Elephant Moms Carry the Wisdom of Generations | IN OUR NATURE (1) Elefantenmütter tragen die Weisheit von Generationen in sich | IN UNSERER NATUR (1) Οι μαμάδες ελέφαντες μεταφέρουν τη σοφία των γενεών | ΣΤΗ ΦΥΣΗ ΜΑΣ (1) Las mamás elefante llevan la sabiduría de generaciones | EN NUESTRA NATURALEZA (1) Les mamans éléphantes portent la sagesse des générations | DANS NOTRE NATURE (1) Le mamme elefante portano con sé la saggezza delle generazioni | NELLA NOSTRA NATURA (1) エレファントママは何世代もの知恵を受け継ぐ｜IN OUR NATURE (1) Dramblių mamos neša kartų išmintį | IN OUR NATURE (1) Elephant Moms dragen de wijsheid van generaties | IN ONZE NATUUR (1) Słoniowe mamy niosą mądrość pokoleń | W NASZEJ NATURZE (1) As mães elefantes transportam a sabedoria de gerações | NA NOSSA NATUREZA (1) Мамы-слонихи несут мудрость поколений | В НАШЕЙ НАТУРЕ (1) Fil Anneler Nesillerin Bilgeliğini Taşıyor | DOĞAMIZDA (1) 大象妈妈传承了几代人的智慧我们的本性 (1) 大象媽媽傳承了幾代的智慧我們的本性 (1)

Look at that baby. Şu bebeğe bak.

That is a tiny baby. Minicik bir bebek.

Yeah, that is a young baby. Evet, o küçük bir bebek.

It's such a good thing to see. 見ていて気持ちがいい。 Bunu görmek çok güzel bir şey.

With all of the challenges elephants face that there are so many healthy, young elephants 健康で若いゾウがたくさんいることは、ゾウが直面するあらゆる問題の解決につながる。 Fillerin karşılaştığı tüm zorluklara rağmen bu kadar çok sağlıklı ve genç filin olması

in this group. bu grupta.

Some of these old matriarchs in here, you can just tell they carry such history. ここにいる何人かの年老いた女主人たちは、そんな歴史を背負っていることがわかる。 Sommige van deze oude matriarchen hier, je kunt gewoon zien dat ze zo'n geschiedenis met zich meedragen. Buradaki bazı yaşlı aile reisleri, öyle bir tarih taşıyorlar ki anlatamam.

I think they know where to find food year after year. 彼らは毎年、餌がどこにあるか知っていると思う。 Sanırım her yıl nerede yiyecek bulacaklarını biliyorlar.

Exactly. その通りだ。 Aynen öyle.

It's culture. それは文化だ。

For a long time, people assumed culture was limited to our own species. 長い間、人々は文化は私たち自身の種に限られたものだと思い込んでいた。 Uzun bir süre boyunca insanlar kültürün kendi türümüzle sınırlı olduğunu varsaydılar.

But the more that we observe other intelligent animals, big and small, culture, maybe far しかし、大小を問わず、他の知的動物を観察すればするほど、文化というものは、もしかしたらずっと遠いところにあるのかもしれない。 Ancak büyük ve küçük diğer zeki hayvanları, kültürü, belki de çok daha fazlasını gözlemledikçe

more widespread than we first thought. 私たちが最初に考えていたよりも広範囲に及んでいる。 ilk düşündüğümüzden daha yaygın.

Hey, what's up guys? やあ、みんな元気かい？ Hey, naber çocuklar?

Hey hey Hey. Hey hey hey.

We can all agree that humans have culture, right? İnsanların bir kültürü olduğu konusunda hepimiz hemfikiriz, değil mi?

Yeah. Evet.

Some of us are more cultured than others. 私たちの中には、他の人より教養のある人もいる。 Bazılarımız diğerlerinden daha kültürlüdür.

You know. 知っているだろう。 Bilirsin işte.

I don't have a mustache, that's ridiculous. ||||Schnurrbart|| ヒゲなんてないよ。 Benim bıyığım yok, bu çok saçma.

I mean is culture, something we're born with is culture in our genes? つまり、文化とは生まれつきのものなのか、文化は遺伝子の中にあるものなのか、ということだ。 Yani kültür, doğuştan getirdiğimiz bir şey midir, yoksa genlerimizde mi vardır?

I mean, we all have genes that tell our bodies to build a mouth and a stomach, right? つまり、私たちは皆、口と胃を作るように体に指令を出す遺伝子を持っているんだよね？ Yani, hepimizin genleri vücudumuza bir ağız ve bir mide yapmasını söylüyor, değil mi?

And we have these instincts that tell us what's probably food and what's probably not food, そして、何が食べ物で何が食べ物でないかを教えてくれる本能がある、 Ve bize neyin muhtemelen yiyecek olduğunu ve neyin muhtemelen yiyecek olmadığını söyleyen bu içgüdülerimiz var,

but it's culture that tells you whether you eat pita or pizza in any given meal. |||||||||Pita|||||| しかし、ピタを食べるかピザを食べるかは文化によって決まる。 Ancak herhangi bir öğünde pide mi yoksa pizza mı yiyeceğinizi belirleyen şey kültürdür.

This is like the difference of eating hot dish versus casserole. ||||||||||Auflauf Es como la diferencia de comer un plato caliente frente a un guiso. これは温かい料理と鍋料理の違いのようなものだ。

And for the record, it's hot dish. And for the record, it's hot dish. 言っておくが、これはホットディッシュだ。 Ve kayıtlara geçsin diye söylüyorum, bu sıcak yemek.

It's casserole. It's casserole. キャセロールだよ。

I think it's casserole.

Talking about a dish to pass? ¿Hablamos de un plato para pasar? パスする料理の話？

It's a hot dish to pass. Es un plato caliente para pasar. パスするには熱い料理だ。

We'll debate this later guys. 後で議論しよう。

Anyway, what I want to talk about today is that we're beginning to appreciate that culture とにかく、今日私が話したいのは、私たちがその文化を評価し始めているということだ。

is far more widespread among animals than we used to realize. 動物たちの間では、私たちがかつて思っていたよりもはるかに広まっている。

And it's often in ways that are really surprising and unexpected. そしてそれはしばしば、本当に驚きと予期せぬ方法で行われる。

It's a story that's going to take us from an elephant family reunion in Tanzania, to ||||||||||||Familienzusammenkunft||| この物語は、タンザニアでのゾウの家族の団欒から、次のようなものまでを描いている。

some acoustic detectives under the Golden Gate Bridge. ゴールデンゲートブリッジの下で音響探偵を数人。 акустичні детективи під мостом Золоті Ворота.

We're going to talk about whether other animals have a culture too. 他の動物たちにも文化があるのかどうかという話をするつもりだ。

And whether it's like ours, or not. そして、それが我々と同じかどうか。

And if other animals do have a culture, what can that teach us about ourselves? そして、もし他の動物に文化があるとしたら、それは私たち自身について何を教えてくれるのだろうか？

Can you just define what culture is for a second? 文化とは何か、ちょっと定義してもらえますか？

Okay.

I mean, culture is one of those things you know it when you see it, right? つまり、文化というのは見ればわかるものなんだ。

It's a little bit hard to define, but let's give it a shot. 定義するのは少し難しいが、やってみよう。

Culture is information and habits and behavior that can be passed around socially. 文化とは、社会的に伝達される情報であり、習慣であり、行動である。

They can be learned, remembered and shared. それらは学び、記憶し、共有することができる。

That totally makes sense, Joe. それはまったく理にかなっているよ、ジョー。

I feel like you shared that with me and I will socially remember it and learn it. あなたがそれを教えてくれたような気がするし、私はそれを忘れず、学びたいと思う。

I'm very cultured. 私はとても教養がある。

That's why I was able to define that. だからこそ、それを定義することができたんだ。

Let's go back for a minute. ちょっと戻ってみよう。

The earliest awareness of non-human animal culture is probably a study going back to 人間以外の動物の文化について最も古くから認識されていたのは、おそらく以下の研究であろう。

the 1950s on Japanese macaque monkeys. 1950年代にニホンザルで行われた。

One day one grabs a sweet potato and washes it in the water before eating it. ある日、一人がサツマイモを手に取り、食べる前に水で洗った。

Then the monkeys and the first monkey's social network started washing their sweet potatoes. それからサルと最初のサルのソーシャルネットワークはサツマイモを洗い始めた。

Soon, all of the monkeys on this island are washing their potatoes. やがて、この島のすべてのサルがジャガイモを洗うようになる。

Something only the macaques on this island started doing. この島のマカクだけがやり始めたことだ。

They learned from others and shared with others. 彼らは他者から学び、他者と分かち合った。

And later, Jane Goodall and other researchers made animal culture famous by their studies |||Goodall|||||||||| その後、ジェーン・グドールをはじめとする研究者たちが、その研究によって動物文化を有名にした。

on chimpanzees. チンパンジーについて。

But I think that maybe these aren't that surprising because you know, monkeys, chimpanzees, they're

like our cousins. いとこたちのように。

We have culture, so it's maybe not so surprising that they do too. 私たちには文化がある。

Since those early studies, scientists have added more animals to the culture list. 初期の研究以来、科学者たちはさらに多くの動物を培養リストに加えた。

Get in jokers, we're going to Africa. ||Jungs|||| Suban bromistas, nos vamos a África. アフリカに行くんだ。 Stap in jokers, we gaan naar Afrika. Ставайте жартівниками, ми їдемо в Африку.

This is amazing.

We just rolled up on an elephant. Acabamos de subirnos a un elefante. 私たちは象に乗っただけだ。

My first elephant. 初めての象。

Your first elephant? 初めての象？

You guys remember Jahawi, right? ジャハウィを覚えているだろう？

He's a filmmaker and photographer from Kenya that joined me on this trip.

My first elephant.

Amazing.

Well it's not my elephant. まあ、僕の象じゃないからね。

It's the first one I've seen. 初めて見たんだ。

Elephants belong to no one. 象は誰のものでもない。

He's his own elephant. 彼は彼自身の象だ。

He is his own elephant.

Why is this elephant all by itself? ¿Por qué este elefante está solo? なぜこのゾウが独り歩きしているのか？

So this is a young male.

And like you saw when we first saw him, he was all feisty. ||||||||||||lebhaft Y como viste cuando lo vimos por primera vez, era todo un luchador.

It's kind of that teenage energy of, take me seriously. Es como esa energía adolescente de, tómame en serio.

Yeah, I'm tough. Sí, soy duro.

I'm a tough elephant.

But you know, he's probably recently been pushed out of the family group.

You know, after young males get to a certain age, they tend to slowly get pushed a way. Знаєте, коли молоді самці досягають певного віку, їх, як правило, повільно підштовхують до певного шляху.

Pause for a second, and just talk about the elephant family dynamic.

They live in these groups of a few, to, maybe a few dozen individuals.

Now when male elephants in these groups hit 12 to 15 years old, they get pushed out of

the group to live on their own.

These are matriarchal societies and they're led by an older female.

And within that group you'll have that female and her sisters, their kids, even their grandkids.

It's a multi-generational society, and they do basically everything together.

From feeding to, I don't know, pouring mud on themselves, whatever elephants do all day.

Even helping raise each other's kids.

So there's our first ingredient. ||||Zutat

That extended time of care and learning, that's important.

Okay.

So after I saw my first elephant, I got pretty good at finding elephants, if I do say so Así que después de ver mi primer elefante, me volví bastante bueno encontrando elefantes, si puedo decirlo así

myself.

How could you miss it? ¿Cómo pudiste perdértelo?

They're big.

They are very big.

They're very well camouflaged. |||getarnt

It's hard.

Trust me.

We were just looking at a giraffe skeleton and I turned around and looked through my

binoculars and there's more elephants on the horizon. Fernglas|||||||

We're going to see more. Wir werden noch mehr sehen.

We're going to go see more elephants. Wir werden uns noch mehr Elefanten ansehen.

Good spotting. |gutes Erkennen Gute Beobachtung. Buena localización.

Thanks.

You're actually useful.

I've earned my place on the trip.

And then Jahawi learned a very important lesson.

A good lesson learned is always put fresh batteries in your camera in the morning.

That's one way that we learn, right?

By trial and error. Durch Versuch und Irrtum.

And sure enough, the next day, Jahawi had full batteries in his camera and he got that

picture that he wanted.

Aw, that's so nice!

But individual learning, by trial and error, it does have its limitations.

I mean, for one it's kind of risky, right? Quiero decir, por un lado es un poco arriesgado, ¿verdad?

If every elephant had to learn what foods were toxic and what weren't, then, well, there'd

be a lot fewer elephants out there.

The individual learning is limited to your own experiences, but social learning, that

lets you learn from the experiences of everyone.

I mean, you can learn what generations worth of individuals have figured out.

It's like getting a hot dish recipe from your grandma and posting it to social media.

Casserole.

We'll talk.

I still have no idea what you guys are talking about, but it's cute.

Okay.

Anyway.

This opens up so many possibilities for elephants. |||||Möglichkeiten|| Esto abre muchas posibilidades para los elefantes.

They have these huge brains.

They are super intelligent, and those brains make them really good at learning from one |||||||machen|||||||

another.

You know, stuff like how to give yourself the perfect mud bath or which flowers taste

the tastiest.

I think it's the yellow ones.

That's what they all seem to be eating.

Elephants, even learn what we would call rituals, I guess, like mourning, dead elephants. |||||||||||Trauer um||

Oh man.

That's so sad though. Das ist aber sehr traurig.

So do all elephant families do this?

Yeah, most do.

But they do it in their own way.

And that's, what's important.

Imagine many generations of elephants witnessing and sharing this special behavior.

I mean, where do we get our culture from?

We learned it from our elders, from our families, from our social circles.

Have you guys ever heard the saying, "an elephant never forgets."

Yeah, of course.

Definitely.

Can't remember.

I mean elephants, they forget tons of stuff.

But remembering, plays a critical part in their cultural lives.

So you just heard in the other car that there's a big group of ellie's. ||||||||||||||Ellies Gruppe Así que acabas de oír en el otro coche que hay un gran grupo de Ellie.

That's a big, big group of ellie's. Ese es un gran, gran grupo de Ellie.

So in front of us, I mean more than a dozen, maybe 20?

30?

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

It could be over 30.

There's more over there.

Wow.

That's a lot of ellie's.

Keep our distance for now.

I mean eventually they will surround us. Quiero decir que al final nos rodearán.

We've been trying to get close to this beautiful

family group.

They're worked up. sie sind|aufgeregt| Sie sind aufgeregt. Están nerviosos. Ze zijn opgewonden. Вони на взводі.

A lot of defensive displays, trumpeting at us and they very clearly don't want us around. Viele defensive Darbietungen, die auf uns einprasseln, und sie wollen uns ganz klar nicht in ihrer Nähe haben. Mucho despliegue defensivo, trompetería hacia nosotros y está muy claro que no nos quieren cerca.

Yeah, it was strange.

I mean, we came up to this massive herd and obviously a few family groups, but they were

agitated. aufgeregt

And like, that one is not a happy elephant.

Now, potentially what that could be is, is negative association.

And we were trying to figure out if there are any hunting near

here, because sometimes that causes ellie's to be quite shy of vehicles and react that

way.

But they've had some bad experiences with humans.

Humans before that could be a memory that was passed down to this elephant from its

mother.

Think about that.

Somewhere in these elephants' social memory is this association that vehicles with these

weird little primates inside, well that's bad. pequeños primates raros dentro, bueno eso es malo.

And so they stay away from us.

And what's super interesting is that the elephants that are behaving this way, they might've

never actually had that experience themselves.

And later we observed this totally different family group and the matriarch was wearing En later zagen we deze totaal andere familiegroep en de matriarch droeg

this GPS collar. |GPS-Halsband|

You can imagine one day these scientists drove up in a vehicle a lot like ours, they drugged |||||||||||||||||betäubten

her, they put that thing on and it probably wasn't a very fun day for her.

And she made sure that her family stayed at far away from us.

I can totally imagine this elephant modeling a behavior to her kids.

You know, "yo stay away from those loud things."

She might've even passed this experience to other elephants like in a social or cultural

memory.

She gets an elephant book and she's like, "watch out for the car"

Trunk book. Buch Trunk(1)|

Well their memory is clearly working.

So they're worked up.

We're going to let them be. Vamos a dejarlos estar.

Yeah.

It's not the only elephants out here.

And I think we can find some more.

We can find some more.

Now, all of this chasing elephants, it was leading us to something that I don't think ||||das Verfolgen von||||||||||| Diese ganze Elefantenjagd hat uns zu etwas geführt, was ich nicht glaube Ahora, todo esto persiguiendo elefantes, nos estaba llevando a algo que no creo que

any of us were expecting.

As we drove up onto this big open plain. Als wir auf diese große offene Ebene fuhren. 広い平原に車を走らせた。

There were just elephants everywhere.

Isn't this just incredible?

So, I mean, it's the Serengeti.

The sun was starting to get pretty intense and these elephants had all spread themselves El sol estaba empezando a ponerse bastante intenso y estos elefantes se habían extendido todos

out to where there's one little family group under each tree, kind of getting a little

bit of shade, taking a break. ||Schatten|||

You know, when you're looking from a distance, they look like they're all together.

If you see her now they're very much still in the family group and they get to a certain Si la ves ahora están muy todavía en el grupo familiar y llegan a un cierto

size too, they can split. tamaño también, pueden dividirse.

So you can imagine that family group probably has relatives in that group.

It probably has relatives.

You know?

So these kinds of times of plenty, you get these herds that come together and you do Así que este tipo de tiempos de abundancia, tienes estas manadas que se reúnen y lo hacen

have social interaction because they're incredibly social animals.

They know each other.

This is like an elephant reunion.

Who brought the hot dish?

It's casserole. Het is braadpan.

I guess grasserole is more appropriate in this case. Supongo que grasserole es más apropiado en este caso. Ik denk dat grasserole in dit geval meer geschikt is.

But, so proud of for that. Aber ich bin so stolz darauf.

Okay.

You shouldn't be.

This is one of the most incredible things I have ever seen in my life, guys.

I mean, they were out there just checking each other out, socializing, seeing who's |||||||||||sozialisieren|| Quiero decir, estaban por ahí sólo comprobando unos a otros, socializar, ver quién es

who, making all kinds of noises.

You could just tell that there was a huge amount of information being exchanged out Se notaba que se estaba intercambiando una gran cantidad de información.

there.

Information about what?

I don't know.

I don't know.

I don't speak elephants.

But inside all of these social groups, kind of tucked in by the tree, underneath mom's |||||||||versteckt|||||| Pero dentro de todos estos grupos sociales, escondidos junto al árbol, debajo de mamá... しかし、これらすべての社会的グループの内部では、木のそばやママの家の下に隠れているようなものだ。

legs were the most important guests at this elephant reunion.

Yeah.

Young baby.

That's under a year old for sure. 確かに1年未満だ。

It's kind of an easy way to try and figure out the age of a young one.

If it kind of fits underneath mum, it's like a year old.