Nationalismen förklarad | HISTORIA FÖRKLARAD | Gymnasiet Nationalism|explained|HISTORY|EXPLAINED|High school Nationalismus erklärt | GESCHICHTE ERKLÄRT | Sekundarschule Ο εθνικισμός εξηγείται | HISTORY EXPLAINED | Γυμνάσιο και Λύκειο Nacjonalizm wyjaśniony | HISTORIA WYJAŚNIONA | Szkoła średnia Национализм объясняется | HISTORY EXPLAINED | High School Milliyetçilik Açıklandı | TARİH AÇIKLANDI | Lise Nationalism explained | HISTORY EXPLAINED | High School

Vanligt folk har under historiens gång- Ordinary|people|have|during|history|course Common people have not really thought much about which country they live in throughout history-

-nog inte funderat så mycket över i vilket land de bor. probably|not|thought|so|much|about|in|which|country|they|live -they were ruled by a king or prince who was believed to have received their power from God-

De styrdes av en kung eller furste som ansågs ha fått sin makt från Gud- They|were ruled|by|a|king|or|prince|who|was considered|to have|received|his|power|from|God -and they were subjects in their realm. Clear as day.

-och man var undersåtar i dess rike. Klart som korvspad. |||Untertanen||||klar wie Kloßbrühe||Wurstbrühe and|people|were|subjects|in|its|kingdom|clear|as|sausage broth - and one was subjects in its kingdom. Clear as sausage broth.

Men i slutet av 1700-talet ställdes allt på ända. |||||gestellt||| But|in|the end|of|the 18th century|was turned|everything|upside|down But at the end of the 18th century, everything was turned upside down.

Plötsligt kommer idéer om att folket ska bestämma vem som ska styra. Suddenly|comes|ideas|about|that|the people|should|decide|who|that|should|govern Suddenly, ideas emerged about the people deciding who should rule.

Det sker en revolution i Frankrike. It|happens|a|revolution|in|France A revolution takes place in France.

Det handlar om att befria människor som lever i imperier. It|is about|about|to|free|people|who|live|in|empires It is about freeing people who live in empires.

Befria människor som vill ha lika rättigheter- Free|people|who|want|have|equal|rights Freeing people who want equal rights-

-som är medborgare och inte undersåtar. who|are|citizens|and|not|subjects -who are citizens and not subjects.

Men när vi ska vara medborgare och inte binds ihop som undersåtar- But|when|we|shall|be|citizens|and|not|bound|together|as|subjects But when we are to be citizens and not bound together as subjects-

-hur ska vi då organisera länder och vem ska tillhöra vilket land? how|shall|we|then|organize|countries|and|who|shall|belong to|which|country -how then shall we organize countries and who shall belong to which country?

Här föds idén om nationalism och ett eget land. Here|is born|the idea|of|nationalism|and|a|own|country Here the idea of nationalism and a separate country is born.

Det är idéer som förändrar världen. Det hände för några hundra år sen. It|is|ideas|that|change|the world|It|happened|for|a few|hundred|years|ago These are ideas that change the world. It happened a few hundred years ago.

Så vad innebär nationalism och hur påverkade den oss som människor? So|what|means|nationalism|and|how|affected|it|us|as|humans So what does nationalism mean and how did it affect us as humans?

Innan vi ger oss in i historien, stannar vi vid begreppet nationalism. Before|we|give|ourselves|into|in|the story|stop|we|at|the concept|nationalism Before we delve into history, let's pause at the concept of nationalism.

Ordet används runt allt från fotboll till främlingsfientlighet. The word|is used|around|everything|from|football|to|xenophobia The word is used in contexts ranging from football to xenophobia.

Men vi fokuserar på ursprunget. But|we|focus|on|the origin But we focus on the origin.

Den nationalism som växte fram som ett tankesystem under 1800-talet- The|nationalism|that|grew|forward|as|a|system of thought|during|19th century The nationalism that emerged as a system of thought during the 19th century-

-och är kopplat till byggandet av nationalstaten. and|is|connected|to|the building|of|national state -and is connected to the construction of the nation-state.

Nationalismen säger att varje folk har rätt till en egen politisk stat- Nationalism|says|that|every|people|has|right|to|a|own|political|state Nationalism states that every people has the right to its own political state-

-en territorialstat och ett territorium. |territorial state|and|a|territory -a territorial state and a territory.

Grundbulten har att göra med nationalstatens uppbyggnad. Grundpfeiler|||||| The fundamental issue|has|to|do|with|national state's|construction The foundation has to do with the construction of the nation-state.

Vi tar det här med nationalstat. We|take|it|this|with|nation-state Let's take this with the nation-state.

Det består av "nation" och "stat". It|consists|of|nation|and|state It consists of "nation" and "state."

"Stat" är ett land med gränser, ett styrelseskick och utrikespolitik. State|is|a|country|with|borders|a|form of government|and|foreign policy "State" is a country with borders, a form of government, and foreign policy.

En stat har monopol på våld och organiserar arméer eller polis. A|state|has|monopoly|on|violence|and|organizes|armies|or|police A state has a monopoly on violence and organizes armies or police.

"Nation" betyder i det här fallet folk. Nation|means|in|this|here|case|people "Nation" means people in this case.

Vanligtvis har man ett gemensamt språk och en gemensam kultur. Usually|has|one|a|common|language|and|a|common|culture Usually, there is a common language and a common culture.

Varje folk ska ha ett eget land. Every|people|shall|have|a|own|country Every people should have their own country.

Nationalstaten ska styras av dem som bor där för deras bästa. The nation-state|shall|be governed|by|those|who|live|there|for|their|best The nation-state should be governed by those who live there for their benefit.

Men det var inte alltid idén. Vänd tillbaka triangeln igen. But|it|was|not|always|the idea|Turn|back|the triangle|again But that was not always the idea. Turn the triangle back again.

Som vi sa var det här standardstyret i världen under en lång tid. As|we|said|was|it|here|standard governance|in|the world|for|a|long|time As we said, this was the standard governance in the world for a long time.

Du tillhör ett lands härskare. You|belong to|a|country's|ruler You belong to the ruler of a country.

Om din kung förlorar landområdet till nån annan- If|your|king|loses|territory|to|someone|else If your king loses the territory to someone else-

-så tillhör du det riket i stället. then|belong|you|that|kingdom|in|instead -then you belong to that kingdom instead.

Ditt språk var inte så viktigt, utan vem du betalar din skatt till. Your|language|was|not|so|important|but|who|you|pay|your|tax|to Your language was not so important, but to whom you pay your taxes.

På 1700-talet kom upplysningstiden, där man argumenterar för- In|the 18th century|came|the Enlightenment|where|one|argues|for In the 18th century, the Age of Enlightenment came, where one argues for-

-att alla har ett eget förnuft, oavsett placering i triangeln. that|everyone|has|a|own|reason|regardless of|placement|in|the triangle -that everyone has their own reason, regardless of their position in the triangle.

Om alla är förnuftiga, hur ska då det hierarkiska maktsystemet motiveras? If|everyone|are|rational|how|should|then|the|hierarchical|power system|be justified If everyone is rational, how then can the hierarchical power system be justified?

Efter upplysningstiden räckte inte den här idén. After|the Enlightenment|was sufficient|no longer|this|here|idea After the Enlightenment, this idea was no longer sufficient.

Det är förnuftet som ska hjälpa oss att organisera samhället. It|is|reason|that|should|help|us|to|organize|society Toplumu düzenlememize yardımcı olması gereken şey akıldır. It is reason that should help us organize society.

Då kom idén att nationer var ett sätt att organisera det sociala livet- Then|came|the idea|that|nations|were|a|way|to|organize|the|social|life Then came the idea that nations were a way to organize social life -

-bestämma vem som tillhör vilket territorium. determine|who|that|belongs to|which|territory -to determine who belongs to which territory.

Den idén blir lösningen på de problem som uppstod- The|idea|becomes|solution|to|the|problems|that|arose That idea becomes the solution to the problems that arose -

-när det var folket som skulle styra. when|it|was|the people|who|would|govern -when it was the people who were to govern.

Världen indelades i nationella folk. Nu ska alla få en varsin stat. The world|was divided|into|national|peoples|Now|shall|everyone|receive|a|each|state The world was divided into national peoples. Now everyone will get their own state.

Parallellt pågår industrialiseringen. Folk flyttar från landsbygden. Concurrently|is ongoing|industrialization|People|move|from|the countryside At the same time, industrialization is underway. People are moving from the countryside.

Behovet av att känna tillhörighet ökar. The need|of|to|feel|belonging|increases The need to feel belonging is increasing.

Nästa problem var vilka är då folket? Next|problem|was|who|are|then|the people The next problem is who the people are?

Det uppstår ett behov av att definiera vilka som tillhör. It|arises|a|need|to|to|define|who|that|belong Kimin ait olduğunu tanımlamaya ihtiyaç vardır. There arises a need to define who belongs.

Det konstruktionsarbetet är vissa riktigt pepp på. The|construction work|is|some|really|excited|about Bazı insanlar bu tasarım çalışmasından gerçekten heyecan duyuyor. Some are really excited about that construction work.

Inte minst är det den utbildade delen av medelklassen- Not|least|is|it|the|educated|part|of|middle class Not least, it is the educated part of the middle class-

-som försöker mejsla ut ett nationellt kulturarv- that|tries|chisel|out|a|national|cultural heritage -that is trying to carve out a national cultural heritage-

-definierar folken, vad som utmärker dem. defines|the peoples|what|that|distinguishes|them -defines the peoples, what distinguishes them.

Man plockar fram en gemensam historia som skapar den här gemenskapen. One|picks|out|a|common|history|that|creates|this|here|community One brings forth a common history that creates this community.

Man hittar på att vi tillhör samma stam. One|finds|up|that|we|belong|same|tribe One makes up that we belong to the same tribe.

Vi har samma blod, samma språk och samma historia- We|have|same|blood|same|language|and|same|history We have the same blood, the same language, and the same history-

-så är vi ett väsen som hör ihop. then|are|we|a|being|that|belong|together -Bizler birbirimize ait olan tek bir varlığız. -so we are a being that belongs together.

Det enar oss, men det välkomnar inte andra heller. It|unites|us|but|it|welcomes|not|others|either It unites us, but it does not welcome others either.

Frigörandet av detta väsen är centralt i en liberal dröm. Die Befreiung||||||||| The liberation|of|this|being|is|central|in|a|liberal|dream Die Befreiung dieses Wesens ist zentral in einem liberalen Traum. The liberation of this being is central to a liberal dream.

Ta en titt på den här metafortunga franska illustrationen. ||||||metaphorisch schwer|| Take|a|look|at|this|here|metaphor-heavy|French|illustration Schau dir diese metaforisch schweren französischen Illustrationen an. Take a look at this metaphor-heavy French illustration.

Den visar en framtidsvision som bygger på idén om nationalstaten. |||Zukunftsvision|||||| It|shows|a|vision of the future|that|is based|on|idea|of|the nation-state Sie zeigt eine Zukunftsvision, die auf der Idee des Nationalstaates basiert. It shows a vision of the future based on the idea of the nation-state.

Här ser vi de få nationalstater som finns på riktigt. Here|see|we|the|few|nation-states|that|exist|in|reality Here we see the few nation-states that actually exist.

De som passerat Frihetsgudinnan, länder som Frankrike och USA. Those|who|have passed|the Statue of Liberty|countries|such as|France|and|the USA Those who have passed the Statue of Liberty, countries like France and the USA.

Resten är en drömvärld där människor förenats med sitt definierade folk. The rest|is|a|dream world|where|people|united|with|their|defined|people The rest is a dream world where people have united with their defined nation.

Vi ser tyskar, italienare och belgare på frammarsch mot en ljus framtid. We|see|Germans|Italians|and|Belgians|on|advance|towards|a|bright|future We see Germans, Italians, and Belgians advancing towards a bright future.

Ovanför tittar Jesus på i glädje. På marken ligger krossade föremål- Above|looks|Jesus|in|with|joy|On|the ground|lies|broken|objects Above, Jesus looks on in joy. On the ground lie shattered objects-

-som påminner om systemet med styrande kungar och furstar. that|reminds|of|the system|with|ruling|kings|and|princes -that remind us of the system of ruling kings and princes.

Nu ska idéerna gå från tanke till verklighet i Europa. Now|shall|the ideas|go|from|thought|to|reality|in|Europe Now the ideas are going from thought to reality in Europe.

Man brukar säga att nationalismen fyller två funktioner vid den tiden. One|usually|says|that|nationalism|fulfills|two|functions|at|that|time It is often said that nationalism serves two functions at that time.

Å ena sidan har den en enande funktion- On|one|hand|has|it|a|unifying|function On one hand, it has a unifying function -

-å andra sidan brukar man säga att den har en splittrande funktion. on|the other|hand|tends to|one|to say|that|it|has|a|divisive|function - on the other hand, it is often said that it has a divisive function.

Låt oss leka Rita om Europas karta under 1800-talet. Let|us|play|Draw|about|Europe's|map|during|19th century Let's play Draw the map of Europe during the 19th century.

Europa är i början av 1800-talet organiserat efter Wienkongressen- Europe|is|in|beginning|of|19th century|organized|according to|Congress of Vienna Europe is organized in the early 1800s after the Congress of Vienna -

-som skedde 1815 efter franska revolutionen och Napoleonkrigen. that|occurred|after|French|revolution|and|Napoleonic wars -which took place in 1815 after the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

Wienkongressen var ett möte mellan stormakterna i Europa. the Congress of Vienna|was|a|meeting|between|the great powers|in|Europe The Congress of Vienna was a meeting between the great powers of Europe.

Där skulle man dra upp planer för hur Europa skulle styras. There|would|one|draw|up|plans|for|how|Europe|would|be governed There, plans were to be drawn up for how Europe would be governed.

Man skulle inte angripa varandra. One|should|not|attack|each other They were not to attack each other.

Wienkongressen tog lite hänsyn till var språkgränserna gick. the Congress of Vienna|took|little|consideration|to|where|language borders|were located The Congress of Vienna took little account of where the language borders were.

Men det blir det ändring på. Vi börjar med Tyskland- But|it|will be|it|change|to|We|start|with|Germany But that will change. We start with Germany—

-ett land som inte finns ännu. a|country|that|not|exists|yet —a country that does not yet exist.

Vad som finns är några stater som alla pratar tyska. What|that|exists|are|some|states|that|all|speak|German What exists are a few states that all speak German.

Med nationalismens framfart drömmer allt fler om en nationalstat. With|nationalism's|advance|dream|increasingly|more|of|a|nation-state With the advance of nationalism, more and more people are dreaming of a nation-state.

En av drömmarna är Otto von Bismarck- One|of|dreams|is|Otto|of|Bismarck One of the dreams is Otto von Bismarck-

-som är ministerpresident i det starkaste tyska riket Preussen. who|is|minister president|in|the|strongest|German|empire|Prussia -who is the minister president of the strongest German empire, Prussia.

Han ska föra samman Tyskland till en nationalstat genom järn och blod. He|shall|bring|together|Germany|into|a|nation state|through|iron|and|blood He will unite Germany into a nation-state through iron and blood.

Han ska ena landet genom att erövra eller befria- He|shall|unite|the country|by|to|conquer|or|liberate He will unify the country by conquering or liberating-

-beroende på hur man ser det, tysktalande i intilliggande imperier. depending|on|how|one|sees|it|German-speaking|in|neighboring|empires -depending on how you see it, German-speaking people in neighboring empires.

Han för krig mot först Danmark, sen Österrike och sen Frankrike. He|waged|war|against|first|Denmark|then|Austria|and|then|France He waged war against first Denmark, then Austria, and then France.

I och med industrialiseringen går det väldigt bra under krigen. It|and|with|industrialization|goes|it|very|well|during|the wars With industrialization, things go very well during the wars.

Man övertar områdena där de tysktalande befolkningarna bor. One|takes over|the areas|where|the|German-speaking|populations|live They take over the areas where the German-speaking populations live.

Därmed, 1871, säger man att Tyskland har enats. Thereby|it is said|one|that|Germany|has|united Thus, in 1871, it is said that Germany has united.

Det gör man genom att föra krig. It|does|one|by|to|wage|war They do this by waging war.

Här har vi nationalstaten Tyskland för första gången- Here|has|we|the nation-state|Germany|for|first|time Here we have the nation-state of Germany for the first time-

-enad under kejsaren Vilhelm I. united|under|emperor|William|I -united under Emperor Wilhelm I.

Under podiet står Otto von Bismarck. Under|the podium|stands|Otto|von|Bismarck Otto von Bismarck stands under the podium.

Det kommer att påverka Europa och världen framåt. It|will|to|affect|Europe|and|the world|forward This will affect Europe and the world going forward.

Maktbalansen i Europa gungar på grund av det nya jätteriket. The balance of power|in|Europe|is shaken|due|to|by|the|new|giant empire The balance of power in Europe is shaking due to the new giant empire.

Tillbaka till Rita om Europas karta under 1800-talet. Back|to|Draw|about|Europe's|map|during|19th century Back to drawing Europe's map during the 19th century.

Nästa område till rakning - Italien. Ett land som heller inte finns. Next|area|for|calculation|Italy|A|country|that|either|not|exists The next area to be accounted for - Italy. A country that also does not exist.

Italien består av olika furstehus och kungahus. Italy|consists|of|different|princely houses|and|royal houses Italy consists of various princely houses and royal houses.

Furstehuset Sardinien leder viljan att bygga en italiensk stat. The House of Savoy|Sardinia|leads|the will|to|build|an|Italian|state The House of Savoy leads the desire to build an Italian state.

Det kom att understödjas av rödskjortorna under Garibaldi. It|came|to|be supported|by|the red shirts|under|Garibaldi This was supported by the red shirts under Garibaldi.

Frihetskämpen och nationalisten Garibaldi blir en folkhjälte- The freedom fighter|and|the nationalist|Garibaldi|becomes|a|folk hero The freedom fighter and nationalist Garibaldi becomes a folk hero -

-för sin kamp att föra ihop smårikena. for|his|struggle|to|unite|together|small kingdoms - for his struggle to unite the small kingdoms.

Till slut lyckas man med enandet och grundlägger Italien som stat. At|last|succeeds|one|with|unification|and|establishes|Italy|as|state In the end, they succeed in unification and establish Italy as a state.

Men de är inte riktigt italienare. En statsman säger: But|they|are|not|really|Italians|A|statesman|says But they are not quite Italians. A statesman says:

Det försöker de med, genom att skapa en historia om en romersk gemenskap. It|tries|they|with|by|to|create|a|story|about|a|Roman|community They try to do this by creating a history of a Roman community.

Nu till det svåraste området: Balkan. Now|to|the|hardest|area|Balkan Now to the most difficult area: the Balkans.

I början av 1800-talet ingår det i det Osmanska riket. In|beginning|of|1800s|is included|it|in|the|Ottoman|empire In the early 1800s, it is part of the Ottoman Empire.

Balkan ses som bron mellan öst och väst, mellan islam och kristendom- The Balkans|is seen|as|bridge|between||and|west|between|Islam|and|Christianity The Balkans are seen as the bridge between east and west, between Islam and Christianity -

-men också bron mellan Asien och Europa. but|also|the bridge|between|Asia|and|Europe - but also the bridge between Asia and Europe.

Balkan påverkas av de nationalistiska tankarna. The Balkans|is affected|by|the|nationalist|ideas The Balkans are influenced by nationalist ideas.

Områden hoppas på självständighet och egna nationalstater. Areas|hope|for|independence|and|their own|nation-states Regions hope for independence and their own nation-states.

Senare bryter sig Grekland, Bulgarien, Serbien och Rumänien loss. Later|breaks|themselves|Greece|Bulgaria|Serbia|and|Romania|free Later, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Romania break away.

Men den nationalistiska kampen på Balkan är svårare. ||nationalistische||||| But|the|nationalist|struggle|in|the Balkans|is|harder But the nationalist struggle in the Balkans is more difficult.

Det Osmanska riket var utblandat. ||||vermischte The|Ottoman|empire|was|diluted The Ottoman Empire was mixed.

Det fanns inga etniskt rena områden. De såg på folk på ett annat sätt. There|were|no|ethnically|pure|areas|They|looked|at|people|in|a|different|way There were no ethnically pure areas. They viewed people differently.

Det kallas för millet. Det är det turkiska ordet för folk/nation. |||Millet|||||||| It|is called|for|millet|It|is|the|Turkish|word|for|| Es wird Millet genannt. Es ist das türkische Wort für Volk/Nation. It is called millet. It is the Turkish word for people/nation.

Muslimer, judar, armenier, ortodoxa, etcetera utgjorde olika milleter- Muslims|Jews|Armenians|Orthodox|etcetera|constituted|different|millet systems Muslime, Juden, Armenier, Orthodoxe usw. bildeten verschiedene Millets - Muslims, Jews, Armenians, Orthodox, etc. constituted different millets-

-och de levde jämte varandra. |||neben| and|they|lived|next to|each other -und sie lebten nebeneinander. -and they lived alongside each other.

Det skapar problem i utopierna om nationalstater- It|creates|problems|in|the utopias|about|nation-states This creates problems in the utopias of nation-states-

-med ett tydligt definierat folk. with|a|clearly|defined|people -with a clearly defined people.

Ett "vi" skapar också ett "dem". Överallt finns det minoriteter- A|we|creates|also|a|they|Everywhere|there are|it|minorities A "we" also creates a "them." Everywhere there are minorities -

-med andra språk eller kulturer än majoriteten. Var ska de få plats? with|other|languages|or|cultures|than|the majority|Where|should|they|get|space -with different languages or cultures than the majority. Where will they fit in?

När man på 1800-talet plötsligt ska bygga nationalstater- When|one|in|the 1800s|suddenly|shall|build|nation-states When suddenly in the 19th century one is to build nation-states -

-hamnar många folk i kläm och måste välja nation. end up|many|people|in|a squeeze|and|must|choose|nation -many peoples get caught in the middle and must choose a nation.

Nationalismen talar om vilka som tillhör och vilka som inte tillhör. Nationalism|speaks|about|who|that|belong|and|who|that|not|belong Nationalism tells who belongs and who does not belong.

Nationalismen är både inkluderande och exkluderande. Nationalism|is|both|inclusive|and|exclusive Nationalism is both inclusive and exclusive.

Med en sån inbyggd motsättning blir det viktigt med varumärken- With|a|such|built-in|contradiction|becomes|it|important|with|brands With such an inherent contradiction, brands become important -

-med flaggor, böcker, språk och statyer. with|flags|books|languages|and|statues -with flags, books, languages, and statues.

Vi behöver statyer! We|need|statues We need statues!

De statyer som tillkommer i västvärlden från 1800-talets mitt- The|statues|that|emerge|in|the Western world|from|19th century|mid The statues that are added in the Western world from the mid-1800s-

-fram till krigsutbrottet 1914- until|to|outbreak of war -up until the outbreak of war in 1914-

-handlar till stor del om att manifestera nationen. is about|to|large|part|about|to|manifest|nation -largely concerns manifesting the nation.

Vad kan mer tydligt visa att vi är ett gemensamt folk- What|can|more|clearly|show|that|we|are|one|common|people What can more clearly show that we are a common people-

-än att ha avbildade nationalhjältar runt om i städerna där vi bor? than|to|have|depicted|national heroes|around|in|in|the cities|where|we|live -than having depicted national heroes around the cities where we live?

Statyernas funktion i nationsbygget är att skapa idén om- The statues|function|in|nation building|is|to|create|idea|about The function of the statues in nation-building is to create the idea of-

-att vi tillhör ett gemensamt folk, en gemensam nationalitet. that|we|belong|a|common|people|a|common|nationality -that we belong to a common people, a common nationality.

Hur ska vi lära oss det? Jo, vi identifierar symbolfigurer- How|shall|we|learn|ourselves|it|Yes|we|identify|symbol figures How are we going to learn that? Well, we identify symbolic figures-

-som vi kan se på statyer och läsa om i historiska läroböcker. as|we|can|see|on|statues|and|read|about|in|historical|textbooks -that we can see on statues and read about in historical textbooks.

Stadens gemensamma platser blir en påminnelse om en historia- The city's|shared|places|become|a|reminder|of|a|history The city's common places become a reminder of a history-

-som du kan se på vägen till affären. as|you|can|see|on|the way|to|the store -that you can see on the way to the store.

Vad vi ser i Tyskland och Italien är- What|we|see|in|Germany|and|Italy|is What we see in Germany and Italy is-

-att över Bismarck och Vilhelm I, som är centralfigurer i enandet- to|over|Bismarck|and|Wilhelm|I|who|are|central figures|in|unification -that over Bismarck and Wilhelm I, who are central figures in the unification-

-så restes det 300-400 statyer från 1871 till 1900. then|were erected|it|statues|from|to -300-400 statues were erected from 1871 to 1900.

Garibaldi, som är en "rockstjärna" i Europa vid den tiden- Garibaldi|who|is|a|rock star|in|Europe|at|that|time Garibaldi, who is a "rock star" in Europe at that time-

-står staty i nästan varenda italiensk stad. stands|statue|in|almost|every|Italian|city -has a statue in almost every Italian city.

Nya gränser och statyer i varje stad. Nationalismen verkar ostoppbar. New|borders|and|statues|in|every|city|Nationalism|seems|unstoppable New borders and statues in every city. Nationalism seems unstoppable.

Hur ser det ut i Sverige? How|does it look|it|out|in|Sweden What does it look like in Sweden?

Jo, nationalismen fick fart när Sverige splittras som land. Yes|nationalism|got|momentum|when|Sweden|was split|as|country Well, nationalism gained momentum when Sweden was split as a country.

År 1809 förlorar Sverige Finland, något som många ser som en katastrof. Year|loses|Sweden|Finland|something|that|many|see|as|a|catastrophe In 1809, Sweden lost Finland, something many see as a catastrophe.

Nu behövs en ny nationell identitet. Now|is needed|a|new|national|identity Now a new national identity is needed.

En identitet där Finland inte ingår och vad som är svenskt blir tydligt. An|identity|where|Finland|not|included|and|what|that|is|Swedish|becomes|clear An identity where Finland is not included and what is Swedish becomes clear.

Under tidiga 1800-talet är det väldigt uppenbart- In|early|1800s|is|it|very|obvious In the early 1800s, it is very obvious—

-att man vill återupprätta en svensk manlighet. |||wiederherstellen||| that|one|wants|to restore|a|Swedish|masculinity —that there is a desire to restore a Swedish masculinity.

Man är förnedrad för att Ryssland tog den östra rikshalvan. One|is|humiliated|because|that|Russia|took|the|eastern|half of the empire One feels humiliated because Russia took the eastern part of the empire.

Man vill vara stolt och svensk igen, efter det förkrossande nederlaget. One|wants|to be|proud|and|Swedish|again|after|the|crushing|defeat One wants to be proud and Swedish again, after the crushing defeat.

Man tillverkar statyer av Asa-Tor som står och musklar sig- One|manufactures|statues|of|Asa|Thor|who|stands|and|flexes|himself One makes statues of Asa-Tor who stands and flexes his muscles-

-och man skriver dikter om hur starka de svenska männen är. and|one|writes|poems|about|how|strong|the|Swedish|men|are -and one writes poems about how strong the Swedish men are.

Det handlar om revansch och manlighet. It|is about|about|revenge|and|masculinity It's about revenge and masculinity.

Inte bara historien ska fram- Not|only|the history|shall|forward Not only should history be brought forward-

-kulturen ska också mejsla fram den svenska nationella identiteten. the culture|shall|also|chisel|out|the|Swedish|national|identity -culture should also carve out the Swedish national identity.

Poeter, musiker, konstnärer drabbas av den nationella väckelsen- Poets|musicians|artists|are affected|by|the|national|revival Poets, musicians, artists are affected by the national awakening-

-och börjar producera nationalistiska texter och konstverk. and|begins|to produce|nationalist|texts|and|artworks -and begin to produce nationalist texts and artworks.

Kulturens betydelse för nationalstaten brukar lyftas fram. |||||hervorgehoben| Culture's|significance|for|nation-state|is usually|highlighted|forward The importance of culture for the nation-state is often highlighted.

Vi har en gemensam kultur och det gör oss till ett folk- We|have|a|common|culture|and|it|makes|us|into|a|people We have a common culture and that makes us a people-

-det gör att vi har nåt gemensamt. it|makes|that|we|have|something|in common -it means we have something in common.

Det är en tid som vi kallar nationalromantiken- |||||||Nationalromantik It|is|a|time|that|we|call|the national romanticism It is a time that we call the national romanticism-

-när kulturen kretsar kring den svenska nationen. when|culture|revolves|around|the|Swedish|nation -when culture revolves around the Swedish nation.

Den kommer till uttryck när man utbildar barn i folkskolan. It|comes|to|expression|when|one|educates|children|in|primary school It is expressed when children are educated in primary school.

Det har gett skolan dess styrka. It|has|given|the school|its|strength This has given the school its strength.

Där får vi 1868 "Läsebok för folkskolan"- There|we get|we|Reading book|for|public school There we have 1868 "Reading Book for Primary School"-

-som innehåller det som sen blir vår nationalsång. that|contains|it|that|later|becomes|our|national anthem -that contains what later becomes our national anthem.

Mycket av det typiskt svenska är det- Much|of|the|typically|Swedish|is| Much of what is typically Swedish is it-

-som konstnärerna och poeterna lyfte fram och skapade- that|the artists|and|the poets|lifted|forward|and|created -that the artists and poets highlighted and created-

-under 1800-talet och sekelskiftet. during|1800s|and|turn of the century -during the 19th century and the turn of the century.

Som en del av detta byggs ett friluftsmuseum. As|a|part|of|this|is being built|an|open-air museum As part of this, an open-air museum is being built.

Här ska folk minnas sin kultur. Here|shall|people|remember|their|culture Here, people should remember their culture.

Artur Hazelius försöker på Skansen samla ihop ett svenskt kulturarv. Artur|Hazelius|tries|at|Skansen|to gather|together|a|Swedish|cultural heritage Artur Hazelius is trying to gather a Swedish cultural heritage at Skansen.

På Skansen kan svenskarna se hur deras förfäder levde. At|Skansen|can|the Swedes|see|how|their|ancestors|lived At Skansen, Swedes can see how their ancestors lived.

Eftersom vi är i union med Norge- Since|we|are|in|union|with|Norway Since we are in a union with Norway-

-så plockar han in norska byggnader och kulturarv också. so|picks|he|in|Norwegian|buildings|and|cultural heritage|also -he also includes Norwegian buildings and cultural heritage.

Men det får ett tvärt slut när Norge bröt sig ur unionen 1905. But|it|gets|a|abrupt|end|when|Norway|broke|itself|out of|the union But it comes to a sudden end when Norway broke away from the union in 1905.

Det visar på problematiken med nationalism. It|shows|on|the problem|with|nationalism This highlights the issues with nationalism.

Ena dagen är norrmän och svenskar ett folk- One|day|are|Norwegians|and|Swedes|one|people One day Norwegians and Swedes are one people-

-nästa dag, när unionen upphör, är vi det inte. next|day|when|the union|ceases|are|we|it|not -the next day, when the union ends, we are not.

I dag ser vi inte bara Tyskland eller Italien- Today|see|we|not|only|Germany|or|Italy| Today we see not only Germany or Italy-

-utan en majoritet av världens länder är nationalstater. without|a|majority|of|world's|countries|are|nation-states -without a majority of the world's countries being nation-states.

Men redan under 1800-talet förändrades hur folk definierades. But|already|during|the 1800s|changed|how|people|were defined But already in the 19th century, the way people were defined changed.

Början av 1800-talet handlar om vad som utgör ett folk- The beginning|of|19th century|is about|about|what|that|constitutes|a|people The beginning of the 19th century is about what constitutes a people-

-baserat på språk och kultur. based|on|language|and|culture -based on language and culture.

I slutet av 1800-talet så kommer ras att utgöra en grund- In|end|of|1800s|then|will|race|to|constitute|a| By the end of the 19th century, race will form a basis-

-för att definiera vad som är ett nationellt folk. to|define|define|what|that|is|a|national|people -to define what constitutes a national people.

Nationalismen rör sig från att ha velat bryta med kungamakten- Nationalism|moves|itself|from|to|have|wanted|break|with|the monarchy Nationalism has shifted from wanting to break away from the monarchy-

-till nåt som skapar ett "vi och dem"-tänk. to|something|that|creates|a|we|and|them|mindset -to something that creates a "us and them" mentality.

Definitionen av folk fortsätter att vara ett problem för nationalismen. The definition|of|people|continues|to|be|a|problem|for|nationalism The definition of people continues to be a problem for nationalism.

Hur ska minoriteter behandlas? How|should|minorities|be treated How should minorities be treated?

Tankarna kan användas i olika syften. |||||Zwecken The thoughts|can|be used|for|different|purposes The thoughts can be used for different purposes.

Nationalismen är ett andefattigt- |||geistloses Nationalism|is|a|spiritless Nationalism is a spiritually empty-

-och filosofiskt tunt tankesystem. and|philosophical|thin|system of thought -and philosophically thin system of thought.

Nationalismen behöver alltid paras med andra filosofier- Nationalism|needs|always|paired|with|other|philosophies Nationalism always needs to be paired with other philosophies-

-eller politiska ideologier för att den ska kunna existera. or|political|ideologies|for|to|it|shall|be able to|exist -or political ideologies for it to be able to exist.

Nationalism har använts på olika sätt- Nationalism|has|been used|in|different|ways Nationalism has been used in various ways -

-av religiösa och politiska partier. of|religious|and|political|parties -by religious and political parties.

De baksidorna blir man påmind av om man blickar mot Balkan. The|downsides|are|one|reminded|by|if|one|looks|towards|the Balkans One is reminded of those downsides when looking towards the Balkans.

Under lång tid var skapandet- For|long|time|was|the creation For a long time, the creation -

-av nationalstaterna på Balkan ganska blodiga historier. of|nation-states|in|the Balkans|quite|bloody|histories -of nation-states in the Balkans was quite a bloody history.

Det har hemsökt Europa fram till i dag. It|has|haunted|Europe|up|until|in|day It has haunted Europe up to today.

Det var Balkankrig 1912, 1913, första världskriget började på Balkan. It|was|Balkan War|first|world war|began|in|the Balkans There were the Balkan Wars in 1912, 1913, the First World War began in the Balkans.

Andra världskriget är en blodig historia på Balkan. The|World War|is|a|bloody|history|in|the Balkans The Second World War is a bloody history in the Balkans.

Så blev det även på 1990-talet. So|became|it|also|in|the 1990s It was the same in the 1990s.

Mer än 8 000 människor har dödats i Sarajevo under året. More|than|people|have|been killed|in|Sarajevo|during|the year More than 8,000 people have been killed in Sarajevo during the year.

Det här är en av de många parker- This|here|is|one|of|the|many|parks This is one of the many parks-

-som har gjorts om till begravningsplats. that|has|been|converted|into|cemetery -that have been converted into a cemetery.

Marschen mot frihetsgudinnan blev svårare i verkligheten. The march|towards|the Statue of Liberty|became|harder|in|reality The march towards the Statue of Liberty became harder in reality.

Är drömmen aktuell i dag, i en mer globaliserad värld? Is|dream|relevant|in|today|in|a|more|globalized|world Is the dream relevant today, in a more globalized world?

Många sa att nationalismen skulle minska i betydelse- Many|said|that|nationalism|would|decrease|in|significance Many said that nationalism would decrease in significance-

-men parallellt med den globala världsordningen- but|parallel|with|the|global|world order -but parallel to the global world order-

-så ser vi väldigt starka nationalistiska tendenser. then|see|we|very|strong|nationalist|tendencies -we see very strong nationalist tendencies.

Den attraktionskraft som nationalismen har i dag- The|attraction|that|nationalism|has|in|today The appeal that nationalism has today-

-har att göra med brister som skapas- has|to|do|with|deficiencies|that|are created -is related to the deficiencies that are created-

-de ojämlikheter som skapas utifrån den globala utvecklingen. |Ungleichheiten|||||| the|inequalities|that|are created|based on|the|global|development -the inequalities that are created from the global development.

Nationalismen var en ideologi som kom uppifrån- Nationalism|was|an|ideology|that|came|from above Nationalism was an ideology that came from above-

-som handlade om att du ska ställa upp för nationalstaten. that|was about|about|that|you|should|stand|up|for|nation state -that was about standing up for the nation-state.

Nu har den blivit en rörelse som vänder sig mot etablissemanget- Now|has|it|become|a|movement|that|turns|itself|against|the establishment Now it has become a movement that opposes the establishment-

-och nationalstaten. and|the national state -and the nation-state.

Så nationalismen har visat sig vara oerhört flexibel. So|nationalism|has|shown|itself|to be|incredibly|flexible So nationalism has proven to be incredibly flexible.

Svensktextning: Maria Grimstad Iyuno-SDI Group för UR Swedish subtitling|Maria|Grimstad|||Group|for|UR Swedish subtitles: Maria Grimstad Iyuno-SDI Group for UR