230413 How culture affects sadness 230413 Cómo afecta la cultura a la tristeza 230413 L'influence de la culture sur la tristesse 230413 文化が悲しみに与える影響 230413 Jak kultura wpływa na smutek 230413 Como a cultura afecta a tristeza 230413 Как культура влияет на грусть 230413 Kültür üzüntüyü nasıl etkiler? 230413 文化如何影響悲傷

Sam:

Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam.

Neil:

And I'm Neil. When Helen Russell was three years old, her new-born baby sister died suddenly.

Looking back at that sad time, Helen remembers making a big decision – she wanted to be happy.

She became a bestselling author and wrote a book called, The Atlas of Happiness. |||mais vendida||||||||Atlas||

She got married, and even moved to the famously happy city of Copenhagen in Denmark. ||||||||||||||Dinamarca

Sam:

But the sadness Helen felt didn't disappear, and the longer she lived abroad, the more she wondered whether her feelings were somehow connected to being born in England, into a culture where, traditionally, expressing your emotions was discouraged. ||||||||||||||||se perguntava|||||||||||||||||||||desencorajado Ale smutek, który Helen odczuwała, nie zniknął, a im dłużej mieszkała za granicą, tym bardziej zastanawiała się, czy jej uczucia były w jakiś sposób związane z urodzeniem się w Anglii, w kulturze, w której tradycyjnie zniechęcano do wyrażania emocji. 但海伦的悲伤并没有消失，她在国外生活的时间越长，她就越怀疑自己的感觉是否与她出生在英国有关，在英国的文化传统上不鼓励表达自己的情感。 但海伦感到的悲伤并没有消失，她在国外生活得越久，就越加怀疑自己的感受是否与出生在英格兰有关，毕竟在传统文化中，表达情感是被不鼓励的。

Neil: 尼尔：

In this programme, we'll be investigating how the way people express sadness is influenced by their culture, and, as usual, we'll be learning some new, useful vocabulary as well. W tym programie zbadamy, w jaki sposób kultura wpływa na sposób, w jaki ludzie wyrażają smutek, a także, jak zwykle, nauczymy się nowego, przydatnego słownictwa. 在这个节目中，我们将调查人们表达悲伤方式如何受文化影响，和往常一样，我们还会学习一些新的有用词汇。

Sam:

But first I have a question for you, Neil.

In English there are many idioms which describe being sad, including down in the dumps, meaning that you feel miserable and depressed. |||||||||||||||||||||deprimido 英语中有很多形容悲伤的习语，包括 down in the dumps，意思是感觉痛苦和沮丧。

Also, emotions are often associated with colours, for example you might go red with anger, or turn green with envy. |||||||||||||||||||inveja Ponadto emocje są często powiązane z kolorami, na przykład możesz stać się czerwony ze złości lub zielony z zazdrości.

But which colour is associated with sadness? Ale który kolor kojarzy się ze smutkiem? Is it:

a) yellow? b) blue? or, c) brown?

Neil:

I think the answer is blue.

Sam:

OK, Neil. We'll find out the later in the programme.

Around the world, cultures express emotions very differently. Na całym świecie kultury wyrażają emocje w bardzo różny sposób.

In Spain, flamenco performers express their emotions with colourful displays of song and dance, whereas in Japan, crying is considered weak and shameful. ||flamenco|artistas||||||exibições|||||enquanto|||||considerado|fraco||vergonhoso W Hiszpanii wykonawcy flamenco wyrażają swoje emocje za pomocą barwnych pokazów śpiewu i tańca, podczas gdy w Japonii płacz jest uważany za słaby i wstydliwy. 在西班牙，弗拉门戈表演者通过丰富多彩的歌舞来表达自己的情感，而在日本，哭泣被认为是软弱和可耻的。

To discover more about how British people express their feelings, Helen Russell interviewed, Thomas Dixon, a professor at the Centre for the History of Emotion, for BBC World Service programme, The Documentary:

Professor Thomas Dixon:

The word sad, as you will know, Helen, literally means sated or full. |||||||海伦||||| ||||||||||saciada|| Słowo sad, jak zapewne wiesz, Helen, dosłownie oznacza nasycony lub pełny. 海伦，你一定知道，“悲伤”这个词的字面意思是满足或充实。

So, it's earliest use is in English, it means being literally fed up, being full of something sad or sated means heavy and full. 因此，它最早是在英语中运用的，它的字面意思是厌倦了，充满了悲伤或满足的东西，意思是沉重和充实。

And then of course we have this huge vocabulary of melancholy, sorrow, grief, depression and many, many other terms, and they all mean slightly different things. ||||||||||忧郁||悲伤||||||||||||| ||||||||||melancolia|tristeza||||||||||||||

Neil:

Professor Dixon explains that the original meaning of the word sad was ‘full' or fed up – a phrase which today means being unhappy, bored or tired of something which has been going on a long time.

For example: everyone is fed up of Covid. 例如：每个人都厌倦了 Covid。

Sam:

But fed up is just one of many words to describe feelings of sadness, each with a slightly different meaning. |厌倦|厌烦的||||||||||||||||| 但“厌倦”只是众多描述悲伤情绪的词语之一，每个词语的含义都略有不同。

One of them is melancholy, a kind of intense and thoughtful sadness. ||||||||||pensativa| Jednym z nich jest melancholia, rodzaj intensywnego i przemyślanego smutku. 其中一种是忧郁，一种强烈而深思的悲伤。

Another is grief - a strong sadness often caused by the death of someone you love. ||tristeza||||||||||||

Neil:

In Irish culture, melancholy is expressed artistically in poems or songs. ||||||artisticamente||||

And in other cultures, India for example, grief can be expressed by professional mourners who are paid to cry by the family of the person who has died. |||||||||||||哀悼者|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||profissionais do luto|||||||||||||| W innych kulturach, na przykład w Indiach, żałoba może być wyrażana przez profesjonalnych żałobników, którym rodzina zmarłej osoby płaci za płacz. 在其他文化中，例如印度，悲伤可以由职业哀悼者来表达，他们由死者家属雇佣来哭泣。

In England, however, big public displays of emotion are uncommon. 然而，在英格兰，公开地表露情感并不常见。

Sam:

But according to Professor Dixon that wasn't always the case. 但根据迪克森教授的说法，情况并非总是如此。

Here he explains to BBC World Service programme, The Documentary, how it was only quite recently, during the time of Queen Victoria and the British Empire, that the English got a reputation for being repressed - unable to show their true feelings and emotions. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||被||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||reprimidos|||||||| 他向英国广播公司世界服务节目《纪录片》解释说，直到最近，在维多利亚女王和大英帝国时期，英国人才获得了被压抑的名声——无法表达他们真实的感受和情感。

Professor Thomas Dixon:

By and large it's a Victorian, and then Edwardian, and 20th century characterization. ||||||||||||caracterização 总的来说，这是维多利亚时代、爱德华时代和 20 世纪的特征。

As you can imagine, it fits with the era of empire, of white British men going around the world conquering it, and having a stiff upper lip and ruling over the people. ||||它||||||||||||||||||拥有||||||统治||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||rígido|superior|lábio||governo||| 你可以想象，它符合帝国时代，白人英国人走遍世界征服世界，坚强地统治着人民。

in other parts of the world, and believing themselves, the white Europeans, to be superior… and one sign of that superiority, and Darwin writes: Englishmen rarely caught cry except under the pressure of the acutest grief. ||||||||||||到||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||acreditando|||||||||||||superioridade||||ingleses||||||||||mais aguda| 在世界其他地方，他们相信自己，白种欧洲人，比其他人种更优越……而这种优越性的一个标志是，达尔文写道：英国人很少哭泣，除非在极度悲痛的压力下。

Neil:

Professor Dixon says the Victorians who ruled the empire had a stiff upper lip. ||||||||||一个||| O Professor Dixon diz que os vitorianos que governaram o império tinham um lábio superior rígido. 迪克森教授说，统治帝国的维多利亚时代的人都意志坚强。

These men believed they were better than everyone else, and that to cry was a sign of weakness. 这些人相信他们比其他人都优秀，哭泣是软弱的表现。

When we cry, our top lip starts to wobble and so this gave rise to the idiom a stiff upper lip, meaning to not show your feelings when you are upset, even though it is difficult not to. ||||||||tremelique||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 当我们哭泣时，上唇会开始颤抖，因此就有了“咬紧牙关”这个成语，意思是当你难过时不要表露自己的感情，尽管不表露很难。

Sam:

Fortunately, most Brits are less repressed nowadays, but it's still hard for some people, especially men, to express their feelings.

Sometimes drinking alcohol gives people the courage to say what they are feeling, but this is not so healthy and can even increase feelings of depression.

Neil:

It's talking to someone about your feelings that can really help, and keep away the blues… and in saying that I think I've answered your question, Sam.

Sam:

I asked Neil which colour is often associated with feeling sad.

Neil:

And I said it was blue…

Sam:

Which was… the correct answer, and it gives us another idiom about sadness – feeling blue.

OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned from this programme about the emotion of sadness, or in other words, feeling down in the dumps.

Neil:

If you are fed up of something, you're unhappy, bored, or tired of it, especially if it's been happening a long time.

Sam:

Melancholy is a type of intense and thoughtful sadness; and grief is a strong sadness usually caused by someone's death

Neil:

The adjective repressed means unable to show your true feelings and emotions.

Sam:

And finally, the uniquely British idiom, to keep a stiff upper lip, means not to show your feelings when you're upset, even though it is difficult not to. |||unicamente|||||||||||||||||chateado|||||||

Sam:

Hiding you feelings or bottling them up is definitely won't make you happy, but making friends and learning something new might, so remember to join us again soon, here at 6 Minute English. escondendo||||engarrafar||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 隐藏自己的感情或将其憋在心里肯定不会让你快乐，但交朋友和学习新东西可能会让你快乐，所以记得尽快再次加入我们，在 6 分钟英语。 Bye for now!

Neil:

Bye!