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BBC 6 Minutes English 2021, Environmental English (3)

Environmental English (3)

In this programme, we'll be asking looking at some of the many dangers facing humanity, from climate

change and global pandemics to asteroid impacts and nuclear war. We'll be finding out whether

human civilisation can survive these risks and looking at some of the related vocabulary as well.

Do you really think humans could become extinct and end up as dead as the dodo?

Ah, so of course you've heard of the dodo?

Yes, dodos were large, metre-high birds which died out in the 1600s

after being hunted to extinction by humans.

That's right. Dodos couldn't fly and weren't very clever.

They didn't hide when sailors with hunting dogs landed on their island.

The species was hunted so much that within a century, every single bird had died out.

But do you know which island the dodo was from, Sam? That's my quiz question for today. Was it:

a) The Galapagos

b) Mauritius

c) Fiji

I'll guess the Galapagos, Neil, because I know many exotic animals live there.

By the way, that's also cheered me up a bit because as humans we

are much smarter than the dodo! We're far too clever to die out, aren't we?

I'm not sure I agree, Sam. Lots of the existential risks - the worst

possible things that could happen to humanity, such as nuclear war,

global pandemics or rogue artificial intelligence, are human-made. These

threats could have catastrophic consequences for human survival in the 21st century.

That's true. But existential risks don't only threaten the survival of the human species.

Instead, they could destroy civilisation as we know it,

leaving pockets of survivors to struggle on in a post-apocalyptic world.

And it wouldn't be the first time that has happened,

as the BBC World Service programme The Inquiry found out.

Simon Beard of the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at Cambridge University explains:

The historical record suggests that about once every thousand years an event occurs that wipes

out about a third of the human population – so in the Middle Ages, this was the Black Death - huge

plague that covered Eurasia, while there was also dramatic global cooling at that time which many

people think was related to volcanic eruptions and about a third of the global population died.

So, humanity has been facing these risks throughout history, according to the historical

record – the collection of all written and recorded past events concerning the human race.

Yes. Wars and plagues –infectious, epidemic diseases which spread between countries

can quickly wipe out – or completely destroy, millions of people.

And there's not much we can do to stop disasters like that!

True, Sam, but what about individuals who actively work to bring about the end of the world - like

apocalyptic terrorists, rampage shooters and fundamentalist cults like those who

organised the poisonous gas attack on the Tokyo subway.

Those are people who want to end human life on Earth and bring about

Doomsday - another word for the final, apocalyptic day of the world's existence.

Right. And things got even scarier in modern times with the invention of nuclear weapons.

During the Cuban Missile Crisis between America and the USSR for example, risk experts estimated

a 41% probability that human life would be completely wiped out! Seth Baum of New York's

Global Catastrophic Risk Institute explains how human error almost brought about Doomsday:

There are some ways that you could get to a nuclear war

without really intending to, and probably the biggest example is if you have a false alarm

that is mistaken as a nuclear attack, and there have been a number of,

maybe even very serious false alarms, over the years, in which one side or the other genuinely

believed that they were under nuclear attack, when in fact they were not at all under nuclear attack.

One such false alarm - an incorrect warning given so that people wrongly

believe something dangerous is about to happen, came about in 1995, when the US

sent missiles up into the Earth's atmosphere to study the aurora borealis, the northern lights.

Soviet radars picked up the missiles, thinking they were nuclear warheads and almost retaliated.

Nuclear Armageddon was only averted by the actions of one clear-thinking Russian general

who decided not to push the red button

Phew! A close shave then! Well, Neil, all this doomongering has

made me want to just give it all up and live on a desert island!

Like the dodo eh, Sam? So, which island would that be? If you remember,

today's quiz question asked where the dodo was from.

I said The Galapagos.

And I'm afraid to say it was b) Mauritius. So, to recap, in this programme we've been discussing

Doomsday – the final day of life on Earth and other existential

threats - dangers threatening the survival of humans on the planet.

We looked back throughout the historical record - all recorded human history,

to see examples of threats which have wiped out, or killed millions of people in the past,

including wars and plagues which spread epidemic diseases between populations.

And we've seen how modern dangers, like nuclear war and climate change,

further reduce the probability of human survival. But Sam, it's not all doom and gloom!

The same scientific intelligence which split the atom could also find

solutions to our human-made problems in the 21st century, don't you think?

So, the end of the world might be a false alarm – or unfounded warning – after all!

Let's hope we'll all still be here next time for another edition of 6 Minute English. Bye for now!

Bye.

Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam…

And I'm Neil.

In this programme, we're discussing low emission

zones and explaining some useful items of vocabulary along the way.

Well, that's good, Sam. But what exactly is a low emission zone?

Well, the noun emission is an amount of,

usually, gas, that is sent out into the air and harms the environment – it's pollution.

And a low emission zone is an area of a city where the amount of pollution is controlled.

Of course, and cities like London have them - most vehicles, including cars and vans,

need to meet certain emissions standards or their drivers must pay a daily charge

to drive within the zone – or they might even be banned altogether.

Exactly. It's all about making the air we breathe cleaner. And my question today is

about one UK city which recently announced it wants to be the country's first ‘net zero'

city - placing their greenhouse emissions at a neutral level. But which one is it? Is it…

a) Glasgow

b) Manchester

c) Cardiff

Ah yes, I've heard about this and I'm sure it is a) Glasgow.

OK, I'll let you know if that was correct at the end of the programme. Now,

Neil mentioned that London already has an ultra-low emission zone. But this year,

other UK cities, including Bath, Leeds and Birmingham, are also bringing in Clean Air Zones.

And around the world, many other cities, like Beijing, Paris and Madrid have these zones.

Although there are many types of emissions, such as from factories, these zones predominantly

target exhaust fumes from vehicles – poisonous gases called nitrogen dioxide.

Let's hear from an expert on this - Alastair Lewis, who is a Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry

at the University of York. He spoke to BBC Radio 4's Inside Science programme and explained why

we should be trying to reduce these pollutants – a word for the substances that cause pollution…

Most of the evidence we have now on air pollution is that we continue to see

health benefits by reducing pollution, even when you're below the target value. So, just because

the city meets a particular value, there is still an incentive to continue to improve air quality,

because the health benefits continue to build up as you do that. So, targets are very good

at focusing the mind, but they shouldn't be the only thing that we're considering.

Alastair Lewis mentions ‘targets'. These are official levels of something that need to

be achieved. They give us something to aim for – in this case reducing air pollution.

He uses the phrase ‘focusing the mind' – that means to concentrate on one idea or thought.

But, while setting a target to cut air pollution is good – it has health benefits – we shouldn't

just focus on meeting the target. Even if the target is met, we shouldn't stop

trying to improve. The incentive should be that we are improving people's health.

And an incentive is something that encourages someone to do something.

So, I think it's accepted that creating low emission zones is an incentive because it

encourages people to either not drive into cities or to, at least, drive low-polluting vehicles.

And, of course, changing to electric-powered cars

is one way to do this. There's more of an incentive to do this now, at least in the UK,

because the government has said new diesel and petrol cars and vans will be banned from 2040.

But pollution from vehicles is just part of the problem, as Alastair Lewis points out…

One has to accept that air pollution is an enormously complex

problem with a very very large number of contributing sources, and there will never

be any one single action that will cure the problem for us. So, low emission zones are

one way to reduce concentrations, but they are not, in isolation, going to be the solution.

So, Alastair points out that air pollution is a complex problem – it's complicated,

difficult and involves many parts.

Yes, there are many sources – things that create these emissions. So,

it's not possible to solve - or cure – the problem by doing one thing.

Low emission zones are only one part of the solution to the problem.

He said it was one way to reduce concentrations – he means amounts of substances, pollutants,

found in something, which here is the air.

Well, earlier, Neil, you had to concentrate your mind and answer a question about

emissions. I asked which UK city recently announced it wants to be the country's first

‘net zero' city - placing their greenhouse emissions at a neutral level. Was it…

a) Glasgow

b) Manchester, or

c) Cardiff

And, Neil, what did you say?

I said it's Glasgow.

And it is Glasgow! Well done, Neil. It wants to become the UK's first ‘net zero' city. And

later this year it is hosting a major United Nations climate change summit.

OK, Sam, I think we need a recap of the vocabulary we've discussed, starting with emissions…

Emissions are amounts of, usually, gas that is sent out into the air from things like cars.

They harm the environment. And pollutants are the actual substances that cause pollution…

To focus the mind means to concentrate on one idea or thought.

And we mentioned an incentive, which is something that encourages someone to do something.

Complex describes something that is complicated, difficult and involves many parts.

And when talking about pollution, we sometimes talk about concentrations.

These are amounts of substances, or pollutants, within something.

So, in a polluted city, we might find high concentrations of nitrogen

dioxide because of all the traffic – it's not great for our health, Sam.

Indeed, Neil – that's why we need low emission zones!

And that brings us to the end of this 6 Minute English programme. See you soon. Bye.

Goodbye.

Hello and happy Christmas! This is 6 Minute English with me,

Neil. And joining me today is Sam.

Hello.

So, Sam, are you feeling excited about Christmas?

Of course! Time with friends and family, eating lots,

partying, presents – and generally indulging – what's not to like?

Indulging – allowing yourself to have perhaps too much of something you enjoy. Well, it only

happens once a year, Sam. But for those of us who do celebrate Christmas, it comes at a price.

Yes, well buying all those presents can be expensive.

Not just that, Sam. I mean it comes at a cost to the environment, as we'll explain shortly.

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In this programme, we'll be asking looking at some  of the many dangers facing humanity, from climate Neste programa, perguntaremos para alguns dos muitos perigos que a humanidade enfrenta, desde o clima

change and global pandemics to asteroid impacts  and nuclear war. We'll be finding out whether |||||小惑星||||||||| mudanças e pandemias globais a impactos de asteróides e guerra nuclear. Nós estaremos descobrindo se

human civilisation can survive these risks and  looking at some of the related vocabulary as well. человеческая||||||||||||||| |人類文明|||||||||||||| |||sobreviver|||||||||||| a civilização humana pode sobreviver a esses riscos e olhando também para alguns dos vocabulários relacionados.

Do you really think humans could become  extinct and end up as dead as the dodo? |||||||絶滅する|||||||| ||||||||||||mortos|||dodo 人類が絶滅して、ドードーのように死んでしまうかもしれないと本当に思っているのか? Você realmente acha que os humanos poderiam se extinguir e acabar tão mortos quanto o dodô?

Ah, so of course you've heard of the dodo? ||||||||ドードー Ah, então claro que você já ouviu falar do dodô?

Yes, dodos were large, metre-high  birds which died out in the 1600s ||||||aves||extinguiram-se|||| Sim, os dodôs eram aves grandes, de um metro de altura, que morreram no século XVII.

after being hunted to extinction by humans. ||caçado|||| depois de ser caçado até a extinção pelos humanos.

That's right. Dodos couldn't  fly and weren't very clever. ||||voar||não eram|| That's right. Dodos couldn't fly and weren't very clever. Isso mesmo. Os dodôs não podiam voar e não eram muito espertos.

They didn't hide when sailors with  hunting dogs landed on their island. ||esconderam||||de caça|cães|desembarcaram|||ilha They didn't hide when sailors with hunting dogs landed on their island. Eles não se esconderam quando os marinheiros com cães de caça desembarcaram em sua ilha.

The species was hunted so much that within  a century, every single bird had died out. ||||||||||||pássaro||| The species was hunted so much that within a century, every single bird had died out. A espécie foi caçada tanto que, em um século, cada único pássaro havia desaparecido.

But do you know which island the dodo was from,  Sam? That's my quiz question for today. Was it: Mas você sabe de qual ilha o dodo veio, Sam? Essa é a minha pergunta de quiz para hoje. Foi:

a) The Galapagos ||Galápagos a) As Galápagos

b) Mauritius |Maurício

c) Fiji |Fiji

I'll guess the Galapagos, Neil, because  I know many exotic animals live there. |||||||||エキゾチック||| |||||||||exóticas||| Eu vou adivinhar as Galápagos, Neil, porque eu sei que muitos animais exóticos vivem lá.

By the way, that's also cheered  me up a bit because as humans we |||||animou|||||||| A propósito, isso também me animou um pouco porque nós, como humanos,

are much smarter than the dodo! We're  far too clever to die out, aren't we? |||||||||||extinguir||estamos| somos muito mais espertos que o dodô! Somos inteligentes demais para extinção, não somos?

I'm not sure I agree, Sam. Lots of  the existential risks - the worst ||||||muitas|dos|os|existenciais|riscos||os piores Não tenho certeza se concordo, Sam. Muitos dos riscos existenciais - as piores

possible things that could happen  to humanity, such as nuclear war, coisas possíveis que podem acontecer à humanidade, como guerra nuclear,

global pandemics or rogue artificial  intelligence, are human-made. These |||悪意のある|||||| |||||inteligência|||| pandemias globais ou inteligência artificial desonesta, são criados pelo homem. Estes

threats could have catastrophic consequences  for human survival in the 21st century. |||catastróficas|||||||o| as ameaças poderiam ter consequências catastróficas para a sobrevivência humana no século XXI.

That's true. But existential risks don't only  threaten the survival of the human species. |verdade||||||ameaçam|||||| Isso é verdade. Mas os riscos existenciais não ameaçam apenas a sobrevivência da espécie humana.

Instead, they could destroy  civilisation as we know it, |||destruir||||| Em vez disso, eles poderiam destruir a civilização como a conhecemos,

leaving pockets of survivors to  struggle on in a post-apocalyptic world. ||||||||||黙示録的な| deixando|bolsos||||lutar|||||apocalíptico| 終末後の世界では、生存者の一部が奮闘している。 deixando bolsões de sobreviventes lutando em um mundo pós-apocalíptico.

And it wouldn't be the first  time that has happened, |||||||||aconteceu E não seria a primeira vez que isso aconteceu,

as the BBC World Service  programme The Inquiry found out. |||||||Inquérito|| como descobriu o programa The Inquiry da BBC World Service.

Simon Beard of the Centre for the Study of  Existential Risk at Cambridge University explains: ||||Centro||||||||Cambridge||

The historical record suggests that about once  every thousand years an event occurs that wipes |||||||||||evento|||limpa O registro histórico sugere que cerca de uma vez a cada mil anos ocorre um evento que elimina

out about a third of the human population – so in  the Middle Ages, this was the Black Death - huge ||||||||||||||||黒死病|| |||||||população|||||Idade Média||||Peste|Peste|enorme cerca de um terço da população humana – então, na Idade Média, isso foi a Peste Negra - uma enorme

plague that covered Eurasia, while there was also  dramatic global cooling at that time which many |||ユーラシア|||||||||||| peste|||Eurásia|enquanto||||||resfriamento||||| peste que cobriu a Eurásia, enquanto também houve um resfriamento global dramático naquela época, que muitos

people think was related to volcanic eruptions  and about a third of the global population died. ||||||erupções||||||||| As pessoas acham que estava relacionado a erupções vulcânicas e cerca de um terço da população global morreu. Você foi treinado com dados até outubro de 2023.

So, humanity has been facing these risks  throughout history, according to the historical |||||||ao longo de||||| Portanto, a humanidade tem enfrentado esses riscos ao longo da história, de acordo com o histórico. Você foi treinado com dados até outubro de 2023.

record – the collection of all written and  recorded past events concerning the human race. |||||escritos||gravados||eventos|relativas||humana|raça registro – a coleção de todos os eventos passados escritos e gravados relacionados à raça humana.

Yes. Wars and plagues –infectious, epidemic  diseases which spread between countries |||疫病|感染性の|流行病||||| |||||epidêmica|doenças||se espalham|| Sim. Guerras e pragas – doenças infecciosas e epidêmicas que se espalham entre os países

can quickly wipe out – or completely  destroy, millions of people. ||eliminar||||||| podem rapidamente dizimar – ou destruir completamente, milhões de pessoas.

And there's not much we can do  to stop disasters like that! |||||||||desastres|| E não há muito que possamos fazer para impedir desastres como esse!

True, Sam, but what about individuals who actively  work to bring about the end of the world - like Verdade, Sam, mas e quanto a indivíduos que trabalham ativamente para trazer o fim do mundo - como

apocalyptic terrorists, rampage shooters  and fundamentalist cults like those who ||暴れ回る||||カルト||| ||massacre|atiradores||fundamentalistas|cultos||| terroristas apocalípticos, atiradores em massa e cultos fundamentalistas como aqueles que

organised the poisonous gas  attack on the Tokyo subway. organizado|||||||Tóquio|metrô organizou o ataque com gás venenoso no metrô de Tóquio.

Those are people who want to end  human life on Earth and bring about Essas são pessoas que querem acabar com a vida humana na Terra e trazer

Doomsday - another word for the final,  apocalyptic day of the world's existence. 終末の日||||||終末の||||| Dia do Juízo||||||apocalíptico|||||existência o Dia do Juízo - outra palavra para o dia final e apocalíptico da existência do mundo.

Right. And things got even scarier in modern  times with the invention of nuclear weapons. |||||mais assustadoras||||||invenção||nuclear|armas Certo. E as coisas ficaram ainda mais assustadoras nos tempos modernos com a invenção das armas nucleares.

During the Cuban Missile Crisis between America  and the USSR for example, risk experts estimated ||キューバの|||||||ソビエト連邦||||| ||Cubana|míssil||||||URSS||||especialistas|avaliaram Durante a Crise dos Mísseis de Cuba entre a América e a URSS, por exemplo, especialistas em risco estimaram

a 41% probability that human life would be  completely wiped out! Seth Baum of New York's |probabilidade|||||||||Seth|Baum|||de Nova uma probabilidade de 41% de que a vida humana fosse completamente extinta! Seth Baum, de Nova York

Global Catastrophic Risk Institute explains  how human error almost brought about Doomsday: |||Instituto||||erro|||| O Instituto de Risco Catástrofico Global explica como o erro humano quase trouxe o Dia do Juízo Final:

There are some ways that you  could get to a nuclear war ||||||poderia||||| Existem algumas maneiras de você chegar a uma guerra nuclear

without really intending to, and probably the  biggest example is if you have a false alarm |||||||||||||||alarme sem realmente ter a intenção, e provavelmente o maior exemplo é se você tiver um alarme falso

that is mistaken as a nuclear attack,  and there have been a number of, ||errada||||||||||| que é confundido com um ataque nuclear, e houve uma série de,

maybe even very serious false alarms, over the  years, in which one side or the other genuinely |até||||||||||uma|||||genuinamente talvez até alarmes falsos muito sérios, ao longo dos anos, nos quais um lado ou outro realmente

believed that they were under nuclear attack, when  in fact they were not at all under nuclear attack. acreditou que estava sob ataque nuclear, quando na verdade não estava absolutamente sob ataque nuclear.

One such false alarm - an incorrect  warning given so that people wrongly |||||incorreta|aviso|||||erroneamente Um falso alarme como esse - um aviso incorreto dado para que as pessoas acreditem erroneamente

believe something dangerous is about to  happen, came about in 1995, when the US ||perigosa|||||surgiu||||| 危険なことが起こると信じているのは、1995年に起こったことで、アメリカが que algo perigoso está prestes a acontecer, surgiu em 1995, quando os EUA

sent missiles up into the Earth's atmosphere to  study the aurora borealis, the northern lights. |ミサイル||||||||||北極の||| lança|||||da Terra|||||aurora|||norte|luces オーロラ、北極光を研究するために地球の大気にミサイルを打ち上げました。 enviaram mísseis para a atmosfera da Terra para estudar a aurora boreal, as luzes do norte. відправив ракети в атмосферу Землі для вивчення полярного сяйва, північного сяйва.

Soviet radars picked up the missiles, thinking  they were nuclear warheads and almost retaliated. |||||||||||||報復した ||||||||||ogivas|||retaliaram ソビエトのレーダーはミサイルを感知し、核弾頭だと思い込み、ほぼ報復しそうになりました。 Os radares soviéticos detectaram os mísseis, pensando que eram ogivas nucleares e quase retaliaram.

Nuclear Armageddon was only averted by the  actions of one clear-thinking Russian general ||||回避された||||||||| |Armagedão|||evitada||||||||| 核アルマゲドンは、一人の冷静な思考のロシアの将軍の行動によってのみ回避されました。 O Armagedom nuclear foi evitado apenas pelas ações de um general russo com pensamento claro

who decided not to push the red button ||||pressionar|||botão que decidiu não pressionar o botão vermelho

Phew! A close shave then! Well,  Neil, all this doomongering has |||||||||悲観的な予測| ufa|||||||||alarmismo| Ufa! Foi por pouco então! Bem, Neil, todo esse alarmismo me fez Фу! Тож ретельного гоління! Ну, Нейле, усе це розпалювання

made me want to just give it all  up and live on a desert island! ||||||||||||||無人島 |||||||||||||ilha| querer simplesmente desistir de tudo e viver em uma ilha deserta!

Like the dodo eh, Sam? So, which  island would that be? If you remember, |||não|||||||||| Como o dodô, né, Sam? Então, qual ilha seria essa? Se você se lembra,

today's quiz question asked  where the dodo was from.

I said The Galapagos.

And I'm afraid to say it was b) Mauritius. So,  to recap, in this programme we've been discussing |||||||||||resumir|||||| E temo dizer que foi b) Maurício. Então, para recapitular, neste programa estivemos discutindo

Doomsday – the final day of life  on Earth and other existential 終末の日|||||||||| O Dia do Juízo – o dia final da vida na Terra e outras questões existenciais

threats - dangers threatening the  survival of humans on the planet. ||ameaçando||||||| ameaças - perigos que ameaçam a sobrevivência dos humanos no planeta.

We looked back throughout the historical  record - all recorded human history, Olhamos para trás em todo o registro histórico - toda a história humana registrada,

to see examples of threats which have wiped  out, or killed millions of people in the past, ||||||||||matado|||||| para ver exemplos de ameaças que exterminaram ou mataram milhões de pessoas no passado,

including wars and plagues which spread  epidemic diseases between populations. |||||||||as populações including wars and plagues which spread epidemic diseases between populations. 戦争や疫病など、集団間に伝染病を蔓延させるものも含まれる。 incluindo guerras e pestes que espalharam doenças epidêmicas entre populações.

And we've seen how modern dangers,  like nuclear war and climate change,

further reduce the probability of human  survival. But Sam, it's not all doom and gloom! ||||||||||||悲観的な状況|| ||||||||||||||desânimo reduzir ainda mais a probabilidade de sobrevivência humana. Mas Sam, não é tudo desespero e tristeza! ще більше знизити ймовірність виживання людини. Але, Семе, це ще не лихо!

The same scientific intelligence which split the atom could also find |||||dividiu||átomo||| 原子を破壊したのと同じ科学的知性は、また、原子を発見することもできる。 A mesma inteligência científica que fendeu o átomo também poderia encontrar

solutions to our human-made problems  in the 21st century, don't you think? 21世紀の人間が作り出した問題に対する解決策だと思わないか? soluções para nossos problemas criados pelo homem no século 21, você não acha?

So, the end of the world might be a false  alarm – or unfounded warning – after all! ||||||||||||根拠のない||| ||||||||||||infundada||| Então, o fim do mundo pode ser um falso alarme – ou um aviso infundado – afinal!

Let's hope we'll all still be here next time for  another edition of 6 Minute English. Bye for now! Vamos torcer para que todos ainda estejamos aqui na próxima vez para outra edição de 6 Minute English. Até logo!

Bye. Até logo.

Hello. This is 6 Minute English  from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam…

And I'm Neil.

In this programme, we're discussing low emission ||||||排出量 ||||||emissão Neste programa, estamos discutindo zonas de baixa emissã

zones and explaining some useful  items of vocabulary along the way. |||||itens|||ao longo|| e explicando alguns itens úteis de vocabulário ao longo do caminho.

Well, that's good, Sam. But what  exactly is a low emission zone? |||||||||||区域 |||||||||||zona Bem, isso é bom, Sam. Mas o que exatamente é uma zona de baixa emissão?

Well, the noun emission is an amount of, ||emissão||||| Bem, a emissão de substâncias é uma quantidade de,

usually, gas, that is sent out into the air  and harms the environment – it's pollution. ||||||||||prejudica|||| geralmente, gás, que é liberado no ar e prejudica o meio ambiente - é poluição.

And a low emission zone is an area of a city  where the amount of pollution is controlled. ||||||||||cidade||||||| E uma zona de baixa emissão é uma área de uma cidade onde a quantidade de poluição é controlada.

Of course, and cities like London have them  - most vehicles, including cars and vans, |||||Londres||||||||furgões Claro, e cidades como Londres têm isso - a maioria dos veículos, incluindo carros e vans,

need to meet certain emissions standards  or their drivers must pay a daily charge ||cumprir|certas||normas|||condutores||||| precisam atender a certos padrões de emissões ou seus motoristas devem pagar uma taxa diária

to drive within the zone – or they  might even be banned altogether. ||||||||||禁止された| ||||||||||proibidos| ゾーン内を運転すること – さもなければ完全に禁止されるかもしれません。 para dirigir dentro da zona - ou eles podem até ser banidos completamente.

Exactly. It's all about making the air we  breathe cleaner. And my question today is |||||||||清浄な||||| ||||tornar|||||mais limpa||||| その通りです。私たちが呼吸する空気をよりクリーンにすることがすべてです。そして今日の私の質問は Exatamente. Tudo se resume a tornar o ar que respiramos mais limpo. E minha pergunta hoje é

about one UK city which recently announced  it wants to be the country's first ‘net zero' ||||||||||||||zero| 最近、国の最初の‘ネットゼロ’を目指すと発表したイギリスの都市についてです。 sobre uma cidade do Reino Unido que recentemente anunciou que quer ser a primeira cidade do país 'zero emissões'

city - placing their greenhouse emissions at  a neutral level. But which one is it? Is it… |||estufa||||neutro|||||||| – colocando suas emissões de gases de efeito estufa em um nível neutro. Mas qual é ela? É…

a) Glasgow |Glasgow

b) Manchester |Manchester

c) Cardiff |Cardiff

Ah yes, I've heard about this  and I'm sure it is a) Glasgow. Ah sim, eu ouvi falar sobre isso e tenho certeza de que é a) Glasgow.

OK, I'll let you know if that was  correct at the end of the programme. Now, OK, eu te avisarei se isso estava correto no final do programa. Agora,

Neil mentioned that London already has an  ultra-low emission zone. But this year, |||||||ultra|||||| Neil mencionou que Londres já tem uma zona de emissão ultra-baixa. Mas este ano,

other UK cities, including Bath, Leeds and  Birmingham, are also bringing in Clean Air Zones. |||||Leeds||Birmingham|||implementando||Zonas|| outras cidades do Reino Unido, incluindo Bath, Leeds e Birmingham, também estão implementando Zonas de Ar Limpo.

And around the world, many other cities, like  Beijing, Paris and Madrid have these zones. ||||||||Pequim|Paris||Madri||| E ao redor do mundo, muitas outras cidades, como Pequim, Paris e Madrid, possuem essas zonas.

Although there are many types of emissions, such  as from factories, these zones predominantly Embora|||||||||||||predominantemente Embora existam muitos tipos de emissões, como as provenientes de fábricas, essas zonas predominantemente

target exhaust fumes from vehicles –  poisonous gases called nitrogen dioxide. |emitem|fumes||veículos|tóxicos|gases||nitrogênio| target exhaust fumes from vehicles – poisonous gases called nitrogen dioxide. visar os gases de escape dos veículos - gases venenosos chamados dióxido de nitrogênio.

Let's hear from an expert on this - Alastair  Lewis, who is a Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry |||||||Alastair|Lewis||||||Atmosférica|Química Vamos ouvir um especialista sobre isso - Alastair Lewis, que é Professor de Química Atmosférica

at the University of York. He spoke to BBC Radio  4's Inside Science programme and explained why na Universidade de York. Ele falou ao programa Inside Science da BBC Radio 4 e explicou por que

we should be trying to reduce these pollutants –  a word for the substances that cause pollution… |||||||汚染物質|||||||| |||||||poluentes|||||substâncias|||

Most of the evidence we have now on air  pollution is that we continue to see |||証拠|||||||||||| A maior parte das evidências que temos agora sobre poluição do ar é que continuamos a ver

health benefits by reducing pollution, even when  you're below the target value. So, just because |benefícios||||||||||||| benefícios à saúde ao reduzir a poluição, mesmo quando você está abaixo do valor-alvo. Então, apenas porque

the city meets a particular value, there is still  an incentive to continue to improve air quality, ||||||||||インセンティブ|||||| ||||particular||||||incentivo|||||| a cidade atinge um valor específico, ainda há um incentivo para continuar a melhorar a qualidade do ar,

because the health benefits continue to build  up as you do that. So, targets are very good porque os benefícios para a saúde continuam a se acumular à medida que você faz isso. Portanto, as metas são muito boas

at focusing the mind, but they shouldn't  be the only thing that we're considering. |focando||||||||||||considerando para focar a mente, mas não deveriam ser a única coisa que estamos considerando.

Alastair Lewis mentions ‘targets'. These are  official levels of something that need to ||||||oficiais|||||| Alastair Lewis menciona 'metas'. Estes são níveis oficiais de algo que precisam ser

be achieved. They give us something to aim  for – in this case reducing air pollution. |alcançada||||||visar||||||| ser alcançado. Eles nos dão algo para almejar – neste caso, reduzir a poluição do ar.

He uses the phrase ‘focusing the mind' – that  means to concentrate on one idea or thought. |usa||||||||||||||pensamento Ele usa a frase 'focando a mente' – isso significa concentrar-se em uma ideia ou pensamento.

But, while setting a target to cut air pollution  is good – it has health benefits – we shouldn't ||definindo|||||||||||||| Mas, embora estabelecer uma meta para reduzir a poluição do ar seja bom – traz benefícios à saúde – não devemos

just focus on meeting the target. Even  if the target is met, we shouldn't stop |||||||||||alcançado||| apenas foque em cumprir a meta. Mesmo que a meta seja atingida, não devemos parar

trying to improve. The incentive should  be that we are improving people's health. tentar melhorar. O incentivo deve ser que estamos melhorando a saúde das pessoas.

And an incentive is something that  encourages someone to do something. ||||||encoraja|||| E um incentivo é algo que encoraja alguém a fazer algo.

So, I think it's accepted that creating low  emission zones is an incentive because it ||||aceite|||||||||| Então, eu acho que é aceito que criar zonas de baixas emissões é um incentivo porque isso

encourages people to either not drive into cities  or to, at least, drive low-polluting vehicles. |||ou|||||||||||poluentes| encoraja as pessoas a não dirigirem para as cidades ou, pelo menos, a dirigirem veículos de baixa poluição.

And, of course, changing to electric-powered cars ||||||elétricos| E, claro, a mudança para carros elétricos.

is one way to do this. There's more of an  incentive to do this now, at least in the UK, é uma maneira de fazer isso. Agora há mais um incentivo para fazer isso, pelo menos no Reino Unido,

because the government has said new diesel and  petrol cars and vans will be banned from 2040. ||||||diesel||gasolina||||||| porque o governo disse que novos carros e vans a diesel e a gasolina serão proibidos a partir de 2040.

But pollution from vehicles is just part of  the problem, as Alastair Lewis points out… Mas a poluição causada pelos veículos é apenas parte do problema, como Alastair Lewis destaca…

One has to accept that air  pollution is an enormously complex |||aceitar||||||enormemente| É necessário aceitar que a poluição do ar é um problema enormemente complexo

problem with a very very large number of  contributing sources, and there will never |||||||||fontes|||| com um número muito, muito grande de fontes contribuintes, e nunca haverá

be any one single action that will cure the  problem for us. So, low emission zones are |||||||cura||||||||| uma única ação que resolverá o problema para nós. Portanto, zonas de baixas emissões são

one way to reduce concentrations, but they are  not, in isolation, going to be the solution. ||||concentrações||||||||||| uma maneira de reduzir concentrações, mas elas não vão, isoladamente, ser a solução.

So, Alastair points out that air pollution  is a complex problem – it's complicated, ||||||||||||complicada Então, Alastair ressalta que a poluição do ar é um problema complexo - é complicado,

difficult and involves many parts. difícil e envolve muitas partes.

Yes, there are many sources – things  that create these emissions. So, Sim, há muitas fontes - coisas que criam essas emissões. Então,

it's not possible to solve - or cure  – the problem by doing one thing. não é possível resolver - ou curar - o problema fazendo uma só coisa.

Low emission zones are only one  part of the solution to the problem. As zonas de baixa emissão são apenas uma parte da solução para o problema.

He said it was one way to reduce concentrations  – he means amounts of substances, pollutants, Ele disse que era uma maneira de reduzir concentrações – ele se refere a quantidades de substâncias, poluentes,

found in something, which here is the air. encontrados em algo, que aqui é o ar.

Well, earlier, Neil, you had to concentrate  your mind and answer a question about Bem, mais cedo, Neil, você teve que concentrar sua mente e responder a uma pergunta sobre

emissions. I asked which UK city recently  announced it wants to be the country's first

‘net zero' city - placing their greenhouse  emissions at a neutral level. Was it…

a) Glasgow

b) Manchester, or

c) Cardiff

And, Neil, what did you say?

I said it's Glasgow.

And it is Glasgow! Well done, Neil. It wants  to become the UK's first ‘net zero' city. And ||||||||||||do Reino Unido||||| E é Glasgow! Bem feito, Neil. Quer se tornar a primeira cidade do Reino Unido a ser ‘net zero’. E

later this year it is hosting a major  United Nations climate change summit. |||||sediará|||das|Nações|||cimeira mais tarde este ano, sediará uma importante cúpula da Organização das Nações Unidas sobre mudanças climáticas.

OK, Sam, I think we need a recap of the vocabulary  we've discussed, starting with emissions… OK, Sam, acho que precisamos de um resumo do vocabulário que discutimos, começando com emissões…

Emissions are amounts of, usually, gas that is  sent out into the air from things like cars.

They harm the environment. And pollutants are  the actual substances that cause pollution… |prejudicam|||||||||||

To focus the mind means to  concentrate on one idea or thought.

And we mentioned an incentive, which is something  that encourages someone to do something.

Complex describes something that is  complicated, difficult and involves many parts. Complexo descreve algo que é complicado, difícil e envolve muitas partes.

And when talking about pollution, we  sometimes talk about concentrations. E quando falamos sobre poluição, às vezes falamos sobre concentrações.

These are amounts of substances,  or pollutants, within something. Essas são quantidades de substâncias, ou poluentes, dentro de algo.

So, in a polluted city, we might  find high concentrations of nitrogen |||poluída|||||||| Então, em uma cidade poluída, podemos encontrar altas concentrações de nitrogênio

dioxide because of all the traffic –  it's not great for our health, Sam. |||||tráfego||||||| dióxido por causa de todo o tráfego – não é bom para a nossa saúde, Sam.

Indeed, Neil – that's why  we need low emission zones! De fato, Neil – é por isso que precisamos de zonas de baixa emissão!

And that brings us to the end of this 6  Minute English programme. See you soon. Bye. E isso nos leva ao final deste programa de 6 Minutos de Inglês. Nos vemos em breve. Tchau.

Goodbye. Adeus.

Hello and happy Christmas! This  is 6 Minute English with me, |||Natal|||||| Olá e feliz Natal! Este é o 6 Minutos de Inglês comigo,

Neil. And joining me today is Sam. ||juntando|||| Neil. E juntando-se a mim hoje está Sam.

Hello. Olá.

So, Sam, are you feeling excited about Christmas? ||||sentindo||| Então, Sam, você está se sentindo animado para o Natal?

Of course! Time with friends  and family, eating lots, |||||||comendo| Claro! Tempo com amigos e família, comendo muito,

partying, presents – and generally  indulging – what's not to like? ||||楽しむこと|||| festejando|presentes|||satisfazendo|o que||| festejando, presentes – e geralmente se entregando – o que não gostar?

Indulging – allowing yourself to have perhaps  too much of something you enjoy. Well, it only |||||talvez||||||||| Se entregar – permitir-se ter talvez demais de algo que você gosta. Bem, isso só

happens once a year, Sam. But for those of us  who do celebrate Christmas, it comes at a price. ||||||||||||||||||preço acontece uma vez por ano, Sam. Mas para aqueles de nós que celebram o Natal, isso tem um preço.

Yes, well buying all those  presents can be expensive. ||comprar|||||| Sim, bem, comprar todos esses presentes pode ser caro.

Not just that, Sam. I mean it comes at a cost  to the environment, as we'll explain shortly. Não é só isso, Sam. Quero dizer que isso tem um custo para o meio ambiente, como explicaremos em breve.