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It`s Okay To Be Smart, How the Zebra REALLY Got Its Stripes

How the Zebra REALLY Got Its Stripes

The living world is a universe of shapes and patterns. Beautiful, complex,

and sometimes strange. And beneath all of them is a mystery: How does so much variety

arise from the same simple ingredients: cells and their chemical instructions?

There is one elegant idea that describes many of biology's varied patterns,

from spots to stripes and in between. It's a code written not in the language of DNA, but in math.

Can simple equations really explain something as messy and un-predictable as the living world?

How accurately can mathematics truly predict reality?

Could there really be one universal code that explains all of this?

[OPEN]

Hey smart people, Joe here.

What color is a zebra? Black with white stripes? Or… white with black stripes?

This is not a trick question. The answer? Is black with white

stripes. And we know that because some zebras are born without their stripes.

It might make you wonder, why do zebras have stripes to begin with? A biologist might answer

that question like this: the stripes aid in camouflage from predators. And that would

be wrong. The stripes actual purpose? Is most likely to confuse bloodthirsty biting flies. Yep.

But that answer really just tells us what the stripes do.

Not where the stripes come from, or why patterns like this are even possible.

Our best answer to those questions doesn't come from a biologist at all.

In 1952, mathematician Alan Turing published a set of surprisingly simple mathematical rules

that can explain many of the patterns that we see in nature, ranging from stripes to spots

to labyrinth-like waves and even geometric mosaics. All now known as “Turing patterns”

Most people know Alan Turing as a famous wartime codebreaker, and the father of modern computing.

You might not know that many of the problems that most fascinated him throughout his life were,

well, about life: About biology.

But why would a mathematician be interested in biology in the first place?

That's a really good question!

I'm Dr. Natasha Ellison, and I'm from the University of Sheffield, which is in the UK.

I think so many mathematicians are interested in biology because it's so complicated and there's

so much we don't know about it. If you think about a living system, like a human being,

there's just so many different things going on. And really, we don't know everything.

The movements of animals, population trends, evolutionary relationships,

interactions between genes, or how diseases spread. All of these are

biological problems where mathematical models can help describe and predict what we see in

real life. But mathematical biology is also useful for describing things we can't see.

Joe (05:44) What do you say when people ask,

why should we care about math in biology?

Natasha (05:54): Why should we care

about what mathematics describes in biology?

The reason is because there's things about biology that we can't observe.

We can't follow every animal all the time in the wild, or observe their every moment.

It's impossible to measure every gene and chemical in a living thing at every instant.

Mathematical models can help make sense of these unobservable things. And one of the

most difficult things to observe in biology is the delicate process of how living things grow

and get their shape. Alan Turing called this “morphogenesis”, the “generation of form”.

In 1952, Turing published a paper called “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis”.

In it was a series of equations describing how complex shapes like these

can arise spontaneously from simple initial conditions.

According to Turing's model, all it takes to form these patterns is two chemicals, spreading out the

same way atoms of a gas will fill a box, and reacting with one another. Turing called these

chemicals “morphogens.” But there was one crucial difference: Instead of spreading out evenly,

these chemicals spread out at different rates. Natasha (15:49):

So the way that we create a Turing pattern is with some equations called reaction-diffusion

equations. And usually they describe how two or possibly more chemicals are moving around

and reacting with each other. So diffusion is the process of sort of spreading out.

So if you can imagine, I don't know, if you had a dish with two chemicals

in (GFX). They're both spreading out across the dish, they're both reacting with each other.

This is what reaction-diffusion equations are describing.

This was Turing's first bit of genius. To combine these two

ideas–diffusion and reaction–to explain patterns.

Because diffusion on its own doesn't create patterns. Just think of ink in water.

Simple reactions don't create patterns either. Reactants become products and… that's that.

Natasha (20:48): Everybody thought back

then that if you introduce diffusion into systems, it would stabilize it.

And that would basically make it boring. What I mean by that is you wouldn't see a lovely pattern.

You'd have an animal, just one color, but actually Turing showed that when you introduce diffusion

into these reacting chemical systems, it can destabilize and form these amazing patterns.

A “reaction-diffusion system” may sound intimidating, but it's actually pretty simple:

There are two chemicals. An activator & an inhibitor. The activator makes more of itself

and makes inhibitor, while the inhibitor turns off the activator.

How can this be translated to actual biological patterns? Imagine a cheetah with no spots. We

can think of its fur as a dry forest. In this really dry forest, little fires break out.

But firefighters are also stationed throughout our forest, and they can travel faster than the

fire. The fires can't be put out from the middle, so they outrun the fire and spray it back from the

edges. We're left with blackened spots surrounded by unburned trees in our cheetah forest.

Fire is like the activator chemical: It makes more of itself. The firefighters

are the inhibitor chemical, reacting to the fire and extinguishing it. Fire

and firefighters both spread, or diffuse, throughout the forest. The key to getting

spots (and not an all-black cheetah) is that the firefighters spread faster than the fire.

And by adjusting a few simple variables like that,

Turing's simple set of mathematical rules can create a staggering variety of patterns.

Natasha (34:18): These equations that

produce spotted patterns like cheetahs, the exact same equations can also produce stripy patterns

or even a combination of the two. And that depends on different numbers inside the equations. For

example, there's a number that describes how fast the fire chemical will produce itself.

There's a number that describes how fast the fire chemical would diffuse and how fast

the water chemical would diffuse as well. And all of these different numbers inside the equations

can be altered very slightly. And then we'd see instead of a spotted pattern, a stripy pattern.

And one other thing that affects the pattern is the shape you're creating the pattern on.

A circle or a square is one thing, but animals' skins aren't simple geometric shapes. When

Turing's mathematical rules play out on irregular surfaces, different patterns can form on different

parts. And often, when we look at nature, this predicted mix of patterns is what we see.

We think of stripes and spots as very different shapes, but they might be

two versions of the same thing, identical rules playing out on different surfaces.

Turing's 1952 article was… largely ignored at the time.

Perhaps because it was overshadowed by other groundbreaking discoveries in biology,

like Watson & Crick's 1953 paper describing the double helix structure of DNA. Or perhaps

because the world simply wasn't ready to hear the ideas of a mathematician when it came to biology.

But after the 1970s, when scientists Alfred Gierer and Hans Meinhardt

rediscovered Turing patterns in a paper of their own, biologists began to take notice.

And they started to wonder: Creating biological patterns using mathematics may work on paper,

or inside of computers. But how are these patterns *actually* created in nature?

It's been a surprisingly sticky question to untangle. Turing's mathematics simply

and elegantly model reality, but to truly prove Turing right, biologists needed to

find actual morphogens: chemicals or proteins inside cells that do what Turing's model predicts.

And just recently, after decades of searching, biologists have finally begun to find molecules

that fit the math. The ridges on the roof of a mouse's mouth, the spacing of bird feathers

or the hair on your arms, even the toothlike denticle scales of sharks:

All of these patterns are sculpted in developing organisms by the diffusion

and reaction of molecular morphogens, just as Turing's math predicted.

But as simple and elegant as Turing's math is, some living systems have proven to be

a bit more complex. In the developing limbs of mammals, for example, three

different activator/inhibitor signals interact in elaborate ways to create the pattern of fingers:

Stripe-like signals, alternating on and off. Like 1s and 0s. A binary pattern of… digits.

Sadly, Alan Turing never lived to see his genius recognized. The same year he

published his paper on biological patterns, he admitted to being in a homosexual relationship,

which at the time was a criminal offense in the United Kingdom. Rather than go to prison,

he submitted to chemical castration treatment with synthetic hormones. Two years later, in

June of 1954, at the age of 41, he was found dead from cyanide poisoning, likely a suicide. In 2013,

Turing was finally pardoned by Queen Elizabeth, nearly 60 years after his tragic death.

Now I don't like to make scientists sound like mythical heroes. Even the greatest discoveries

are the result of failure after failure and are almost always built on the work of many others,

they're never plucked out of the aether and put in someone's head by some angel of genius.

But that being said, Alan Turing's work decoding

zebra stripes and leopard spots leaves no doubt that he truly was a singular mind

Natasha (37:55): The equations that produce these patterns,

we can't easily solve them with pen and paper. And in most cases we can't at all,

and we need computers to help us. So what's really amazing is that when Alan Turing was writing

these theories and studying these equations, he didn't have the computers that we have today.

Natasha (39:01):

So this here is some of Alan's Turing's notes that were found in his house when he died.

If you can see that, you'll notice that they're not actually numbers.

Joe (39:17): It's like a secret code!

Natasha (39:20): Yeah. It's like a secret

code. It's his secret code. It's in binary actually, but instead of writing binary out,

because you've got the five digits, he had this other code that kind of coded out the binary. So

Alan Turing could describe the equations in this way that required millions of

calculations by a computer, but you didn't really have, you know,

really didn't have a fast computer to do it. So it would have taken him absolutely ages.

Joe (40:15) What has

the world missed out on by the fact that we lost Alan Turing?

Natasha (40:25): It's extremely hard

to describe what the world's missed out on with losing Alan Turing. Because so often he

couldn't communicate his thoughts to other people because they were so far ahead of other people

and they were so complicated. They seemed to come out of nowhere sometimes.

Natasha (25:52) When you read accounts

of people who knew him, they were saying the same thing. We don't know where we got this idea from,

Natasha (40:42) So what, what he could have achieved.

I don't think anyone could possibly say. Natasha (42:14)

I have no idea where we would have got to, but it would have been brilliant.

One war historian estimated that the work of Turing and his fellow codebreakers shortened

World War II in Europe by more than two years, saving perhaps 14 million lives in the process.

And after the war, Turing was instrumental in developing the core logical programming at the

heart of every computer on Earth today, including the one you're watching this video on.

And decades later, his lifelong fascination with the mathematics underlying nature's beauty

has inspired completely new questions in biology.

Doing any one of these things would be worth celebrating. To do all of them is the mark

of a rare and special mind. One that could see that the true beauty of mathematics is

not just its ability to describe reality, it is to deepen our understanding of it.

Stay curious.

How the Zebra REALLY Got Its Stripes como|a|zebra|realmente|obteve|suas|listras Wie das Zebra WIRKLICH seine Streifen bekam Cómo se hicieron realmente las rayas de la cebra Comment le zèbre a-t-il réellement obtenu ses rayures ? シマウマの縞模様の由来 얼룩말이 줄무늬를 갖게 된 진짜 이유 Hoe de zebra ECHT zijn strepen kreeg Jak zebra NAPRAWDĘ ma swoje paski? Как зебра на самом деле получила свои полоски Zebra Çizgilerini Gerçekte Nasıl Aldı? Як зебра насправді отримала свої смужки 斑馬的條紋是如何形成的 Como a Zebra REALMENTE Obteve Suas Listras

from spots to stripes and in between. It's a code written not in the language of DNA, but in math. de|manchas|a|listras|e|entre|elas|é|um|código|escrito|não|em|a|linguagem|de|DNA|mas|em|matemática desde manchas até listras e tudo mais. É um código escrito não na linguagem do DNA, mas em matemática.

Can simple equations really explain something as messy and un-predictable as the living world? pode|simples|equações|realmente|explicar|algo|tão|bagunçado|e|||como|o|vivo|mundo ¿Pueden las ecuaciones simples explicar realmente algo tan desordenado e impredecible como el mundo vivo? Podem equações simples realmente explicar algo tão bagunçado e imprevisível quanto o mundo vivo?

[OPEN] [ABERTO] [ABERTO]

Hey smart people, Joe here. olá|inteligentes|pessoas|Joe|aqui Oi pessoas inteligentes, Joe aqui.

What color is a zebra? Black with white stripes? Or… white with black stripes? que|cor|é|uma|zebra|preta|com|brancas|listras|ou|branca|com|pretas|listras Qual é a cor de uma zebra? Preta com listras brancas? Ou… branca com listras pretas?

This is not a trick question. The answer? Is black with white isso|é|não|uma|pegadinha|pergunta|||||| Esta não é uma pergunta capciosa. A resposta? É preto com branco.

stripes. And we know that because some zebras are born without their stripes. listras|||||||||||| listras. E sabemos disso porque algumas zebras nascem sem suas listras.

It might make you wonder, why do zebras have stripes to begin with? A biologist might answer |||||||zebras||listras||||||| Quizás se pregunte por qué las cebras tienen rayas. Un biólogo podría responder Isso pode fazer você se perguntar, por que as zebras têm listras para começar? Um biólogo poderia responder

Not where the stripes come from, or why patterns like this are even possible. não|onde|as|listras|vêm|de|ou|por que|padrões|como|este|são|até|possíveis Não de onde vêm as listras, ou por que padrões como este são até possíveis.

In 1952, mathematician Alan Turing published a set of surprisingly simple mathematical rules |||Turing|||||||| em|matemático|Alan|Turing|publicou|um|conjunto|de|surpreendentemente|simples|matemáticas|regras Em 1952, o matemático Alan Turing publicou um conjunto de regras matemáticas surpreendentemente simples

that can explain many of the patterns that we see in nature, ranging from stripes to spots que|podem|explicar|muitos|dos|os|padrões|que|nós|vemos|em|natureza|variando|de|listras|a|manchas que podem explicar muitos dos padrões que vemos na natureza, variando de listras a manchas

to labyrinth-like waves and even geometric mosaics. All now known as “Turing patterns” a|||ondas|e|até|geométricas|mosaicos|todos|agora|conhecidos|como|Turing|padrões a ondas em labirinto e até mosaicos geométricos. Todos agora conhecidos como "padrões de Turing"

You might not know that many of the problems that most fascinated him throughout his life were, você|pode|não|saber|que|muitos|dos|os|problemas|que|mais|fascinavam|ele|ao longo de|sua|vida|eram Você pode não saber que muitos dos problemas que mais o fascinaram ao longo de sua vida eram,

well, about life: About biology. bem|sobre|vida|sobre|biologia bem, sobre a vida: Sobre biologia.

That's a really good question! isso é|uma|realmente|boa|pergunta Essa é uma pergunta realmente boa!

I'm Dr. Natasha Ellison, and I'm from the University of Sheffield, which is in the UK. ||Natasha|Ellison|||||||Sheffield||||| eu sou|Dr|Natasha|Ellison|e|eu sou|de|a|Universidade|de|Sheffield|que|está|em|o|Reino Unido Eu sou a Dra. Natasha Ellison, e sou da Universidade de Sheffield, que fica no Reino Unido.

so much we don't know about it. If you think about a living system, like a human being, |||||sobre||||||um|vivo|sistema|como|um|humano|ser tanto que não sabemos sobre isso. Se você pensar em um sistema vivo, como um ser humano,

Natasha (05:54): Why should we care Natasha|por que|devemos|nós|nos importar Natasha (05:54): Por que devemos nos importar

It's impossible to measure every gene and chemical in a living thing at every instant. ||||||||||||||Augenblick é|impossível|a|medir|cada|gene|e|químico|em|um|vivo|ser|em|cada|instante É impossível medir cada gene e químico em um ser vivo a cada instante.

and get their shape. Alan Turing called this “morphogenesis”, the “generation of form”. ||||||||Morphogenese|||| e|obtêm|sua|forma|Alan|Turing|chamou|isso|morfogênese|a|geração|de|forma e obtêm sua forma. Alan Turing chamou isso de “morfogênese”, a “geração de forma”.

According to Turing's model, all it takes to form these patterns is two chemicals, spreading out the ||Turings|||||||||||||| segundo|a|Turing|modelo|tudo|isso|leva|a|formar|esses|padrões|é|dois|químicos|espalhando|para fora|da De acordo com o modelo de Turing, tudo o que é necessário para formar esses padrões são dois produtos químicos, se espalhando da

same way atoms of a gas will fill a box, and reacting with one another. Turing called these |||||||||||||||Turing|chamou|esses mesma forma que átomos de um gás preencherão uma caixa, e reagindo entre si. Turing chamou esses

chemicals “morphogens.” But there was one crucial difference: Instead of spreading out evenly, |Morphogene||||||||||| ||mas|havia|era|uma|crucial|diferença|em vez de|de|espalhar|para fora|uniformemente produtos químicos de “morfogenes.” Mas havia uma diferença crucial: em vez de se espalharem uniformemente,

So the way that we create a Turing pattern is with some equations called reaction-diffusion então|o|modo|que|nós|criamos|um|de Turing|padrão|é|com|algumas|equações|chamadas|| Então, a maneira como criamos um padrão de Turing é com algumas equações chamadas de reação-difusão

and reacting with each other. So diffusion is the process of sort of spreading out. |||||então|difusão|é|o|processo|de|tipo|de|espalhar|para fora e reagindo entre si. Então, a difusão é o processo de meio que se espalhar.

So if you can imagine, I don't know, if you had a dish with two chemicals então|se|você|puder|imaginar|eu|não|sei|se|você|tivesse|um|prato|com|dois|produtos químicos Então, se você puder imaginar, não sei, se você tivesse um prato com dois produtos químicos

in (GFX). They're both spreading out across the dish, they're both reacting with each other. |GFX(1)|||||||Platte|||||| em|(GFX)|eles estão|ambos|se espalhando|para fora|por|o|prato|eles estão|ambos|reagindo|com|cada|um ao outro (GFX). Ambos estão se espalhando pelo prato, eles estão reagindo um com o outro.

This is what reaction-diffusion equations are describing. isso|é|o que|||equações|estão|descrevendo É isso que as equações de reação-difusão estão descrevendo.

Simple reactions don't create patterns either. Reactants become products and… that's that. ||||||Reaktanten||||| simples|reações|não|criam|padrões|também|reagentes|tornam-se|produtos|e|isso é|isso Simpele reacties creëren ook geen patronen. Reactanten worden producten en... dat is dat. Reações simples também não criam padrões. Reagentes se tornam produtos e… é isso.

Natasha (20:48): Everybody thought back Natasha|todos|pensaram|de volta Natasha (20:48): Todo mundo pensou de volta

A “reaction-diffusion system” may sound intimidating, but it's actually pretty simple: uma|||sistema|pode|soar|intimidante|mas|é|na verdade|bastante|simples Um "sistema de reação-difusão" pode parecer intimidador, mas na verdade é bem simples:

There are two chemicals. An activator & an inhibitor. The activator makes more of itself |||||Aktivator||Inhibitor|||||| há|são|dois|químicos|um|ativador|um|inibidor|o|ativador|faz|mais|de|si mesmo Є дві хімічні речовини. Активатор та інгібітор. Активатор робить більше з себе Existem dois produtos químicos. Um ativador e um inibidor. O ativador faz mais de si mesmo

Fire is like the activator chemical: It makes more of itself. The firefighters fogo|é|como|o|ativador|químico|ele|faz|mais|de|si mesmo|os|bombeiros O fogo é como o ativador químico: ele gera mais de si mesmo. Os bombeiros

are the inhibitor chemical, reacting to the fire and extinguishing it. Fire são|o|inibidor|químico|reagindo|a|o|fogo|e|extinguindo|ele|fogo são o inibidor químico, reagindo ao fogo e apagando-o. O fogo

spots (and not an all-black cheetah) is that the firefighters spread faster than the fire. manchas (e não uma chita toda preta) é que os bombeiros se espalham mais rápido do que o fogo.

Natasha (34:18): These equations that Natasha|essas|equações|que Natasha (34:18): Essas equações que

can be altered very slightly. And then we'd see instead of a spotted pattern, a stripy pattern. |||||||||||||||gestreiftes| pode|ser|alterado|muito|levemente|e|então|nós teríamos|ver|em vez|de|um|manchado|padrão|um|listrado|padrão kan zeer licht gewijzigd worden. En dan zouden we in plaats van een gevlekt patroon een gestreept patroon zien. pode ser alterado muito levemente. E então veríamos, em vez de um padrão manchado, um padrão listrado.

like Watson & Crick's 1953 paper describing the double helix structure of DNA. Or perhaps ||Cricks|||||Helix||||| como|Watson|Crick|artigo|descrevendo|a|dupla|hélice|estrutura|de|DNA|| como o artigo de Watson & Crick de 1953 descrevendo a estrutura de dupla hélice do DNA. Ou talvez

But after the 1970s, when scientists Alfred Gierer and Hans Meinhardt |||||||Gierer|||Meinhardt mas|depois de|a|década de 1970|quando|cientistas|Alfred|Gierer|e|Hans|Meinhardt Mas após a década de 1970, quando os cientistas Alfred Gierer e Hans Meinhardt

It's been a surprisingly sticky question to untangle. Turing's mathematics simply ||||klebrige|||entwirren||| é|sido|uma|surpreendentemente|pegajosa|questão|a|desvendar|de Turing|matemática|simplesmente Tem sido uma pergunta surpreendentemente difícil de desvendar. A matemática de Turing simplesmente

find actual morphogens: chemicals or proteins inside cells that do what Turing's model predicts. encontrar||||||||||||| encontrar morfógenos reais: substâncias químicas ou proteínas dentro das células que fazem o que o modelo de Turing prevê.

And just recently, after decades of searching, biologists have finally begun to find molecules |||||de|||||||| E, recentemente, após décadas de busca, os biólogos finalmente começaram a encontrar moléculas

that fit the math. The ridges on the roof of a mouse's mouth, the spacing of bird feathers que se ajustan a las matemáticas. Las crestas del techo de la boca de un ratón, el espaciado de las plumas de los pájaros... die passen bij de wiskunde. De ribbels op het dak van de mond van een muis, de afstand tussen vogelveren que se encaixam na matemática. As cristas no teto da boca de um rato, o espaçamento das penas de pássaros

or the hair on your arms, even the toothlike denticle scales of sharks: |||||||||Zähnchen||| ou|os|pelos|em|seus|braços|até|as|semelhantes a dentes|dentículos|escamas|de|tubarões o el vello de los brazos, incluso las escamas dentadas de los tiburones: of het haar op je armen, zelfs de tandachtige tandschubben van haaien: або волосся на ваших руках, або навіть схожа на зуби луска акул: ou os pelos dos seus braços, até as escamas dentadas semelhantes a dentes dos tubarões:

All of these patterns are sculpted in developing organisms by the diffusion todos|de|esses|padrões|são|esculpidos|em|desenvolvimento|organismos|pela||difusão Todos estos patrones se esculpen en los organismos en desarrollo por la difusión Todos esses padrões são esculpidos em organismos em desenvolvimento pela difusão

and reaction of molecular morphogens, just as Turing's math predicted. e||||||como|de Turing|matemática| e reação de morfógenos moleculares, assim como a matemática de Turing previu.

But as simple and elegant as Turing's math is, some living systems have proven to be ||||||||||||||a|ser Mas, por mais simples e elegante que seja a matemática de Turing, alguns sistemas vivos provaram ser

a bit more complex. In the developing limbs of mammals, for example, three um|pouco|mais|complexo||||||||| um pouco mais complexo. Nos membros em desenvolvimento dos mamíferos, por exemplo, três

different activator/inhibitor signals interact in elaborate ways to create the pattern of fingers: diferentes|||sinais|interagem|em|elaboradas|maneiras|para|criar|o|padrão|de|dedos sinais de ativação/inibição diferentes interagem de maneiras elaboradas para criar o padrão dos dedos:

Stripe-like signals, alternating on and off. Like 1s and 0s. A binary pattern of… digits. |como||||e|||0s|||um|binário|padrão|de|dígitos Señales en forma de rayas que se encienden y apagan alternativamente. Como 1s y 0s. Un patrón binario de... dígitos. Sinais em forma de listras, alternando entre ligado e desligado. Como 1s e 0s. Um padrão binário de… dígitos.

which at the time was a criminal offense in the United Kingdom. Rather than go to prison, que|na|a|época|era|uma|criminal|ofensa|em|o|Reino|Unido|Em vez de|de|ir|a|prisão que na época era uma ofensa criminal no Reino Unido. Em vez de ir para a prisão,

he submitted to chemical castration treatment with synthetic hormones. Two years later, in |unterzog||||||||||| ele|se submeteu|a|química|castração|tratamento|com|sintéticas|hormonas|||| se sometió a un tratamiento de castración química con hormonas sintéticas. Dos años más tarde, en ele se submeteu a um tratamento de castração química com hormônios sintéticos. Dois anos depois, em

June of 1954, at the age of 41, he was found dead from cyanide poisoning, likely a suicide. In 2013, junho|de|aos|a|idade|de|ele|foi|encontrado|morto|por|cianeto|envenenamento|provavelmente|um|suicídio|em En junio de 1954, a la edad de 41 años, fue encontrado muerto por envenenamiento con cianuro, probablemente un suicidio. En 2013, junho de 1954, aos 41 anos, ele foi encontrado morto por envenenamento por cianeto, provavelmente um suicídio. Em 2013,

Turing was finally pardoned by Queen Elizabeth, nearly 60 years after his tragic death. |||begnadigt||||||||| Turing|foi|finalmente|perdoado|pela|Rainha|Elizabeth|quase|anos|depois de|sua|trágica|morte Turing foi finalmente perdoado pela Rainha Elizabeth, quase 60 anos após sua trágica morte.

Now I don't like to make scientists sound like mythical heroes. Even the greatest discoveries agora|eu|não|gosto|de|fazer|cientistas|soar|como|míticos|heróis|||| Agora, eu não gosto de fazer os cientistas parecerem heróis míticos. Mesmo as maiores descobertas

they're never plucked out of the aether and put in someone's head by some angel of genius. ||gepflückt||||Äther|||||||||| eles são|nunca|colhidos|de|do|o|éter|e|colocados|na|de alguém|cabeça|por|algum|anjo|de|gênio nunca son arrancadas del éter y metidas en la cabeza de alguien por un ángel genial. nunca são arrancadas do éter e colocadas na cabeça de alguém por algum anjo da genialidade.

But that being said, Alan Turing's work decoding Mas dito isso, o trabalho de Alan Turing decodificando

zebra stripes and leopard spots leaves no doubt that he truly was a singular mind listras de zebra e manchas de leopardo não deixa dúvidas de que ele realmente era uma mente singular

Natasha (37:55): The equations that produce these patterns, Natasha (37:55): As equações que produzem esses padrões,

we can't easily solve them with pen and paper. And in most cases we can't at all, não conseguimos resolvê-las facilmente com caneta e papel. E na maioria dos casos, não conseguimos de forma alguma,

Natasha (39:01): Natasha Natasha (39:01):

So this here is some of Alan's Turing's notes that were found in his house when he died. ||||||Alans||||||||||| então|isso|aqui|é|algumas|de|Alan|Turing|notas|que|foram|encontradas|em|sua|casa|quando|ele|morreu Então, aqui estão algumas das anotações de Alan Turing que foram encontradas em sua casa quando ele morreu.

Natasha (39:20): Yeah. It's like a secret Natasha|sim|é|como|um|secreto Natasha (39:20): Sim. É como um segredo

calculations by a computer, but you didn't really have, you know, ||um|computador|||||que|| cálculos por um computador, mas você realmente não tinha, sabe,

really didn't have a fast computer to do it. So it would have taken him absolutely ages. ||que|||||||||||levado|ele|absolutamente|eras realmente no tenía un ordenador rápido para hacerlo. Así que le habría llevado muchísimo tiempo. realmente não tinha um computador rápido para fazer isso. Então teria levado uma eternidade para ele.

Joe (40:15) What has Joe|o que|tem Joe (40:15) O que o mundo perdeu

Natasha (40:25): It's extremely hard Natasha|é|extremamente|difícil Natasha (40:25): É extremamente difícil

to describe what the world's missed out on with losing Alan Turing. Because so often he ||||||||||||porque|tão|frequentemente|ele om te beschrijven wat de wereld heeft gemist door Alan Turing te verliezen. Omdat hij zo vaak descrever o que o mundo perdeu ao perder Alan Turing. Porque tantas vezes ele

Natasha (25:52) When you read accounts ||||Berichte Natasha|quando|você|lê|relatos Natasha (25:52) Quando você lê relatos

of people who knew him, they were saying the same thing. We don't know where we got this idea from, |||||||||||nós|não|sabemos|onde|nós|pegamos|essa|ideia|de de pessoas que o conheciam, elas diziam a mesma coisa. Não sabemos de onde tiramos essa ideia,

Natasha (40:42) So what, what he could have achieved. |also|||||| Natasha|então|o que||ele|poderia|ter|alcançado Natasha (40:42) Então, o que, o que ele poderia ter alcançado.

And after the war, Turing was instrumental in developing the core logical programming at the ||||||entscheidend|||||||| e|depois|a|guerra|Turing|foi|instrumental|em|desenvolver|a|núcleo|lógico|programação|em|o Y después de la guerra, Turing desempeñó un papel decisivo en el desarrollo del núcleo de la programación lógica en la E após a guerra, Turing foi fundamental no desenvolvimento da programação lógica central no

Doing any one of these things would be worth celebrating. To do all of them is the mark fazer|qualquer|uma|de|essas|coisas|seria|ser|vale|celebrar|||||||| Fazer qualquer uma dessas coisas seria motivo de celebração. Fazer todas elas é a marca

of a rare and special mind. One that could see that the true beauty of mathematics is de|||||||||||a||||| de uma mente rara e especial. Uma que poderia ver que a verdadeira beleza da matemática é

Stay curious. fique|curioso Mantenha-se curioso.

ai_request(all=82 err=1.22%) translation(all=161 err=0.00%) cwt(all=2081 err=14.42%) pt:AudnYDx4 openai.2025-02-07 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=22.15 PAR_CWT:AudnYDx4=9.88