye başlaması uzun sürmedi. 没过多久,人们就开始好奇。

If a computer could do difficult mathematics, could a computer ever think like a human brain? コンピューターが難しい数学を実行できるとしたら、コンピューターは人間の脳のように考えることができるでしょうか? Eğer bir bilgisayar zor matematiği yapabiliyorsa, bir bilgisayar insan beyni gibi düşünebilir mi? Could there ever be a machine that could solve problems? 問題を解決できるマシンが存在する可能性はありますか? Sorunları çözebilecek bir makine olabilir mi? They knew a computer could process information very fast. 彼らは、コンピューターが情報を非常に高速に処理できることを知っていました。 Bir bilgisayarın bilgiyi çok hızlı işleyebileceğini biliyorlardı. Would a computer ever think faster and better than a person? conditionnel|||||||||| コンピューターは人間よりも速く、よりよく考えることができるでしょうか? Bir bilgisayar hiç bir insandan daha hızlı ve daha iyi düşünebilir mi? Would there ever be a machine that could think for itself? conditionnel|||||||||| 自分で考えることができる機械はありますか? Kendi kendine düşünebilen bir makine olabilir mi? 是否会有一台能够自我思考的机器? Voice 2

The game of chess was chosen as a good test of this idea. |||chess||||||||| |||||seçilen||||||| チェスのゲームは、このアイデアの良いテストとして選ばれました.

Chess is 1,500 years old. ajedrez||| It is played all around the world. In another Spotlight program, "A History of Chess", we showed how chess became popular around the world. Chess requires planning, intelligence, and the ability to react to changes. チェスには、計画、知性、変化に対応する能力が必要です。 国际象棋需要计划、智慧和对变化做出反应的能力。 If a computer could think about something as complex as chess, it may be able to solve more serious problems of the world. ||||||||||ajedrez|||||||||||| コンピューターがチェスのように複雑なことを考えることができれば、世界のより深刻な問題を解決できる可能性があります。 Voice 1

When a person plays chess she uses skill and emotion. |||||||||감정 |||||||habilidad estratégica|| 人がチェスをするとき、彼女はスキルと感情を使います。 当一个人下棋时,她会使用技巧和情感。

She may even use distractions like moving her feet or hands. ||||산만함|||||| Elle|||||||||| ||||dikkat dağıtıcılar|||||| ||||відволікання|||||| ||||分散注意力|||||| 彼女は、足や手を動かすなどの気晴らしを使用することさえあります. She will study who she is playing against. 彼女は誰と対戦するかを研究します。 她会研究她的对手是谁。 She will learn their favourite moves and plans. 彼女は彼らの好きな動きや計画を学びます。 But computers do not use any of these things. Computers do not react emotionally. コンピュータは感情的に反応しません。 They do not lose concentration. 彼らは集中力を失いません。 Computers use mathematics to play chess. |||||ajedrez They look at millions of possible moves in a few seconds. 彼らは、数秒で何百万もの可能な動きを調べます。 Then they choose the best move based on which move is likely to give the best result. |||||||||||susceptible||||| 次に、どの動きが最良の結果をもたらす可能性が高いかに基づいて、最良の動きを選択します。 然后他们根据哪一步可能产生最好的结果来选择最好的一步。 Voice 2

Because early computers were so simple, they could only defeat a beginning chess player. ||||||||seulement|battre|||| 初期のコンピューターは非常に単純だったので、初心者のチェス プレーヤーしか倒すことができませんでした。 By the 1970s writing programs for computers had become serious work. ||1970'ler|||||||| 1970 年代までに、コンピューター用のプログラムを作成することは深刻な仕事になりました。 The power and speed of computers increased quickly. コンピュータの能力と速度は急速に向上しました。 Every two years, computers became two times as fast as they used to be. |||||deux|||||||| 2 年ごとに、コンピューターは以前の 2 倍の速さになりました。 每两年,计算机的速度就会比以前快两倍。 More powerful computers permitted more complex chess programs. |plus puissants|||||| |||allowed|||| より強力なコンピューターにより、より複雑なチェス プログラムが可能になりました。 In the 1970s, computers could defeat ninety five percent [95%] of all chess players. ||||||||yüzde|||satranç|oyuncuları |||||이기다||||||| 1970 年代、コンピューターはすべてのチェス プレーヤーの 95% [95%] を倒すことができました。 Voice 1

By the 1980s computer chess programs reached a new level. ||||||alcanzaron||| 1980 年代までに、コンピューター チェス プログラムは新しいレベルに達しました。

Many people had computers in their homes. Nhiều người có máy tính ở nhà. They played chess against their computers. Họ chơi cờ với máy tính của họ. This pushed computer program writers to make better programs. これにより、コンピューター プログラムの作成者は、より優れたプログラムを作成するようになりました。 这促使计算机程序编写者编写更好的程序。 At this time, computer chess programs could defeat almost all very good players. |||||||derrotar||||| At this time, computer chess programs could defeat almost all very good players. 現時点では、コンピュータ チェス プログラムは、ほとんどすべての優れたプレイヤーを打ち負かすことができました。 此时,计算机国际象棋程序可以击败几乎所有非常优秀的棋手。 However, no chess computer had ever beaten a World Chess Champion. ||||||战胜过|||| ||||||||||Champion ||||||이긴|||| ||||||vencido|||| ||||||yenmiş|||| しかし、世界チェス チャンピオンに勝ったチェス コンピューターはありませんでした。 Tuy nhiên, chưa có máy tính chơi cờ nào từng đánh bại được Nhà vô địch Cờ vua Thế giới. This was seen as the final test of human intelligence against computers. これは、コンピューターに対する人間の知性の最終的なテストと見なされていました。 这被视为人类智力对抗计算机的最终测试。 Voice 2

This was not because chess computers were not trying. これは、チェスのコンピューターが試さなかったからではありません。

There were many public chess games between World Chess Champions and computers. |||||||||Champions|| チェスの世界チャンピオンとコンピューターの間で、多くのパブリック チェス ゲームが行われました。 From 1983 to 2005 Gary Kasparov was one of the best chess players in the world. |||卡斯帕罗夫|||||||||| |||Kasparov|||||||||| 1983 年から 2005 年まで、ゲイリー カスパロフは世界最高のチェス プレーヤーの 1 人でした。 Many people consider him the greatest chess player ever. ||||||joueur d'échecs|| 多くの人が彼を史上最高のチェスプレイヤーだと考えています。 许多人认为他是有史以来最伟大的国际象棋棋手。 For ten straight years he was the World Chess Champion. Pendant||d'affilée||||||| 彼は 10 年連続でチェスの世界チャンピオンでした。 他连续十年获得国际象棋世界冠军。 It was Gary Kasparov who played against many of the chess computers. 多くのチェス コンピューターと対戦したのは Gary Kasparov でした。 加里·卡斯帕罗夫(Gary Kasparov)曾与许多国际象棋计算机对弈。 Voice 1

In 1989 a computer called "Deep Blue" was considered the most powerful chess computer in the world. 1989 年には、「ディープ ブルー」と呼ばれるコンピューターが、世界で最も強力なチェス コンピューターと見なされていました。 Kasparov played against it and defeated it easily. |||||defeated|| ||karşı|||yenildi|| |||||derrotó|| Kasparov はそれと対戦し、簡単に打ち負かしました。 But every year computers were still getting more powerful. しかし、コンピューターは年々高性能になっていました。 Voice 2

One reason chess computers could not win was because they played using only mathematics. チェス コンピューターが勝てなかった理由の 1 つは、数学だけを使ってチェスをしたためです。 Satranç bilgisayarlarının kazanamamasının bir nedeni de sadece matematik kullanarak oynamalarıydı. Chess is not only about mathematics. 国际象棋不仅仅涉及数学。 There is planning, emotional reaction and the ability to change attacks. ||||||||||les attaques ||||||||||attacks 計画性、感情的な反応、攻撃を変える能力があります。 有计划、情绪反应和改变攻击的能力。 But over the next few years, computer program writers got smarter. ||||||||||plus intelligents しかし、その後数年間で、コンピューター プログラムの作成者は賢くなりました。 They wrote programs that wasted less time. ||||perdaient|| Onlar|||||| 彼らは時間を無駄にしないプログラムを書きました。 They created a list of past chess games that acted like a memory for the computer. Ils|||||passées|||qui||||||| 彼らは、コンピューターの記憶のように機能する過去のチェス ゲームのリストを作成しました。 This made chess computers harder to defeat. これにより、チェスのコンピューターは打ち負かすのが難しくなりました。 这使得国际象棋计算机更难被击败。 Voice 1

It took until 1996 for Deep Blue to win a single game. Deep Blue が 1 勝するのに 1996 年までかかりました。

Once again it was against Kasparov. |||||卡斯帕罗夫 もう一度、それはカスパロフに対してでした。 But they were playing a total of six games. しかし、彼らは合計6試合をプレーしていました。 Kasparov was able to learn from this first game. カスパロフはこの最初のゲームから学ぶことができました。 He changed his method and continued on to win the most games. 彼は方法を変え、多くのゲームに勝ち続けました。 Deep Blue lost the match. But its single win was first time a chess computer had won a game against a World Chess Champion. ||tek|||||||||||||||| しかし、その 1 回の勝利は、チェス コンピューターが世界チェス チャンピオンとの試合に勝利したのは初めてのことでした。 但它的单场胜利是国际象棋计算机首次在与世界国际象棋冠军的比赛中获胜。 Voice 2

Only one year later, Kasparov played Deep Blue again. わずか 1 年後、カパロフは再びディープ ブルーをプレイしました。

The computer was two times as fast as it had been the year before. L'||||||||||||| そのコンピューターは、前年の 2 倍の速さでした。 计算机的速度是前一年的两倍。 This time the result was different. 今回は結果が違いました。 Deep Blue won the six game competition, three and a half games to two and a half games. |||||||||||||||||两盘游戏 Deep Blue は 6 ゲームの競争で、3 ゲーム半から 2 ゲーム半に勝ちました。 深蓝赢得了六场比赛,三场半到两场半。 Deep Blue was the first computer to ever defeat a human World Chess Champion. ||||||||derrotar||||| Deep Blue は、人間の世界チェス チャンピオンを打ち負かした最初のコンピューターでした。 Voice 1

Does this mean that Deep Blue thinks like a human? これは、Deep Blue が人間のように考えるということですか? 这是否意味着深蓝像人类一样思考?

Not exactly. Deep Blue has amazing processing power. ||||processing| Deep Blue には驚くべき処理能力があります。 It can perform complex mathematics very quickly. 複雑な数学を非常に高速に実行できます。 However, it can only do one thing: play chess. ただし、できることは 1 つだけです。チェスをすることです。 It cannot stand, walk, or jump. 立つことも、歩くことも、ジャンプすることもできません。 It cannot recognize a face, welcome a friend, or share a secret. 顔を認識したり、友達を歓迎したり、秘密を共有したりすることはできません。 Each of these things would take a new computer, just as complex as Deep Blue. これらはそれぞれ、Deep Blue と同じくらい複雑な新しいコンピューターを必要とします。 每一件事情都需要一台新计算机,就像深蓝一样复杂。 Voice 2

It is very costly to make a computer like Deep Blue. |||costly||||||| |||pahalı||||||| |||дорогий||||||| Deep Blue のようなコンピューターを作成するには、非常にコストがかかります。

It costs many millions of dollars. Deep Blue has amazing power. ディープブルーには驚くべき力があります。 But it would take thirty [30] computers like Deep Blue to equal the average human brain. しかし、平均的な人間の脳と同等になるには、Deep Blue のようなコンピューターが 30 台必要です。 This is a witness to God’s amazing design and creation of the human brain. |||witness|||||||||| |||tanık|||||||||| これは、人間の脳の神の驚くべき設計と創造の証人です。 这是上帝对人类大脑的惊人设计和创造的见证。 There is much we do not know about the human brain. 人間の脳については、まだわかっていないことがたくさんあります。 关于人类大脑,我们还有很多不了解的地方。 But we do know that it is amazingly powerful. |||||||incredibly| 但我们确实知道它的威力惊人。 Voice 1

Computers are powerful tools. |||herramientas

They are able to doing things we cannot. 他们||||||| But so can other tools, like a knife. |||||||cuchillo It can also do things that we cannot. |||||||不能 Computers will continue to get faster. 计算机将继续变得更快。 Someday computers may be equal to the human brain. Un jour|||||||| For now, we know that computers will be used in more things, things we cannot even imagine. 今のところ、コンピュータは、私たちが想像もできないような、より多くのことに使用されることがわかっています。 This will change how many people work, play, and live. これにより、働き、遊び、生活する人の数が変わります。 But it will not replace the human sense of wonder, the very thing behind the creation of the computer in the first place. |||||la||sens||émerveillement||||||||||||| |||||||||wonder||||||||||||| しかし、それは人間の不思議な感覚に取って代わるものではありません。それは、そもそもコンピューターの作成の背後にあるものです。 Nhưng nó sẽ không thay thế được cảm giác ngạc nhiên của con người, chính là điều đằng sau việc tạo ra máy tính ngay từ đầu. 但它不会取代人类的好奇心,而这正是计算机创造背后的初衷。 Voice 2

The writer and producer of this program was Adam Navis.

The voices you heard were from the United States. All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. |인용문||||||||| |alıntılar||uyarlanmış||||||| Computer users can hear our programs, read our scripts, and see our word list on our website at http://www.Radio.English.net. This program is called "Computers and the Human Brain." Thank you for listening. Goodbye!