The Web as random acts of kindness
|||随机的|||
||||||доброта
Das Web als zufälliger Akt der Freundlichkeit
Ο Παγκόσμιος Ιστός ως τυχαίες πράξεις καλοσύνης
La Web como acto de bondad al azar
Il web come atto di gentilezza casuale
親切の無作為行為としてのウェブ
A Web como ato aleatório de bondade
Веб как случайные акты доброты
作为随机善举的网络
My name is Jonathan Zittrain, and in my recent work I’ve been a bit of a pessimist.
||||||||||||||||悲观主义者
So I thought this morning I would try to be the optimist, and give reason to hope for the future of the Internet by drawing upon its present.
|||||||||||乐观主义者||||||||||||||||
Поэтому я думал, что сегодня утром я попытаюсь стать оптимистом и дам основание надеяться на будущее Интернета, опираясь на его настоящее.
Now, it may seem like there is less hope today than there was before.
People are less kind.
There is less trust around.
I don’t know.
As a simple example, we could run a test here.
How many people have ever hitchhiked?
|||||fait du stop
I know.
How many people have hitchhiked within the past 10 years?
Ile osób podróżowało autostopem w ciągu ostatnich 10 lat?
Right.
So what has changed?
It’s not better public transportation.
So that’s one reason to think that we might be declensionists, going in the wrong direction.
||||||||||衰退主义者|||||
||||||||||déclinistes|||||
To jeden z powodów, aby sądzić, że możemy być zwolennikami deklinizmu i zmierzać w złym kierunku.
But I want to give you three examples to try to say that the trend line is in fact in the other direction and it’s the Internet helping it along.
||||||||||||||趋势|||||||||||||||
So example number one: the Internet itself.
These are three of the founders of the Internet.
They were actually high school classmates together at the same high school in suburban Los Angles in the 1960s.
|||||||||||||郊区的|||||
You might have had a French club or a Debate club.
Być może miałeś klub francuski lub klub debatowy.
They had a "Lets build a global network" club, and it worked out very well.
Mieli klub „Zbudujmy globalną sieć” i wszystko poszło bardzo dobrze.
They are pictured here for their 25th anniversary Newsweek retrospective on the Internet.
|||||||周年纪念|《新闻周刊》|回顾展|||
And as you can tell, they are basically goof balls.
||||||||傻瓜|
||||||||des clowns|
I jak można powiedzieć, są to w zasadzie głupkowate piłki.
They had one great limitation and one great freedom as they tried to conceive of a global network.
|||||||||||||构想||||
The limitation was that they didn’t have any money.
No particular amount of capital to invest, of the sort that for a physical network you might need for trucks and people and a hub to move packages around overnight.
||||资本|||||||||||||||卡车||||||||包裹||
|||||||||||||||||||camions||||||||||
没有特定的资本投资金额，对于像物理网络那样，你可能需要卡车、人员和中心来在一夜之间移动包裹。
They had none of that.
他们一无所有。
But they had an amazing freedom, which was they didn’t have to make any money from it.
但他们拥有惊人的自由，即他们不必从中赚钱。
The Internet has no business plan; never did.
No CEO, no firm responsible, singly, for building it.
|||公司||单独|||
没有首席执行官，没有公司单独负责建造它。
Instead, it’s folks getting together to do something for fun, rather than because they were told to, or because they were expecting to make a mint off of it.
|||||||||||||||||||||||赚钱||赚大钱|||
|||||||||||||||||||||||||une fortune|||
Au lieu de cela, ce sont des gens qui se réunissent pour faire quelque chose pour le plaisir, plutôt que parce qu'on leur a dit de le faire, ou parce qu'ils s'attendaient à en tirer un gros profit.
Zamiast tego ludzie spotykają się, aby zrobić coś dla zabawy, a nie dlatego, że im kazano, lub dlatego, że oczekują, że zrobią z tego miętę.
相反，这是人们聚在一起做一些有趣的事情，而不是因为他们被要求这么做，或者因为他们希望通过它赚大钱。
That ethos led to a network architecture, a structure that was unlike other digital networks then or since.
|精神|||||||||||||网络架构|||
|éthos||||||||||||||||
Cette philosophie a conduit à une architecture de réseau, une structure qui était différente des autres réseaux numériques à l'époque ou depuis.
这种精神导致了一种网络架构，一种与当时或以后的其他数字网络不同的结构。
So unusual, in fact, that it was said that it’s not clear the Internet could work.
Si inhabituel, en fait, qu'il a été dit qu'il n'était pas clair que l'Internet pourrait fonctionner.
如此不同寻常，以至于有人说不清楚互联网会不会运作。
As late as 1992, IBM was known to say you couldn’t possibly build a corporate network using Internet Protocol.
|||IBM公司||||||||||||||互联网协议
直到1992年，IBM还坚称不可能使用互联网协议构建企业网络。
And even some Internet engineers today say the whole thing is a pilot project and the jury is still out.
|||||||整个|||||试点项目|||整个||||
Et même certains ingénieurs Internet aujourd'hui disent que tout cela est un projet pilote et que le jury n'est toujours pas sorti.
甚至今天一些互联网工程师也说整个事情只是一个试点项目，还有待评判。
(Laughter)
(Rires)
That’s why the mascot of Internet engineering, if it had one, is said to be the bumblebee.
|||吉祥物|||||||||||||大黄蜂
C'est pourquoi la mascotte de l'ingénierie Internet, si elle en avait une, serait le bourdon.
Because the fur-to-wingspan ratio of the bumblebee is far too large for it to be able to fly.
||||翼展|||||||||||||||
||||envergure|||||||||||||||
Parce que le ratio de fourrure à envergure du bourdon est beaucoup trop grand pour qu'il puisse voler.
And yet, mysteriously, somehow the bee flies.
||神秘地||||
Et pourtant, mystérieusement, d'une manière ou d'une autre, l'abeille vole.
I’m pleased to say that, thanks to massive government funding, about three years ago we finally figured out how bees fly.
Je suis heureux de dire qu'en raison d'un financement gouvernemental massif, il y a environ trois ans, nous avons enfin compris comment les abeilles volent.
(Laughter) It’s very complicated, but it turns out they flap their wings very quickly.
|||||||||||||迅速地
(Laughter)
（笑声）
So what is this bizarre architecture configuration that makes the network sing and be so unusual?
||||||架构配置|||||||||
Well, to move data around from one place to another -- again, it’s not like a package courier.
||||||||||||||||信使
It’s more like a mosh pit.
||||摩擦区|
||||mosh|
Es ist eher ein Moshpit.
C'est plus comme un mosh pit.
To bardziej jak mosh pit.
(Laughter) Imagine, you being part of a network where, you’re maybe at a sporting event.
(Rires) Imagine, tu fais partie d'un réseau où, tu es peut-être à un événement sportif.
And you’re sitting in rows like this, and somebody asks for a beer, and it gets handed at the aisle.
||||排排坐|||||||||||||||
Et tu es assis en rangées comme ça, et quelqu'un demande une bière, et elle est remise dans l'allée.
And your neighborly duty is to pass the beer along, at risk to your own trousers, to get it to the destination.
||邻里的|||||||||||||裤子||||||
No one pays you to do this.
Nikt ci za to nie płaci.
It’s just part of your neighborly duty.
To tylko część twojego sąsiedzkiego obowiązku.
And, in a way, that’s exactly how packets move around the Internet, sometimes in as many as 25 or 30 hops, with the intervening entities that are passing the data around having no particular contractual or legal obligation to the original sender, or to the receiver.
|||||||数据包|||||||||||跳跃|||中间的|||||||||||合同的|||||||||||
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||entité||||
Now, of course, in a mosh pit it’s hard to specify a destination.
||||||||||指定||
Teraz, oczywiście, w otchłani moba trudno jest określić miejsce docelowe.
You need a lot of trust, but it’s not like, "I’m trying to get to Pensacola please."
|||||||||||||||彭萨科拉|
|||||||||||||||Pensacola|
So the Internet needs addressing and directions.
Internet potrzebuje więc adresowania i wskazówek.
It turns out there is no one overall map of the Internet.
Okazuje się, że nie ma jednej ogólnej mapy Internetu.
Instead, again, it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater, but we can only see amidst the fog the people immediately around us.
|||||||||||||剧院||||||||雾气中|||||
Au lieu de cela, encore une fois, c'est comme si nous étions tous assis ensemble dans un théâtre, mais nous ne pouvons voir, au milieu du brouillard, que les personnes immédiatement autour de nous.
Zamiast tego znowu to tak, jakbyśmy wszyscy siedzieli razem w teatrze, ale widzimy tylko pośród mgły ludzi wokół nas.
So what do we do to figure out who is where?
Alors que faisons-nous pour comprendre qui est où ?
Co więc robimy, aby dowiedzieć się, kto jest gdzie?
We turn to the person on the right and we tell that person what we see on our left.
Nous nous tournons vers la personne à droite et nous disons à cette personne ce que nous voyons à notre gauche.
Zwracamy się do osoby po prawej stronie i mówimy tej osobie, co widzimy po lewej stronie.
And vice versa.
And they can lather, rinse, repeat.
|||起泡|冲洗|
I mogą się pienić, płukać, powtarzać.
And before you know it you have a general sense of where everything is.
This is how Internet addressing and routing actually work.
||||||路由||
This is a system that relies on kindness and trust, which also makes it very delicate and vulnerable.
|||||||善意||||||||||
Jest to system oparty na życzliwości i zaufaniu, co czyni go również bardzo delikatnym i wrażliwym.
In rare but striking instances, a single lie told by just one entity in this honeycomb can lead to real trouble.
|||||||||||||||蜂巢结构|||||
|||||||||||||||ruche|||||
Dans de rares mais frappantes instances, un seul mensonge raconté par une seule entité dans cette ruche peut entraîner de réels problèmes.
W rzadkich, ale uderzających przypadkach, jedno kłamstwo wypowiedziane przez tylko jedną istotę w tej strukturze plastra miodu może prowadzić do prawdziwych kłopotów.
So, for example, last year, the government of Pakistan asked its Internet service providers there to prevent citizens of Pakistan from seeing YouTube.
||||||||巴基斯坦||||||||||||||
Ainsi, par exemple, l'année dernière, le gouvernement du Pakistan a demandé à ses fournisseurs d'accès Internet de là-bas d'empêcher les citoyens pakistanais de voir YouTube.
Na przykład w ubiegłym roku rząd Pakistanu poprosił tam swoich dostawców usług internetowych, aby uniemożliwili obywatelom Pakistanu obejrzenie YouTube.
There was a video there that the government did not like and they wanted to make sure it was blocked.
Il y avait une vidéo là-bas que le gouvernement n'aimait pas et ils voulaient s'assurer qu'elle soit bloquée.
This is a common occurrence.
To jest częste zjawisko.
Governments everywhere are often trying to block and filter and censor content on the Internet.
||||||||||审查||||
Well this one ISP in Pakistan chose to affectuate the block for its subscribers in a rather unusual way.
||||||||实施||||||||||
|||FAI|||||||||||||||
Eh bien, cet ISP au Pakistan a choisi d'appliquer le blocage pour ses abonnés d'une manière plutôt inhabituelle.
Cóż, ten jeden dostawca usług internetowych w Pakistanie postanowił wpłynąć na blok dla swoich subskrybentów w dość nietypowy sposób.
It advertised -- the way that you might be asked, if you were part of the Internet, to declare what you see near you -- it advertised that near it, in fact, it had suddenly awakened to find that it was YouTube.
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||苏醒||||||
Il a fait de la publicité - de la manière dont on pourrait vous demander, si vous faisiez partie d'Internet, de déclarer ce que vous voyez près de vous - il a annoncé que près de lui, en fait, il s'était soudainement réveillé pour réaliser que c'était YouTube.
Reklamował się - w sposób, w jaki możesz zostać poproszony, jeśli jesteś częścią Internetu, o zadeklarowanie tego, co widzisz w pobliżu - reklamował, że w pobliżu, w rzeczywistości nagle obudził się, gdy stwierdził, że to był YouTube.
"That’s right," it said, "I am YouTube."
"C'est exact," a-t-il dit, "Je suis YouTube."
„Zgadza się”, powiedział „Jestem YouTube”.
Which meant that packets of data from subscribers going to YouTube stopped at the ISP, since they thought they were already there.
|||数据包|||||||||||互联网服务提供商|||||||
Ce qui signifiait que les paquets de données des abonnés se rendant sur YouTube s'arrêtaient chez le FAI, puisque celui-ci pensait qu'ils y étaient déjà.
Co oznaczało, że pakiety danych od subskrybentów przechodzących do YouTube zatrzymały się u dostawcy usług internetowych, ponieważ uważali, że już tam są.
And the ISP threw them away unopened because the point was to block it.
||||||未打开|||||||
||||||non ouvert|||||||
Et le FAI les jetait sans les ouvrir car le but était de les bloquer.
I ISP wyrzucił je nieotwarte, ponieważ celem było ich zablokowanie.
But it didn’t stop there.
Mais cela ne s'est pas arrêté là.
You see, that announcement went one click out, which got reverberated, one click out.
||||||||||回响|||
Vous voyez, cette annonce est sortie d'un clic, ce qui a résonné, d'un clic.
Widzisz, to ogłoszenie poszło jednym kliknięciem, które rozległo się echem, jednym kliknięciem.
And it turns out that as you look at the postmortem of this event, you have at one moment perfectly working YouTube.
||||||||||事后分析|||||||||||
||||||||||post-mortem|||||||||||
Et il s'avère qu'en regardant le post-mortem de cet événement, vous avez à un moment un YouTube parfaitement fonctionnel.
I okazuje się, że patrząc na post tego wydarzenia, w pewnym momencie masz doskonale działający YouTube.
Then, at moment number two, you have the fake announcement go out.
Puis, au moment numéro deux, vous avez la fausse annonce qui sort.
Następnie, w momencie numer dwa, wychodzi fałszywe ogłoszenie.
And within two minutes, it reverberates around and YouTube is blocked everywhere in the world.
|||||回响|||||||||
|||||résonne|||||||||
Et dans les deux minutes, cela résonne partout et YouTube est bloqué dans le monde entier.
W ciągu dwóch minut rozlega się echo, a YouTube jest blokowany na całym świecie.
If you were sitting in Oxford, England, trying to get to YouTube, your packets were going to Pakistan and they weren’t coming back.
Si vous étiez assis à Oxford, en Angleterre, essayant d'accéder à YouTube, vos paquets allaient au Pakistan et ils ne revenaient pas.
Now just think about that.
Maintenant, réfléchissez simplement à cela.
Pomyśl o tym.
One of the most popular websites in the world, run by the most powerful company in the world, and there was nothing that YouTube or Google were particularly privileged to do about it.
L'un des sites Web les plus populaires au monde, géré par la société la plus puissante du monde, et il n'y avait rien que YouTube ou Google n'était particulièrement privilégié à faire à ce sujet.
Jedna z najpopularniejszych stron internetowych na świecie, prowadzona przez najpotężniejszą firmę na świecie, i YouTube ani Google nie były w tym szczególnie uprzywilejowane.
And yet, somehow, within about two hours, the problem was fixed.
Et pourtant, d'une manière ou d'une autre, dans un délai d'environ deux heures, le problème a été résolu.
A jednak jakoś w ciągu około dwóch godzin problem został rozwiązany.
How did this happen?
Comment cela a-t-il pu se produire ?
Well, for a big clue, we turn to NANOG, the North American Network Operators Group.
||||线索||||北美网络运营商组|||||运营商|
||||||||NANOG||||||
Cóż, dla dużej wskazówki, zwracamy się do NANOG, North American Network Operators Group.
A group of people who, on a beautiful day outside, enter into a windowless room, at their terminals reading email and messages in fixed proportion font, like this, and they talk about networks.
|||||||||||||||||终端设备|||||||比例|等宽字体|||||||
Un groupe de personnes qui, par une belle journée à l'extérieur, pénètrent dans une salle sans fenêtres, devant leurs terminaux à lire des courriels et des messages en police à largeur fixe, comme ceci, et ils parlent de réseaux.
Grupa ludzi, którzy w piękny dzień na zewnątrz wchodzą do pokoju bez okien, czytając w swoich terminalach wiadomości e-mail i wiadomości czcionkami o stałej proporcji, i rozmawiają o sieciach.
And some of them are mid-level employees at Internet service providers around the world.
Et certains d'entre eux sont des employés de niveau intermédiaire dans des fournisseurs de services Internet à travers le monde.
Niektórzy z nich są pracownikami średniego szczebla u dostawców usług internetowych na całym świecie.
And here is the message where one of them says, "Looks like we’ve got a live one.
Et voici le message où l'un d'eux dit : "On dirait que nous avons un live."
A oto wiadomość, w której jeden z nich mówi: „Wygląda na to, że mamy koncert na żywo.
We have a hijacking of YouTube!
|||我们劫持了YouTube！||
|||piratage||
This is not a drill.
||||这不是演习。
Ce n'est pas un exercice.
To nie jest wiertło.
It’s not just the cluelessness of YouTube engineers.
||||无知|||
||||incompétence|||
Ce n'est pas seulement l'ignorance des ingénieurs de YouTube.
Nie chodzi tylko o bladość inżynierów YouTube.
I promise.
Je le promets.
Something is up in Pakistan."
And they came together to help find the problem and fix it.
Połączyli siły, aby znaleźć problem i go rozwiązać.
So it’s kind of like if your house catches on fire.
||||||||着火||
C'est un peu comme si votre maison prenait feu.
To trochę tak, jakby twój dom się zapalił.
The bad news is, there is no fire brigade.
||||||||消防队
La mauvaise nouvelle, c'est qu'il n'y a pas de pompiers.
The good news is, random people apparate from nowhere, put out the fire, and leave without expecting payment or praise.
||||||凭空出现|||扑灭||||||||||
||||||apparaissent|||||||||||||
La bonne nouvelle, c'est que des gens aléatoires apparaissent de nulle part, éteignent le feu et s'en vont sans attendre de paiement ni de louanges.
Dobrą wiadomością jest to, że przypadkowi ludzie aportują się znikąd, gasią ogień i wychodzą, nie oczekując zapłaty ani pochwały.
(Applause) I was trying to think of the right model to describe this form of random acts of kindness by geeky strangers.
||||||||||||||||||||极客的|
||||||||||||||||||||geeks|
(Laughter) You know, it’s just like the hail goes out and people are ready to help.
|||||||冰雹||||||||
(Śmiech) Wiesz, to tak, jakby grad zgasł, a ludzie są gotowi pomóc.
And it turns out this model is everywhere, once you start looking for it.
I okazuje się, że ten model jest wszędzie, gdy zaczniesz go szukać.
Example number two: Wikipedia.
If a man named Jimbo came up to you in 2001 and said, "I’ve got a great idea!
||||吉姆博||||||||||||
||||Jimbo||||||||||||
We start with seven arcticles that anybody can edit anything, at any time, and we’ll get a great encyclopedia!
||||文章||||||||||||||百科全书
||||articles||||||||||||||
Eh?"
Right.
Dumbest idea ever.
最蠢的想法||
d'idée||
(Laughter) In fact, Wikipedia is an idea so profoundly stupid that even Jimbo never had it.
Jimbo’s idea was for Nupedia.
||||努皮迪亚
||||Nupedia
It was going to be totally traditional.
He would pay people money because he was feeling like a good guy, and the money would go to the people and they would write the articles.
Il donnerait de l'argent aux gens parce qu'il se sentait comme un bon gars, et l'argent irait aux gens et ils écriraient les articles.
The wiki was introduced so others could make suggestions on edits -- as almost an afterthought, a back room.
||||||||||编辑建议||||事后想法|||
|wiki||||||||||||||||
Le wiki a été introduit afin que d'autres puissent faire des suggestions sur les modifications -- presque comme une réflexion tardive, un arrière-plan.
And then it turns out the back room grew to encompass the entire project.
||||||||||涵盖|||
Et ensuite, il s'est avéré que l'arrière-plan avait grandi pour englober l'ensemble du projet.
And today, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous that you can now find it on Chinese restaurant menus.
|||||||||||||||菜单上
Dziś Wikipedia jest tak wszechobecna, że można ją teraz znaleźć w chińskich menu restauracji.
(Laughter) I am not making this up.
(Śmiech) Nie zmyślam tego.
(Laughter) I have a theory I can explain later.
Suffice it to say for now that I prefer my Wikipedia stir-fried with pimentos.
|||||||||||炒|||辣椒
||||||||||||||piments
Wystarczy powiedzieć na razie, że wolę moją Wikipedię smażoną z dodatkiem pieprzu.
(Laughter)
But now, Wikipedia doesn’t just spontaneously work.
How does it really work?
It turns out there is a back room that is kind of windowless, metaphorically speaking.
|||那里||||||||||隐喻地说|
Okazuje się, że jest zaplecze, które jest jakby pozbawione okien, mówiąc metaforycznie.
And there are a bunch of people who, on a sunny day, would rather be inside and monitoring this, the administrator’s notice board, itself a wiki page that anyone can edit.
|||||||||||||||||监控|||管理员的||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||de l'administrateur||||||||||
Et il y a toute une bande de personnes qui, par une journée ensoleillée, préféreraient être à l'intérieur et surveiller cela, le tableau d'affichage de l'administrateur, qui est lui-même une page wiki que tout le monde peut modifier.
I jest grupa ludzi, którzy w słoneczny dzień wolą być w środku i monitorować to, tablica ogłoszeń administratora, sama strona wiki, którą każdy może edytować.
And you just bring your problems to the page.
Et vous amenez simplement vos problèmes à la page.
It’s reminiscent of the description of history as "one damn thing after another," right?
|让人想起||||||||||||
Cela rappelle la description de l'histoire comme "une putain de chose après l'autre", n'est-ce pas?
Przypomina opis historii jako „jedna cholerna rzecz po drugiej”, prawda?
Number one: "Tendentious editing by user Andyvphil.
||有偏见的||||安迪菲尔用户
||tendancieuse||||
Numer jeden: „Czuła edycja przez użytkownika Andyvphila.
Apologies, Andyvphil, if you’re here today.
抱歉，安迪|||||
|Andyvphil||||
Przepraszam, Andyvphil, jeśli jesteś tu dzisiaj.
I’m not taking sides.
||站队|
Nie jestem po stronie.
"Anon attacking me for reverting."
匿名者||||还原
||||revenir
„Anon atakuje mnie za odwrócenie”.
Here is my favorite: "A long story."
(Laughter) It turns out there are more people checking this page for problems and wanting to solve them than there are problems arising on the page.
|||||||||||||和||||||||||||
（笑声）事实证明，有更多人检查此页面以查找问题并希望解决问题，而不是页面上出现问题。
And that’s what keeps Wikipedia afloat.
|||||维持运转
|||||à flot
这就是使维基百科维持运转的原因。
At all times, Wikipedia is approximately 45 minutes away from utter destruction.
|||||大约||||彻底毁灭|
À tout moment, Wikipedia est à environ 45 minutes d'une destruction totale.
Przez cały czas Wikipedia znajduje się w odległości około 45 minut od całkowitego zniszczenia.
在任何时候，维基百科都离完全毁灭只有大约45分钟的时间。
Right?
N'est-ce pas ?
There are spambots crawling it, trying to turn every article into an ad for a Rolex watch.
||垃圾机器人|爬行||||||||||||劳力士|
||des spambots||||||||||||||
Il y a des spambots qui l'explorent, essayant de transformer chaque article en une publicité pour une montre Rolex.
(Laughter) It’s this thin geeky line that keeps it going.
(Rires) C'est cette ligne fine et geek qui le maintient en cours.
Not because it’s a job, not because it’s a career, but because it’s a calling.
Ce n'est pas parce que c'est un travail, pas parce que c'est une carrière, mais parce que c'est un appel.
It’s something they feel impelled to do because they care about it.
||||被迫|||||||
C'est quelque chose qu'ils se sentent poussés à faire parce qu'ils s'en soucient.
They even gather together in such groups as the Counter-Vandalism Unit -- "Civility, Maturity, Responsibility" -- to just clean up the pages.
|||||||||反破坏小组|破坏行为||文明礼貌|成熟度|||||||
||||||||||Vandalisme||||||||||
Gromadzą się nawet w takich grupach, jak Jednostka ds. Przeciwdziałania Wandalizmowi - „Uprzejmość, dojrzałość, odpowiedzialność” - aby po prostu posprzątać strony.
他们甚至聚集在一起，例如“反范特兰主义小组”（“文明，成熟，责任心”），以清理页面。
It does make you wonder if there were, for instance, a massive, extremely popular Star Trek convention one weekend, who would be minding the store?
|||||||||||||||星际迷航|大会||||||||
Cela vous fait vous demander si, par exemple, il y avait une énorme et extrêmement populaire convention Star Trek un week-end, qui serait en charge du magasin ?
它的确使您想知道，例如，某个周末是否有大型，非常受欢迎的《星际迷航》大会，谁会介意这家商店？
(Laughter)
(Rires)
So what we see, (Laughter) what we see in this phenomenon is something that the crazed, late traffic engineer Hans Monderman discovered in the Netherlands, and here in South Kensington, that sometimes if you remove some of the external rules and signs and everything else, you can actually end up with a safer environment in which people can function, and one in which they are more human with each other.
|||||||||||||||疯狂的|||||蒙德曼|||||||||南肯辛顿||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ce que nous voyons, (Rires) ce que nous voyons dans ce phénomène est quelque chose que l'ingénieur en circulation fou, Hans Monderman, a découvert aux Pays-Bas, et ici à South Kensington, que parfois, si vous retirez certaines des règles et des panneaux externes et tout le reste, vous pouvez en fait obtenir un environnement plus sûr dans lequel les gens peuvent fonctionner, et dans lequel ils sont plus humains les uns envers les autres.
所以，我们看到的（笑声），我们在这种现象中看到的是疯狂的，已故的交通工程师汉斯·蒙德曼在荷兰以及南肯辛顿的这里发现的，有时候，如果您删除一些外部规则和标志以及所有否则，您实际上可以得到一个更安全的环境，人们可以在其中工作，并且彼此之间更加人性化。
They’re realizing that they have to take responsibility for what they do.
And Wikipedia has embraced this.
|||接受了|
Some of you may remember Star Wars Kid, the poor teenager who filmed himself with a golf ball retriever, acting as if it were a light saber.
||||||||||||||||||球杆捡球器||||||||
Certains d'entre vous se souviennent peut-être du Kid de Star Wars, ce pauvre adolescent qui s'est filmé avec un récupérateur de balle de golf, faisant comme si c'était un sabre laser.
The film, without his permission, or even knowledge at first, found its way onto the Internet.
Le film, sans son autorisation, ni même sa connaissance au départ, a fini par se retrouver sur Internet.
Hugely viral video.
Vidéo incroyablement virale.
Extremely popular.
Totally mortifying to him.
Now, it being encyclopedic and all, Wikipedia had to do an article about Star Wars Kid.
现在，它已经成为百科全书了，维基百科不得不写一篇关于《星球大战小子》的文章。
Every article on Wikipedia has a corresponding discussion page.
And on the discussion page they had extensive argument among the Wikipedians, as to whether to have his real name featured in the article.
You could see arguments on both sides.
Here is just a snapshot of some of them.
They eventually decided, not unanimously by any means, not to include his real name, despite the fact that nearly all media reports did.
Ils ont finalement décidé, pas unanimement du tout, de ne pas inclure son vrai nom, malgré le fait que presque tous les rapports médiatiques l'ont fait.
最终，尽管几乎所有媒体报道都这么做，但他们最终还是决定不以任何方式一致地不包括他的真实姓名。
They just didn’t think it was the right thing to do.
Ils ne pensaient tout simplement pas que c'était la bonne chose à faire.
It was an act of kindness.
C'était un acte de bonté.
And to this day, the page for Star Wars Kid has a warning right at the top that says you are not to put his real name on the page.
If you do it will be removed immediately, removed by people who may have disagreed with the original decision, but respect the outcome, and work to make it stay because they believe in something bigger than their own opinion.
Si vous le faites, il sera immédiatement supprimé, supprimé par des personnes qui ont peut-être été en désaccord avec la décision originale, mais respectent le résultat, et travaillent pour le faire rester parce qu'elles croient en quelque chose de plus grand que leur propre opinion.
As a lawyer, I’ve got to say these guys are inventing the law and stare decisis and stuff like that as they go along.
En tant qu'avocat, je dois dire que ces gars-là inventent la loi et le stare decisis et des choses comme ça au fur et à mesure.
Now, this isn’t just limited to Wikipedia.
Maintenant, cela ne se limite pas seulement à Wikipedia.
We see it on blogs all over the place.
I mean, this is a 2005 Business Week cover.
Wow.
Blogs are going to change your business.
I know they look silly.
And sure they look silly.
They start off on all sorts of goofy projects.
This is my favorite goofy blog: Catsthatlooklikehitler.com.
||||||Catsthatlooklikehitler|
(Laughter) You send in a picture of your cat if it looks like Hitler.
(Laughter) Yeah I know.
Number four, it’s like, can you imagine coming home to that cat everyday?
(Laughter)
But then, you can see the same kind of whimsy applied to people.
|||||||||fantaisie|||
So this is a blog devoted to unfortunate portraiture.
||||||||portraiture
This one says, "Bucolic meadow with split-rail fence.
Is that an animal carcass behind her?"
(Laughter) You’re like, "You know?
I think that’s an animal carcass behind her.
And it’s one after the other.
But then you hit this one.
Image removed at request of owner.
That’s it.
Image removed at request of owner.
It turns out that somebody lampooned here, wrote to the snarky guy that does the site, not with a legal threat, not with an offer of payment, but just said, "Hey, would you mind?"
|||||a tourné en dérision||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The person said, "No, that’s fine.
I believe we can build architectures online to make such human requests that much easier to do, to make it possible for all of us to see that the data we encounter online is just stuff on which to click and paste and copy and forward that actually represents human emotion and endeavor and impact, and to be able to have an ethical moment where we decide how we want to treat it.
Wierzę, że możemy zbudować architekturę online, aby uczynić takie ludzkie prośby o wiele łatwiejszymi do zrobienia, abyśmy wszyscy mogli zobaczyć, że dane, które napotykamy w Internecie, to tylko elementy, które można kliknąć, wkleić, skopiować i przesłać, co faktycznie reprezentuje ludzkie emocje, wysiłki i wpływ, a także mieć etyczny moment, w którym decydujemy, jak chcemy to potraktować.
I even think it can go into the real world.
We can end up, as we get in a world with more censors -- everywhere there is something filming you, maybe putting it online -- to be able to have a little clip you could wear that says, "You know, I’d rather not."
And then have technology that the person taking the photo will know later this person requested to be contacted before this goes anywhere big, if you don’t mind.
And that person taking the photo can make a decision about how and whether to respect it.
In the real world we see filtering of this sort taking place in Pakistan.
And we now have means that we can build, like this system, so that people can report the filtering as they encounter it.
And it’s no longer just a, "I don’t know.
I couldn’t get there.
I guess I’ll move on," but suddenly a collective consciousness about what is blocked and censored where online.
|||||||||||||||censuré||
Je suppose que je vais passer à autre chose, mais soudainement une conscience collective sur ce qui est bloqué et censuré en ligne.
In fact, talk about technology imitating life imitating tech, or maybe it’s the other way around:
En fait, parlons de la technologie imitant la vie qui imite la technologie, ou peut-être que c'est l'inverse :
An NYU researcher here took little cardboard robots with smiley faces on them and a motor that just drove them forward and a flag sticking out the back with a desired destination.
Un chercheur de la NYU ici a pris de petits robots en carton avec des visages souriants et un moteur qui les faisait simplement avancer, avec un drapeau à l'arrière indiquant une destination souhaitée.
It said, "Can you help me get there?"
Released it on the streets of Manhattan.
(Laughter) They’ll fund anything these days.
Here is the chart of over 43 people helping to steer the robot that could not steer and get it on its way, from one corner from one corner of Washington Square Park to another.
Voici le graphique de plus de 43 personnes aidant à diriger le robot qui ne pouvait pas se diriger et le mettre en route, d'un coin à un autre coin de Washington Square Park.
That leads to example number three: hitchhiking.
Cela nous amène à l'exemple numéro trois : le stop.
I’m not so sure hitchhiking is dead.
Je ne suis pas si sûr que le stop soit mort.
Why?
There is the Craigslist rideshare board.
||||covoiturage|
If it were called the Craigslist hitchhiking board tumbleweeds would be blowing through it.
||||||||les chardons|||||
But it’s the rideshare board, and it’s basically the same thing.
Now why are people using it?
I don’t know.
Maybe they think that, uh, killers don’t plan ahead?
Może myślą, że zabójcy nie planują naprzód?
(Laughter) No.
I think the actual answer is that once you reframe it, once you get out of one set of stale expectations from a failed project that had its day, but now, for whatever reason, is tarnished, you can actually rekindle the kind of human kindness and sharing that something like this on Craigslist represents.
|||||||||reformuler||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Myślę, że faktyczną odpowiedzią jest to, że kiedy ją przeformułujesz, kiedy wyjdziesz z jednego zestawu nieaktualnych oczekiwań po nieudanym projekcie, który miał swój dzień, ale teraz, z jakiegokolwiek powodu, jest zepsuty, możesz naprawdę rozpalić rodzaj ludzkiej dobroci i dzielenie się tym, co reprezentuje Craigslist.
And then you can highlight it into something like, yes, CouchSurfing.org.
CouchSurfing: one guy’s idea to, at last, put together people who are going somewhere far away and would like to sleep on a stranger’s couch for free, with people who live far away, and would like someone they don’t know to sleep on their couch for free.
It’s a brilliant idea.
It’s a bee that, yes, flies.
Amazing how many successful couch surfings there have been.
|||||séjours|||
And if you’re wondering, no, there have been no known fatalities associated with CouchSurfing.
Although, to be sure, the reputation system, at the moment, works that you leave your report after the couch surfing experience.
|||||||||currently|||||||||||
So there may be some selection bias there.
(Laughter)
So, my urging, my thought, is that the Internet isn’t just a pile of information.
It’s not a noun.
It’s a verb.
And when you go on it, if you listen and see carefully and closely enough, what you will discover is that that information is saying something to you.
What it’s saying to you is what we heard yesterday, Demosthenes was saying to us.
||||||||||Démosthène||||
It’s saying, "Let’s march."
Thank you very much.
(Applause)
