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It`s Okay To Be Smart, Does Someone Else Have Your Face? Doppelgängers Explained!

Does Someone Else Have Your Face? Doppelgängers Explained!

Oh, hey smart people.

I was just, you know, selfie-ing.

On the Google Arts and Culture app.

It finds your face in famous artworks… your art doppelganger if you will.

Mine is… um, I'm not sure.

But this made me wonder – why do some faces look the same to us?

And how do we even recognize faces?

I mean, there's nearly 8 billion people on Earth… does someone else have your face?

Every day as you scroll through social media, you see dozens, maybe hundreds, of faces.

Your brain analyzes them, and matches them to an identity, without you even consciously

thinking about it.

But what would you do if you were scrolling

through Instagram, and saw your *own* face?

This is Amanda Green.

This is… not Amanda Green.

And this IS Amanda Green again.

I'll let her explain.

Amanda: A couple of years ago I found my look alike.

It was the strangest but most exciting thing that's probably ever happened to me, and now

I have a great story to tell at parties.

A friend of Amanda's saw a picture online that looked like her.

But it wasn't Amanda.

It was someone who shared Amanda's face.

After she posted the photos, the internet found her doppleganger: A girl named Meredith,

from Indiana, who–WOW–looks exactly like her.

At least I think so.

I think it's when it was trending in second place on Buzzfeed, like, under Kim Kardashian that I was like

This is really bizarre.

But after Amanda and Meredith's photos went viral, some people argued that they didn't

actually look alike, because it's the internet, and people will argue about anything.

Some people were like “You guys look absolutely nothing alike. I don't get why

this is even a story” and other people were like “okay, that's the same person who posted twice.”

It was like Yanny and Laurel, but for faces.

Even Amanda's family was divided.

My mom did think we looked alike.

My husband said he couldn't really see it, but he kind of sucks at faces anyways.

So why do people see different things in the same two faces?

Well the answer gives us a clue about what dopplegangers really are: A strange side effect of how our

brains process faces.

So what is a face?

Well “Duh, Joe.

It's the eyes and the mouth and the nose,

and the dimples in the cheeks and the color of the eyebrows”

All these features together create a picture that you present to the world–your face.

But a picture of a face isn't really what your brain sees when you look at someone.

When we recognize anything, we're comparing what we see with a stored “mental picture”

that's encoded in our brain.

Turns out special cells in our brains are active only when we look at faces, and they're

not active when we look at other things.

So what are these facial recognition neurons actually seeing?

This person in Ariana Grande's “Thank U Next” video really looks like Lindsay

Lohan, but it isn't Lindsay Lohan.

Sure her red hair and the “Mean Girls” outfit are part of why we're fooled.

But watch what happens when we overlay their faces.

The geometry of the face, how the features are arranged with respect to one another,

is almost identical, even if the specific features, like the eyebrows and the tip of

the nose, are different.

The same thing is true for Amanda and Meredith.

If you really look at our mouth and nose, it might not look similar, but they're

in like, the exact same place.

Like if you drew lines across your face, my nose, my mouth, and my eyes hit at the exact

same places as hers.

In the areas of our brain that recognize faces, we think certain neurons fire for eyes that are this

far apart, others for a mouth here, or a nose this long.

This combination of nerves firing creates a map, or a code, called a facial schema.

To our brains, a face isn't a picture, it's a pattern.

And if one of those coded patterns shows up somewhere unexpected, we can see a face - even

if it's not there.

It's an effect called Pareidolia.

Take a look at this photo of George W Bush and Dick Cheney.

It's actually George W Bush… and George W Bush.

Did you notice?

Recognize this guy?

Maybe he seems a little familiar, but you can't quite place it?

It's two people - Harrison Ford, and George Clooney.

When they're together, our brains decode them as just one face.

And here are two photos of the same person.

Give them a quick look.

Okay, now let's flip the image.

All of these are examples of how we get fooled, because our brains usually don't pay attention

to the details of faces.

We don't have cameras in our heads.

We're running pattern recognition software between our ears.

And I guess this means we need a firmware upgrade.

Of course, the more time we spend with people, the better we can tell their face apart from

others, because our face software gets help from our long term memory.

Like, we could all tell if the President was replaced by some body double named Dave or something. Right?

You're a very handsome man. Thank you Mr. President.

You come for the science, but you stay for the very current pop culture references.

But if you don't know two people, like Meredith and Amanda – you're more likely to think

they look alike.

Researchers at Cambridge University developed a face memory test that you can take for yourself.

As it turns out, I am very good at remembering new faces.

And speaking of remembering faces, did you notice we just switched Amanda and Meredith's

photos?

Some people are just better at facial recognition than others, and scientists don't really

know why.

People who don't think Amanda and Meredith look alike are probably able to sense details

in their face patterns that others can't.

But what if someone's life depended on your ability to recognize and tell faces apart?

Would you trust yourself?

That's exactly what Dr. Teghan Lucas does.

She is a professional face identifier.

Or, more accurately, a forensic anthropologist who specializes in facial anatomy.

If police need to identify someone from an image, they turn to her for help.

Teghan: To the naked eye, these people may seem to look the same, and then if you call

someone like me in, we would be able to tell slight differences between them, because we're

trained to look for very, very miniscule things.

Let's imagine a face as a Rubik's cube.

It might seem like you can only get so many combinations of nose, eye, and mouth shapes

before you get a duplicate.

That's something that my researchers and I talk about - probabilities

of facial characteristics and body characteristics - you know - the probability of finding

two people with the same face or two people with the same body.

And we found that these probabilities are comparable with DNA and fingerprints.

So our face is just as unique as a fingerprint or as DNA.

If we factor in just 8 facial measurements, the odds of two people having the same face

are about 1 in a trillion.

So, basically impossible.

If I look at a nose, and I see maybe wide or skinny, or how much it sticks up.

Dr Lucas sees nose width, bridge width, tip size, tip shape, tip angle, angle in relation

to the chin, the forehead, how much a nose protrudes … she nose her stuff.

Even if you take something as simple as the ear, the ear is unique between each

and every individual.

And there's enough anatomical characteristics on the ear that we can identify someone from

the ear.

And I've had cases of that.

Someone has robbed a bank with a balaclava that was on completely the wrong way, and

his ear was showing, and we matched them up.

And you know I asked her about the David Schwimmer look-alike thief.

Yeah, I picked quite a few differences, mostly in the nose - and he had very square chin,

the David Schwimmer lookalike.

And when I looked at it, it was sort of like - oh yeah - I could put this to rest in 5 minutes.

So I asked her to compare Amanda and Meredith.

Here's what she found

So Amanda had a triangular eyebrow shape - meaning she had a bit of an arch in the most superior corner of the eyebrow.

Where as Meredith had a straight eye brow.

Amanda had an oval face shape.Whereas Meredith had a more elliptical face shape.

Amanda had a V shaped upper lip. But in Meredith, she has what we call a cupid's bow.

Meaning, they project upwards but they're more rounded

And Amanda had a rounded bottom lip. Whereas Meredith had a W shaped bottom lip.

So it kind of had those points, but on the bottom.

In Amanda, she had what we all a nasolabialis fold.

It's these folds here.

And she's got them quite prominently even when she doesn't smile.

Whereas Meredith doesn't have those folds at all. Unlike Amanda.

Dopplegangers are never identical matches, but they don't have to be to cause problems.

Dr. Lucas is working on a case right now involving someone who's been in prison for over a

decade, maybe by mistake, because their face might look enough like someone else's.

Facial recognition is very unreliable.

And in that moment, when you're actually calling upon someone to recall their memory

- entirely unreliable.

So if we get fooled so often, maybe computers could do better than humans?

But I don't know. Computers can see a face in someone's knee.

Or the was the time that an automated surveillance system in China publicly shamed a woman for jaywalking after

seeing her face on the side of a bus.

But what if we let computers teach themselves how to recognize faces?

Maybe they could get fooled less than we do.

Why don't you try to find the matching photo?

A computer can do this almost instantly.

A company called Thorn developed this software to help find missing kids.

Ruben: We've been able help investigators identify about 8 kids every day.

Thorn fed stacks of images into a machine intelligence, and let it learn over time,

until it was able to identify where a face is, pick out its important features, and match

similar faces together.

What I find most interesting is that they didn't train it to see faces like we do.

It's evolved its own way of recognizing faces, just like our own brains evolved neural

networks that help *us* recognize *each other*.

But where computers - machine intelligence

really makes a difference is that it's capable of memorizing such a large number of people.

I think a human being can remember at most, let's say 5,000 faces.

For a computer it's pretty straight forward , the help of machine intelligence to even memorize a million people, or several million people.

The AI isn't perfect, but neither are our own abilities.

But our powers combined can have serious potential.

If we think of a face like a lost needle, AI makes the haystack way smaller from the get-go.

Yeah and I think that's really where we're mostly going towards,

like 5 million faces, where is this one particular person.

And enable us to do things we're unable to do ever before.

That's very exciting.

So, science tells us that technically doppelgangers don't exist.

Every face that's ever been is unique – yours, mine, even between identical twins.

But science has also shown us that we're really good at fooling ourselves.

Even when something is right in front of our face.

Stay curious.

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Does Someone Else Have Your Face? Doppelgängers Explained! Is there||||||| ||||||Двійники| Hat eine andere Person Ihr Gesicht? Doppelgänger erklärt! ¿Tiene otra persona tu misma cara? Explicación de los Doppelgängers あなたの顔は誰かに似ている?ドッペルゲンガーの説明 다른 사람이 내 얼굴을 가지고 있나요? 도플갱어 설명! Heeft iemand anders jouw gezicht? Dubbelgangers uitgelegd! Czy ktoś inny ma Twoją twarz? Doppelgängers wyjaśnione! Outra pessoa tem a tua cara? Doppelgängers explicados! У кого-то есть ваше лицо? Двойники объяснены! Yüzünüze Başka Biri mi Sahip? Doppelgängers Açıklandı! Хтось інший має ваше обличчя? Двійники пояснюються!

Oh, hey smart people. Oh, olá pessoas inteligentes.

I was just, you know, selfie-ing. Estava só a tirar uma selfie.

On the Google Arts and Culture app. |||Мистецтво||| Na aplicação Google Arts and Culture.

It finds your face in famous artworks… your art doppelganger if you will. ||||||твори мистецтва|||двійник у мистецтві||| Encontra o seu rosto em obras de arte famosas... o seu doppelganger artístico, se preferir.

Mine is… um, I'm not sure. O meu é... hum, não tenho a certeza.

But this made me wonder – why do some faces look the same to us? Mas isto fez-me pensar - porque é que alguns rostos nos parecem iguais?

And how do we even recognize faces? E como é que reconhecemos as caras?

I mean, there's nearly 8 billion people on Earth… does someone else have your face? Quer dizer, há quase 8 mil milhões de pessoas na Terra... será que mais alguém tem a sua cara?

Every day as you scroll through social media, you see dozens, maybe hundreds, of faces. Todos os dias, enquanto percorremos as redes sociais, vemos dezenas, talvez centenas, de rostos.

Your brain analyzes them, and matches them to an identity, without you even consciously O seu cérebro analisa-os e associa-os a uma identidade, sem que tenha consciência disso

thinking about it. Considering it|| pensar nisso.

But what would you do if you were scrolling Mas o que faria se estivesse a percorrer

through Instagram, and saw your *own* face? através do Instagram, e viu o seu *próprio* rosto?

This is Amanda Green. Esta é a Amanda Green.

This is… not Amanda Green. Esta não é a Amanda Green.

And this IS Amanda Green again. E esta é a Amanda Green outra vez.

I'll let her explain. Eu deixo-a explicar.

Amanda: A couple of years ago I found my look alike. Amanda: Há uns anos atrás encontrei o meu sósia.

It was the strangest but most exciting thing that's probably ever happened to me, and now Foi a coisa mais estranha, mas também a mais excitante, que provavelmente alguma vez me aconteceu, e agora

I have a great story to tell at parties. Tenho uma óptima história para contar nas festas.

A friend of Amanda's saw a picture online that looked like her. |||Амандиного|||||||| Uma amiga da Amanda viu uma fotografia online que se parecia com ela.

But it wasn't Amanda. Mas não era a Amanda.

It was someone who shared Amanda's face. Era alguém que partilhava o rosto de Amanda.

After she posted the photos, the internet found her doppleganger: A girl named Meredith, |||||||||двійник||||Мередіт Nadat ze de foto's had gepost, vond het internet haar dubbelganger: een meisje genaamd Meredith, Depois de publicar as fotografias, a Internet encontrou a sua sósia: Uma rapariga chamada Meredith,

from Indiana, who–WOW–looks exactly like her. de Indiana, que - UAU - se parece exatamente com ela.

At least I think so. Pelo menos eu acho que sim.

I think it's when it was trending in second place on Buzzfeed, like, under Kim Kardashian that I was like ||||||у трендах|||друге місце||Баззфід|||Кім Кардаш'ян|Кім Кардаш'ян|||| Acho que foi quando estava em segundo lugar no Buzzfeed, tipo, abaixo da Kim Kardashian, que eu fiquei tipo

This is really bizarre. Isto é realmente bizarro.

But after Amanda and Meredith's photos went viral, some people argued that they didn't ||||Мередіт||||||стверджували||| Mas depois de as fotografias de Amanda e Meredith se terem tornado virais, algumas pessoas argumentaram que elas não

actually look alike, because it's the internet, and people will argue about anything. são realmente parecidas, porque estamos na Internet e as pessoas discutem sobre qualquer coisa.

Some people were like “You guys  look absolutely nothing alike. I don't get why Algumas pessoas diziam: "Vocês não são nada parecidos. Não percebo porquê

this is even a story” and other people were like “okay, that's the same person who posted twice.” isto é mesmo uma história" e outras pessoas diziam "ok, é a mesma pessoa que postou duas vezes".

It was like Yanny and Laurel, but for faces. |||Янні||Лорел||| Era como o Yanny e a Laurel, mas com caras.

Even Amanda's family was divided. Até a família da Amanda estava dividida.

My mom did think we looked alike. A minha mãe achava-nos parecidos.

My husband said he couldn't really see it, but he kind of sucks at faces anyways. O meu marido disse que não conseguia ver, mas ele é péssimo a ver caras.

So why do people see different things in the same two faces? Então, porque é que as pessoas vêem coisas diferentes nos mesmos dois rostos?

Well the answer gives us a clue about what dopplegangers really are: A strange side effect of how our |||||||||двійники||||||||| Bem, a resposta dá-nos uma pista sobre o que são realmente os dopplegangers: Um estranho efeito colateral de como o nosso

brains process faces. os cérebros processam rostos.

So what is a face? Então, o que é um rosto?

Well “Duh, Joe.

It's the eyes and the mouth and the nose, São os olhos, a boca e o nariz,

and the dimples in the cheeks and the color of the eyebrows” ||ямочки на щоках||||||||| e as covinhas nas bochechas e a cor das sobrancelhas"

All these features together create a picture that you present to the world–your face. Todas estas características em conjunto criam uma imagem que apresenta ao mundo - o seu rosto.

But a picture of a face isn't really what your brain sees when you look at someone. Mas a imagem de um rosto não é realmente o que o nosso cérebro vê quando olhamos para alguém.

When we recognize anything, we're comparing what we see with a stored “mental picture”

that's encoded in our brain.

Turns out special cells in our brains are active only when we look at faces, and they're

not active when we look at other things.

So what are these facial recognition neurons actually seeing?

This person in Ariana Grande's “Thank U Next” video really looks like Lindsay |||Аріана Гранде|Ґранде||||||||Ліндсі

Lohan, but it isn't Lindsay Lohan. Лохан, але не Ліндсі|||||

Sure her red hair and the “Mean Girls” outfit are part of why we're fooled.

But watch what happens when we overlay their faces. ||||||superimpose|| Maar kijk wat er gebeurt als we hun gezichten over elkaar heen leggen.

The geometry of the face, how the features are arranged with respect to one another,

is almost identical, even if the specific features, like the eyebrows and the tip of

the nose, are different.

The same thing is true for Amanda and Meredith.

If you really look at our mouth and nose, it might not look similar, but they're

in like, the exact same place.

Like if you drew lines across your face, my nose, my mouth, and my eyes hit at the exact

same places as hers.

In the areas of our brain that recognize faces, we think certain neurons fire for eyes that are this

far apart, others for a mouth here, or a nose this long.

This combination of nerves firing creates a map, or a code, called a facial schema. ||||||||||||||facial blueprint Deze combinatie van zenuwen die afvuren, creëert een kaart of een code, een gezichtsschema genoemd.

To our brains, a face isn't a picture, it's a pattern.

And if one of those coded patterns shows up somewhere unexpected, we can see a face - even

if it's not there.

It's an effect called Pareidolia. ||||Парейдолія Het is een effect dat Pareidolie wordt genoemd.

Take a look at this photo of George W Bush and Dick Cheney. |||||||||Буша||Дік|Чейні

It's actually George W Bush… and George W Bush.

Did you notice?

Recognize this guy?

Maybe he seems a little familiar, but you can't quite place it?

It's two people - Harrison Ford, and George Clooney. |||||||Клуні

When they're together, our brains decode them as just one face.

And here are two photos of the same person.

Give them a quick look.

Okay, now let's flip the image.

All of these are examples of how we get fooled, because our brains usually don't pay attention

to the details of faces.

We don't have cameras in our heads.

We're running pattern recognition software between our ears.

And I guess this means we need a firmware upgrade. ||||||||software for hardware|

Of course, the more time we spend with people, the better we can tell their face apart from

others, because our face software gets help from our long term memory.

Like, we could all tell if the President was replaced by some body double named Dave or something. Right?

You're a very handsome man. Thank you Mr. President.

You come for the science, but you stay for the very current pop culture references. ||||||||||||||поп-культурні посилання

But if you don't know two people, like Meredith and Amanda – you're more likely to think

they look alike.

Researchers at Cambridge University developed a face memory test that you can take for yourself. ||Кембриджського університету||||||||||||

As it turns out, I am very good at remembering new faces.

And speaking of remembering faces, did you notice we just switched Amanda and Meredith's

photos?

Some people are just better at facial recognition than others, and scientists don't really

know why.

People who don't think Amanda and Meredith look alike are probably able to sense details

in their face patterns that others can't.

But what if someone's life depended on your ability to recognize and tell faces apart? However||||||||||||||

Would you trust yourself?

That's exactly what Dr. Teghan Lucas does. ||||Теґан|Лукас|

She is a professional face identifier.

Or, more accurately, a forensic anthropologist who specializes in facial anatomy. ||||судово-медичний|||спеціалізується|||

If police need to identify someone from an image, they turn to her for help. |поліція|||||||||||||

Teghan: To the naked eye, these people may seem to look the same, and then if you call

someone like me in, we would be able to tell slight differences between them, because we're ||||||||||незначні|||||

trained to look for very, very miniscule things. ||||||extremely tiny things|

Let's imagine a face as a Rubik's cube. ||||||Рубіка кубик|

It might seem like you can only get so many combinations of nose, eye, and mouth shapes

before you get a duplicate. ||||дублікат

That's something that my researchers and I talk about - probabilities

of facial characteristics and body characteristics - you know - the probability of finding

two people with the same face or two people with the same body.

And we found that these probabilities are comparable with DNA and fingerprints.

So our face is just as unique as a fingerprint or as DNA.

If we factor in just 8 facial measurements, the odds of two people having the same face

are about 1 in a trillion.

So, basically impossible.

If I look at a nose, and I see maybe wide or skinny, or how much it sticks up.

Dr Lucas sees nose width, bridge width, tip size, tip shape, tip angle, angle in relation |||||||||||||||співвідношення Доктор Лукас бачить ширину носа, ширину перенісся, розмір кінчика, форму кінчика, кут нахилу кінчика, кут відношення

to the chin, the forehead, how much a nose protrudes … she nose her stuff. |||||||||sticks out|||| ||підборіддя||лоб|||||виступає||||

Even if you take something as simple as the ear, the ear is unique between each

and every individual.

And there's enough anatomical characteristics on the ear that we can identify someone from

the ear.

And I've had cases of that.

Someone has robbed a bank with a balaclava that was on completely the wrong way, and ||пограбував банк|||||балаклава||||||||

his ear was showing, and we matched them up.

And you know I asked her about the David Schwimmer look-alike thief. |||||||||David Schwimmer||| |||||||||Девід Швіммер|||злодій-двійник

Yeah, I picked quite a few differences, mostly in the nose - and he had very square chin,

the David Schwimmer lookalike. |||двійник Девіда Швіммера

And when I looked at it, it was sort of like - oh yeah - I could put this to rest in 5 minutes. І коли я подивився на нього, то подумав: "О, так, я можу покінчити з цим за 5 хвилин".

So I asked her to compare Amanda and Meredith.

Here's what she found

So Amanda had a triangular eyebrow shape - meaning she had a bit of an arch in the most superior corner of the eyebrow. ||||трикутної форми|брова трикутної форми|||||||||||||||||

Where as Meredith had a straight eye brow. In contrast||||||| |||||||брова

Amanda had an oval face shape.Whereas Meredith had a more elliptical face shape. |||||||||||elongated oval shape|| |||овальне||||||||еліптичний||

Amanda had a V shaped upper lip. But in Meredith, she has what we call a cupid's bow. ||||||верхня губа||||||||||лук Купідона|лук Купідона Amanda had een V-vormige bovenlip. Maar in Meredith heeft ze wat we een cupidoboog noemen.

Meaning, they project upwards but they're more rounded

And Amanda had a rounded bottom lip. Whereas Meredith had a W shaped bottom lip.

So it kind of had those points, but on the bottom. Тож він мав ці точки, але внизу.

In Amanda, she had what we all a nasolabialis fold. ||||||||носогубна складка| In Amanda had ze wat we allemaal een nasolabialisplooi hebben.

It's these folds here.

And she's got them quite prominently even when she doesn't smile. |||||clearly visible||||| |||||помітно|||||

Whereas Meredith doesn't have those folds at all. Unlike Amanda. Тоді як у Мередіт цих складок немає взагалі. На відміну від Аманди.

Dopplegangers are never identical matches, but they don't have to be to cause problems.

Dr. Lucas is working on a case right now involving someone who's been in prison for over a

decade, maybe by mistake, because their face might look enough like someone else's.

Facial recognition is very unreliable.

And in that moment, when you're actually calling upon someone to recall their memory

- entirely unreliable.

So if we get fooled so often, maybe computers could do better than humans?

But I don't know. Computers can see a face in someone's knee. Але я не знаю. Комп'ютери можуть бачити обличчя на колінах.

Or the was the time that an automated surveillance system in China publicly shamed a woman for jaywalking after ||||||||нагляд|||||засоромила||||порушення правил переходу| Of het was de tijd dat een geautomatiseerd bewakingssysteem in China een vrouw publiekelijk beschaamde voor het jaywalken na

seeing her face on the side of a bus.

But what if we let computers teach themselves how to recognize faces?

Maybe they could get fooled less than we do.

Why don't you try to find the matching photo?

A computer can do this almost instantly.

A company called Thorn developed this software to help find missing kids.

Ruben: We've been able help investigators identify about 8 kids every day. Ruben said|||||||||| Рубен|||||слідчі|||||

Thorn fed stacks of images into a machine intelligence, and let it learn over time, Торн завантажив стоси зображень у машинний інтелект і дозволив йому навчатися з часом,

until it was able to identify where a face is, pick out its important features, and match

similar faces together.

What I find most interesting is that they didn't train it to see faces like we do.

It's evolved its own way of recognizing faces, just like our own brains evolved neural ||||||розпізнавання||||||||

networks that help *us* recognize *each other*.

But where computers - machine intelligence

really makes a difference is that it's capable of memorizing such a large number of people.

I think a human being can remember at most, let's say 5,000 faces.

For a computer it's pretty straight forward , the help of machine intelligence to even memorize a million people, or several million people.

The AI isn't perfect, but neither are our own abilities.

But our powers combined can have serious potential.

If we think of a face like a lost needle, AI makes the haystack way smaller from the get-go. |||||face||||||||search space|||||| |||||||||||||стіг сіна||||||

Yeah and I think that's really where we're mostly going towards, ||||||||||heading for

like 5 million faces, where is this one particular person.

And enable us to do things we're unable to do ever before. |Allow||||||||||

That's very exciting.

So, science tells us that technically doppelgangers don't exist. ||||||двійники|| Dus de wetenschap vertelt ons dat technisch dubbelgangers niet bestaan.

Every face that's ever been is unique – yours, mine, even between identical twins.

But science has also shown us that we're really good at fooling ourselves. |||||||||||обманювати себе|

Even when something is right in front of our face.

Stay curious.