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Kurzgesagt (In a Nutshell), Death From Space — Gamma-Ray Bursts Explained

Death From Space — Gamma-Ray Bursts Explained

Imagine if you could gather the energy from every star within a hundred million light years.

From thousands of galaxies, each with billions of stars.

Imagine, you could take this kind of power, and use it to fire the biggest super-weapon in the universe.

Imagine the damage you could do.

It turns out, you don't need to imagine it.

These exist, and they're called gamma ray bursts.

But what are these cosmic snipers?

And what happens if one takes a shot at Earth?

To understand gamma ray bursts, we first have to understand gamma rays.

Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation – waves which carry energy just like visible light.

Visible light is a tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum: it's the part your eyes can see.

At lower energies, there are radio waves, microwaves and infrared.

And at higher energies: ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays.

Gamma rays are incredibly powerful.

A single gamma ray photon, is more energetic than a million visible photons combined.

Their high energy makes gamma rays a form of ionizing radiation.

Meaning they are energetic enough, to break apart atomic bonds.

This makes them dangerous to you and me.

Ionizing radiation disrupts the delicate biochemical machinery that keeps us alive,

like a 9mm bullet through a clock.

Fortunately, on Earth, the ozone layer blocks gamma rays. Filtering them out before they can harm us.

But if the atmosphere blocks gamma rays from space,

how were gamma ray bursts (or GRBs) from space ever discovered?

During the Cold War,

the USA sent up spy satellites, which could detect gamma rays from Soviet nuclear tests in space.

They didn't see any bombs, but they did observe faint bursts coming from space,

lasting only a few seconds.

To date, this may be the only major scientific discovery made by spy satellites (that we know about anyway).

Astronomers use telescopes see different kinds of light to make their discoveries.

And these spy satellites gave them a new pair of eyes.

They were a mystery for thirty years but eventually,

we discovered the source of a GRB: a galaxy six billion light years away.

If a GRB can be seen from such a distance, then it must be incredibly energetic.

Releasing more energy in a second than the sun will, in its entire ten billion year lifetime.

Making GRBs, the brightest events in the universe.

So, where do they come from?

GRBs, accompany some of the most violent, cataclysmic deaths in the universe,

and the birth of black holes.

There are two types of gamma ray bursts:

short and long, and each has their own source.

Long GRBs last about a minute, and scientist think they are produced by supernova:

when the core of a massive star collapses to become a black hole.

Short GRBs last a second, and are produced when two neutron stars in a binary merge.

Over millions of years, their orbits decay by emitting gravitational waves.

Once they are close enough to touch, they crash and splash into each other, forming a black hole.

Both supernova and neutron star mergers the same thing:

black holes, surrounded by a magnetized disc of gas left over from their parent stars.

In these environments, the rotation winds up the magnetic field, which funnels hot jets of particles,

traveling at nearly the speed of light.

The gas in this funnel creates two tight jets of high energy gamma rays,

like a celestial laser gun.

So unlike other cosmic explosions, which spread out and fade,

GRBs stay focused, and can been seen from much further.

Any more detail would require too much mathematics for a YouTube video.

The universe is full of these cosmic snipers, firing blindly and randomly into the dark,

and they're hitting us all the time.

On average, we detect one per day. Fortunately, most are harmless.

All the bursts we have detected so far, originated outside the Milky Way,

too far away to hurt us.

But a nearby GRB could be disastrous,

if one goes off within a few light years of us, it would totally cook the surface of the Earth.

Or at least, the half that's facing it.

But even a more distant GRB could still end life on Earth.

And it wouldn't need to score a head-shot to kill us.

If originating from a few thousand light years away,

it would be a hundred light years wide by the time it reaches us,

washing over the Solar System like a tidal wave.

Again, the ozone layer protects us, but it's better equipped to handle the trickle of ultraviolet from the sun.

A gamma ray burst would overwhelm it, leaving us exposed to deadly solar radiation.

Ozone takes years to replenish itself by natural processes,

which is more than enough time for the sun to burn the Earth sterile.

Or at least, to kill most complex life.

In fact, this may have already happened.

A GRB has been suggested as one possible cause of the Ordovician extinction 450 million years ago,

that eradicated almost 85% of all marine species.

Although it's pretty much impossible to prove.

Gamma ray bursts could even be one reason we don't see life anywhere else in the universe.

They might be wiping clean huge chunks of it, on a regular basis.

It's been suggested, that because of GRBs, only 10% of all galaxies might be hospitable to life,

similar to us.

So, are they going to kill us?

Probably not.

In a galaxy like ours, there may only be one GRB per millennia.

And to harm us, they must be close and directed at us.

But since gamma rays travel at the speed of light, we won't know when it's headed our way until it arrives.

So, there could already be a GRB on its way to kill us all, and we won't know it, until it hits us,

and we're dead.

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Over the next few months, we'd like to make more videos about cataclysmic destructive events,

because, honestly, it's a lot of fun to make these.

If you have any ideas about what kind of doomsday scenario you'd like to learn about,

let us know in the comments.

And if you need to kill a little more time now, here are few related videos.

Or maybe...

NOW!

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Death From Space — Gamma-Ray Bursts Explained ||||Strahlung|Ausbrüche| |||||انفجارات| Tod aus dem All - Gammastrahlenausbrüche erklärt La muerte desde el espacio: las explosiones de rayos gamma explicadas La mort depuis l'espace - Les sursauts gamma expliqués La morte dallo spazio - I burst di raggi gamma spiegati 宇宙からの死 - ガンマ線バーストの説明 우주에서 온 죽음 - 감마선 폭발에 대한 설명 Dood vanuit de ruimte - Uitleg over gammastraaluitbarstingen Śmierć z kosmosu - wyjaśnienie wybuchów promieniowania gamma Morte no espaço - Explicações sobre as explosões de raios gama Смерть из космоса - объяснение гамма-лучевых всплесков Uzaydan Gelen Ölüm - Gama Işını Patlamaları Açıklandı Смерть з космосу - пояснення гамма-сплесків 太空死亡——伽马射线爆发的解释 太空死亡——伽馬射線爆發的解釋

Imagine if you could gather the energy from every star within a hundred million light years. تخيل لو استطعت جمع الطاقة من كل نجم في مسافة مئة مليون سنة ضوئية. Imagine se você pudesse reunir a energia de cada estrela dentro de cem milhões de anos-luz.

From thousands of galaxies, each with billions of stars. من آلاف المجرات، كل منها تضم مليارات النجوم. De milhares de galáxias, cada uma com bilhões de estrelas.

Imagine, you could take this kind of power, and use it to fire the biggest super-weapon in the universe. تخيل، يمكنك أن تأخذ هذا النوع من الطاقة، وتستخدمه لإطلاق أكبر سلاح فائق القوة في الكون. Imagine, você poderia pegar esse tipo de poder e usá-lo para disparar a maior super arma do universo.

Imagine the damage you could do. Imagine o estrago que você pode fazer.

It turns out, you don't need to imagine it. يبدو أنه لا حاجة لتخيل ذلك. Resulta que no hace falta imaginárselo. Acontece que você não precisa imaginar.

These exist, and they're called gamma ray bursts. هذه موجودة، وتُسمى انفجارات الأشعة جاما. Eles existem e são chamados de explosões de raios gama.

But what are these cosmic snipers? |||||xạ thủ |||||Scharfschützen |||||cecchini ولكن ما هؤلاء القناصين الكونيين؟

And what happens if one takes a shot at Earth? |||||||طلقة|| وماذا يحدث إذا أطلق شخص طلقة على الأرض؟ E o que acontece se alguém atirar na Terra?

To understand gamma ray bursts, we first have to understand gamma rays. ||||انفجارات||||||| لفهم انفجارات الأشعة غاما، يجب أن نفهم أولا الأشعة الغاما.

Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation – waves which carry energy just like visible light. ||||إشعاع|||||||| الأشعة الغاما هي إشعاع elelctromagnetic - موجات تحمل الطاقة تماما مثل الضوء المرئي. Los rayos gamma son radiaciones electromagnéticas, ondas que transportan energía como la luz visible.

Visible light is a tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum: it's the part your eyes can see. |||||||||الطيف||||||| الضوء المرئي هو جزء صغير من الطيف elektromaggeoscopic: إنه الجزء الذي يمكن أن تراه عيناك. La luz visible es una pequeña parte del espectro electromagnético: es la parte que ven los ojos.

At lower energies, there are radio waves, microwaves and infrared. ||Energien||||||| |||||||||الأشعة تحت الحمراء في الطاقات الأقل، هناك أمواج الراديو، والميكروويف والأشعة تحت الحمراء.

And at higher energies: ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays. ||||ultraviolett||||| وفي الطاقات الأعلى: الأشعة فوق البنفسجية، والأشعة اكس، وأشعة غاما.

Gamma rays are incredibly powerful.

A single gamma ray photon, is more energetic than a million visible photons combined. ||||photon||||||||| ||||Photon||||||||| ||||photon||||||||| إشعاع جاما الواحد، أكثر طاقة من مجموعة مليون شعاع مرئي مجتمعين.

Their high energy makes gamma rays a form of ionizing radiation. |||||bức xạ||||ion hóa| |||||||||ionisierende| |||||||||مؤين| |||||||||ionizing| طاقتها العالية تجعل من الأشعة جاما نوعًا من الإشعاع المؤين.

Meaning they are energetic enough, to break apart atomic bonds. |||||||||Bindungen |||||||||bonds مما يعني أنها ذات طاقة كافية، لتمزيق روابط ذرية. O que significa que eles são energéticos o suficiente para quebrar ligações atômicas.

This makes them dangerous to you and me.

Ionizing radiation disrupts the delicate biochemical machinery that keeps us alive, ||gây rối|||sinh hóa||||| ||stört|||biochemische|||am Leben hält|| مؤين||يعطل|||||||| |||||biochemical||||| الإشعاع الأيوني يعطل الآلات الكيميائية الدقيقة التي تبقينا على قيد الحياة، A radiação ionizante interrompe a delicada maquinaria bioquímica que nos mantém vivos,

like a 9mm bullet through a clock. ||Millimeter||||Uhr مثل رصاصة 9 ملم|||||| ||mm|||| مثل رصاصة بندقية 9 مم خلال ساعة. como una bala de 9 mm a través de un reloj. como uma bala de 9 mm através de um relógio.

Fortunately, on Earth, the ozone layer blocks gamma rays. Filtering them out before they can harm us. ||||ozon|||||||||||| ||||Ozon||blockiert|||||||||| |||||طبقة||||ترشيح||||||| ||||ozone|||||||||||| لحسن الحظ، على الأرض، تمنع طبقة الأوزون الأشعة الجاما. فتصفيتها قبل أن تؤذينا. Felizmente, na Terra, a camada de ozônio bloqueia os raios gama. Filtrando-os antes que possam nos prejudicar.

But if the atmosphere blocks gamma rays from space, لكن إذا كانت الغلاف الجوي يحجب الأشعة الجاما من الفضاء Mas se a atmosfera bloquear os raios gama do espaço,

how were gamma ray bursts (or GRBs) from space ever discovered? ||||||Gamma-Ray-Bursts|||| ||||||GRBs|||| كيف تم اكتشاف انفجارات الأشعة جاما (أو GRBs) من الفضاء؟ como as explosões de raios gama (ou GRBs) do espaço foram descobertas?

During the Cold War, خلال الحرب الباردة،

the USA sent up spy satellites, which could detect gamma rays from Soviet nuclear tests in space. ||schickte||Spionage-||||||||sowjetischen|||| أرسلت الولايات المتحدة الأقمار الاصطناعية التجسسية، التي يمكنها اكتشاف الأشعة جاما من التجارب النووية السوفيتية في الفضاء. os EUA enviaram satélites espiões, que podiam detectar raios gama de testes nucleares soviéticos no espaço.

They didn't see any bombs, but they did observe faint bursts coming from space, لم يروا أي قنابل، لكنهم لاحظوا انفجارات خافتة تأتي من الفضاء، Eles não viram nenhuma bomba, mas observaram rajadas fracas vindas do espaço,

lasting only a few seconds. تدوم لبضع ثواني فقط. durando apenas alguns segundos.

To date, this may be the only major scientific discovery made by spy satellites (that we know about anyway). Bis|bis heute||||||||||||||||| حتى اليوم، قد تكون هذه هي الاكتشاف العلمي الرئيسي الوحيد الذي تم إجراؤه بواسطة الأقمار الصناعية التجسسية (على الأقل من المعروف). Até o momento, esta pode ser a única grande descoberta científica feita por satélites espiões (que conhecemos de qualquer maneira).

Astronomers use telescopes see different kinds of light to make their discoveries. ||kính viễn vọng||||||||| Astronomen||Teleskope||||||||| astronomers||||||||||| ||telescopes||||||||| يستخدم علماء الفلك التلسكوبات لرؤية أنواع مختلفة من الضوء لكي يكتشفوا.

And these spy satellites gave them a new pair of eyes. ||||||||paar|| وأعطتهم هذه الأقمار الصناعية الجواسيس زوجًا جديدًا من العيون.

They were a mystery for thirty years but eventually, |||Rätsel||||| |||||thirty||| كانوا لغزًا لمدة ثلاثين عامًا ولكن في النهاية

we discovered the source of a GRB: a galaxy six billion light years away. ||||||Gamma-Ray-Burst||||||| ||||||gamma-ray burst||||||| اكتشفنا مصدر الانفجار السريع الغامض: مجرة تبعد ستة مليار سنة ضوئية.

If a GRB can be seen from such a distance, then it must be incredibly energetic. ||gamma-ray burst||||||||||||| إذا كان بإمكاننا رؤية الانفجار السريع الغامض من مثل هذه المسافة، فإنه يجب أن يكون طاقة هائلة. Se um GRB pode ser visto de tal distância, então deve ser incrivelmente energético.

Releasing more energy in a second than the sun will, in its entire ten billion year lifetime. إطلاق|||||||||||||||| إذ يحرر مزيدًا من الطاقة في ثانية واحدة مما سيحرره الشمس طوال عمرها المقدر بعشرة مليار سنة. 太陽がその10億年の生涯で放出するよりも、1秒間にもっと多くのエネルギーを放出しています。 Liberando mais energia em um segundo do que o sol, em toda a sua vida de dez bilhões de anos.

Making GRBs, the brightest events in the universe. |||hellsten|Ereignisse||| صنع GRBs ، ألمع الأحداث في الكون. GRBを作り出し、宇宙で最も明るいイベントとなっています。

So, where do they come from? إذا، من أين تأتي؟ では、彼らはどこから来るのでしょうか?

GRBs, accompany some of the most violent, cataclysmic deaths in the universe, |||||||katastrophalen|||| |||||||كارثية|||| |||||||cataclysmic|||| |||||||cataclysmic|||| تصاحب GRBs بعض أكثر الوفيات عنيفة وكارثية في الكون، GRBs, acompanham algumas das mortes mais violentas e cataclísmicas do universo,

and the birth of black holes.

There are two types of gamma ray bursts: ||||||Strahlung|

short and long, and each has their own source.

Long GRBs last about a minute, and scientist think they are produced by supernova: ||dauern||||||||||| GRBs longos duram cerca de um minuto, e os cientistas pensam que são produzidos por supernovas:

when the core of a massive star collapses to become a black hole. quando o núcleo de uma estrela massiva colapsa para se tornar um buraco negro.

Short GRBs last a second, and are produced when two neutron stars in a binary merge. ||||||||||||||binären|verschmelzen ||||||||||||||binary| الانفجارات القصيرة GRBs تدوم ثانية واحدة، وتتم إنتاجها عندما تندمج نجمين نيوترونيين في نظام ثنائي. Kurze GRBs dauern eine Sekunde und entstehen, wenn zwei Neutronensterne in einem Binary verschmelzen.

Over millions of years, their orbits decay by emitting gravitational waves. على مدى ملايين السنين، تتحلل مداراتهما عن طريق إطلاق الأمواج الجاذبة. Über Millionen von Jahren verfallen ihre Umlaufbahnen, indem sie Gravitationswellen aussenden. Gedurende miljoenen jaren vervallen hun banen door het uitzenden van zwaartekrachtgolven. Ao longo de milhões de anos, suas órbitas decaem emitindo ondas gravitacionais.

Once they are close enough to touch, they crash and splash into each other, forming a black hole. Sobald||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||يتناثر||||||| بمجرد أن تصبحا قريبتين بما يكفي للمس، تصطدمان مع بعضهما وتندمجان لتشكيل ثقب أسود. Sobald sie nah genug sind, um sich zu berühren, prallen sie aufeinander und spritzen in einander, wodurch ein schwarzes Loch entsteht.

Both supernova and neutron star mergers the same thing: |||||Verschmelzungen||| كل من انفجار النجم السوبر واندماج نجم النيترون نفس الشيء: Sowohl Supernova- als auch Neutronensternverschmelzungen sind dasselbe: Tanto las supernovas como las fusiones de estrellas de neutrones son lo mismo: 超新星と中性子星の合体は同じことです: Tanto a supernova quanto a fusão de estrelas de nêutrons são a mesma coisa:

black holes, surrounded by a magnetized disc of gas left over from their parent stars. |||||từ tính||||||||| ||||||Scheibe|||||||| |||||magnetized||||left||||parent| ثقوب سوداء، تحيط بها قرص مغناطيسي من الغاز تركه أبواقها الأصلية. Schwarze Löcher, umgeben von einer magnetisierten Scheibe aus Gas, das von ihren Elternsternen übrig geblieben ist. それは母星から残されたガスの磁化された円盤に囲まれたブラックホールです。 buracos negros, cercados por um disco magnetizado de gás que sobrou de suas estrelas-mãe.

In these environments, the rotation winds up the magnetic field, which funnels hot jets of particles, |||||||||||hướng dòng|||| |||||Winde||||||leitet|||| |||||الرياح||||||يقود||نفاثات|| |||||||||||funnels|||| في هذه البيئات، يدور الدوران حول المجال المغناطيسي، مما يوجه نفاثات ساخنة من الجزيئات، In diesen Umgebungen wickelt die Rotation das Magnetfeld auf, das heiße Partikelstrahlen lenkt, En estos entornos, la rotación enrolla el campo magnético, que canaliza chorros calientes de partículas, これらの環境では、回転によって磁場が強められ、熱い粒子のジェットが集中します。 Nesses ambientes, a rotação enrola o campo magnético, que afunila jatos quentes de partículas,

traveling at nearly the speed of light. تسير بسرعات قريبة من سرعة الضوء.

The gas in this funnel creates two tight jets of high energy gamma rays, الغاز في هذا القمع يخلق نفاثتين ضيقتين من أشعة غاما ذات الطاقة العالية،

like a celestial laser gun. ||himmlisch|| ||celestial|| ||celestial = heavenly|| مثل بندقية ليزر سماوية. 天体レーザー銃のように。 como uma arma laser celestial.

So unlike other cosmic explosions, which spread out and fade, |||||||||تتلاشى إذًا على عكس الانفجارات الكونية الأخرى، التي تنتشر وتتلاشى، 他の宇宙の爆発とはまったく異なり、広がって消えていくのに対して、 Então, ao contrário de outras explosões cósmicas, que se espalham e desaparecem,

GRBs stay focused, and can been seen from much further. |stay = remain|||||||| يقول GRBs التركيز ، ويمكن رؤية ما هو أبعد بكثير. GRBは集中しており、はるか遠くからでも見ることができる。 GRBs dizem focados, e podem ser vistos de muito mais longe.

Any more detail would require too much mathematics for a YouTube video. أي تفاصيل إضافية ستتطلب الكثير من الرياضيات لفيديو YouTube. Mais detalhes exigiriam muita matemática para um vídeo do YouTube.

The universe is full of these cosmic snipers, firing blindly and randomly into the dark, |||||||||blindlings||||| ||||||||إطلاق النار|||||| الكون مليء بهذه القناصة الكونية ، التي تطلق النار عشوائيًا وبشكل عشوائي في الظلام.

and they're hitting us all the time. ||schlagen|||| وهم يضربوننا طوال الوقت. e eles estão nos batendo o tempo todo.

On average, we detect one per day. Fortunately, most are harmless. في المتوسط، نكتشف واحدة في اليوم. لحسن الحظ، معظمها غير ضارة. Em média, detectamos um por dia. Felizmente, a maioria é inofensiva.

All the bursts we have detected so far, originated outside the Milky Way, |||||entdeckt|||stammen von|||| |||||detected||||||| كل الانفجارات التي اكتشفناها حتى الآن، نشأت خارج درب التبانة Todas as rajadas que detectamos até agora, se originaram fora da Via Láctea,

too far away to hurt us.

But a nearby GRB could be disastrous, ||||||katastrophal ||||||disastrous ||||||disastroso Mas um GRB próximo pode ser desastroso,

if one goes off within a few light years of us, it would totally cook the surface of the Earth. إذا انفجر واحد ضمن بضع سنوات ضوئية منا، فإنه سيطبخ تمامًا سطح الأرض. se uma explodisse a poucos anos-luz de nós, ela cozinharia totalmente a superfície da Terra.

Or at least, the half that's facing it. أو على الأقل، النصف الذي يواجهه. Ou pelo menos, a metade que está de frente para ele.

But even a more distant GRB could still end life on Earth. ولكن حتى انفجار بعيد المدى للنجم القرني الثاقب يمكن أن ينهي الحياة على الأرض. Mas mesmo um GRB mais distante ainda poderia acabar com a vida na Terra.

And it wouldn't need to score a head-shot to kill us. ولن تحتاج إلى تحقيق ضربة جديدة لقتلنا. E não precisaria de um tiro na cabeça para nos matar.

If originating from a few thousand light years away, |xuất phát||||||| |stammend von||||||| |originating||||||| إذا نشأت من بساطة عدة آلاف من سنوات ضوئية بعيدة، Se originado de alguns milhares de anos-luz de distância,

it would be a hundred light years wide by the time it reaches us, ستكون عرضها مئة سنة ضوئية بحلول وصولها إلينا teria cem anos-luz de largura quando chegar até nós,

washing over the Solar System like a tidal wave. |||||||gezeiten-| |||||||مدّية| تغسل نظامنا الشمسي مثل موجة مدية. lavando o Sistema Solar como um maremoto.

Again, the ozone layer protects us, but it's better equipped to handle the trickle of ultraviolet from the sun. |||||||||||||Strom||||| |||||||||||||تسرب طفيف||||| |||||||||||||trickle = small flow||||| مرة أخرى، تحمينا طبقة الأوزون، لكنها مجهزة بشكل أفضل للتعامل مع تسرب الأشعة فوق البنفسجية من الشمس. Mais uma vez, a camada de ozônio nos protege, mas está melhor equipada para lidar com os raios ultravioleta do sol.

A gamma ray burst would overwhelm it, leaving us exposed to deadly solar radiation. |||||تغمر|||||||| انفجار الأشعة غاما سيغمرها، مما يتركنا عرضة للإشعاع الشمسي القاتل. Uma explosão de raios gama iria dominá-lo, deixando-nos expostos à radiação solar mortal.

Ozone takes years to replenish itself by natural processes, ||||يتجدد|||| يستغرق الأوزون سنوات ليتم تجديده بواسطة العمليات الطبيعية،

which is more than enough time for the sun to burn the Earth sterile. |||||||||||||عقيم |||||||||||||sterile وهو وقت كاف للغاية ليقوم الشمس بحرق الأرض منتعشة. これは、太陽が地球を不毛にするのに十分な時間です。 que é tempo mais do que suficiente para o sol queimar a Terra estéril.

Or at least, to kill most complex life. أو على الأقل، لقتل معظم الكائنات الحية المعقدة. あるいは、少なくともほとんどの複雑な生命を殺すことです。

In fact, this may have already happened. 実際、これがすでに起こった可能性があります。

A GRB has been suggested as one possible cause of the Ordovician extinction 450 million years ago, |||||||||||Ordovician|||| |||||||||||Ordovizium|||| |||||||||||الأوردوفيشي|انقراض||| |||||||||||Ordovician|||| تم اقتراح أن الانفجار الأشع الغامقة كان سببًا محتملاً واحدًا لانقراض الأوردوفيسي قبل 450 مليون سنة،

that eradicated almost 85% of all marine species. |ausgerottet||||| |eradicated||||| الذي أقضى على ما يقرب من 85٪ من جميع أنواع الكائنات البحرية. die bijna 85% van alle mariene soorten heeft uitgeroeid.

Although it's pretty much impossible to prove. |es ist|ziemlich|||| على الرغم من أنه من الصعب جدًا أن نثبت ذلك. Embora seja praticamente impossível de provar.

Gamma ray bursts could even be one reason we don't see life anywhere else in the universe. قد تكون الانفجارات الناتجة عن الأشعة جاما سبباً واحداً لعدم رؤية الحياة في أي مكان آخر في الكون.

They might be wiping clean huge chunks of it, on a regular basis. |||abwischen|||große Teile|||||| ||||||قطع|||||| قد يتم مسح قطع كبيرة منه، بانتظام. 彼らは定期的にそれの大きな部分をきれいに拭き取っているかもしれません。 Ze kunnen er regelmatig enorme klappen van afvegen. Eles podem estar limpando grandes quantidades dele, em uma base regular.

It's been suggested, that because of GRBs, only 10% of all galaxies might be hospitable to life, |||||||||||||مناسبة للحياة|| لقد تم اقتراحه، أنه بسبب GRBs، قد تكون فقط 10٪ من جميع المجرات صالحة للحياة، GRBのために、すべての銀河のうち生命に適しているのは10%だけかもしれないと提案されています。

similar to us. مماثلة لنا. 私たちのような。

So, are they going to kill us? Então, eles vão nos matar?

Probably not.

In a galaxy like ours, there may only be one GRB per millennia. ||||||||||||آلاف السنين في مجرة مثل مجرتنا ، قد تكون هناك حدث GRB واحد فقط في كل ألف سنة. Em uma galáxia como a nossa, pode haver apenas um GRB por milênio.

And to harm us, they must be close and directed at us. |||||||||gerichtet|| ومن أجل أن يؤذينا ، يجب أن يكونوا قريبين منا وموجهين نحونا. E para nos prejudicar, eles devem estar próximos e direcionados a nós.

But since gamma rays travel at the speed of light, we won't know when it's headed our way until it arrives. ولكن نظرًا لأن الأشعة جاما تسافر بسرعة الضوء ، فلن نعرف عندما يتجه نحونا حتى يصل. Mas como os raios gama viajam na velocidade da luz, não saberemos quando ele está vindo em nossa direção até chegar.

So, there could already be a GRB on its way to kill us all, and we won't know it, until it hits us, إذاً، قد يكون هناك بالفعل انفجار نجمي ذو سطوع غامق في طريقه ليقتلنا جميعًا، ولن نعرف ذلك حتى يصيبنا، Então, já pode haver um GRB a caminho para nos matar a todos, e não saberemos, até que nos atinja,

and we're dead. ونكون ميتين. e estamos mortos.

This video was sponsored by squarespace.com/nutshell تم رعاية هذا الفيديو من قبل squarespace.com/nutshell

Death from the sky could come around any second. A morte do céu pode vir a qualquer segundo.

Maybe, even now!

So you don't have any time to waste.

Learning to set up a website, portfolio or blog is usually hard and time consuming. ||||||Portfolio|||||||| ||||||portfolio|||||||| Aprender a configurar um site, portfólio ou blog costuma ser difícil e demorado.

Not so with Squarespace though. Não é assim com o Squarespace.

They let you set up a page with easily understandable tools, very quickly,

and without any knowledge of web design.

You can use the code "NUTSHELL" to save 10% and support Kurzgesagt.

Squarespace have been a great sponsor, so give them some love. |||||Sponsor|||||

You can support us directly at Patreon or get Kurzgesagt merch here:

it really helps.

Over the next few months, we'd like to make more videos about cataclysmic destructive events, ||||||||||||الكارثية|| ||||||||||||cataclysmic||

because, honestly, it's a lot of fun to make these. |ehrlich gesagt||||||||

If you have any ideas about what kind of doomsday scenario you'd like to learn about, |||||||||يوم القيامة|||||| Se você tiver alguma ideia sobre que tipo de cenário apocalíptico você gostaria de aprender,

let us know in the comments. |||||Kommentare

And if you need to kill a little more time now, here are few related videos. E se você precisar matar um pouco mais de tempo agora, aqui estão alguns vídeos relacionados.

Or maybe...

NOW!