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TED-Ed, The rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire - Marian H Feldman

The rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire - Marian H Feldman

Before the sun never set on the British Empire, 00:09 before Genghis Khan swept the steppe, 00:12 before Rome extended its influence to encircle the Mediterranean Sea, 00:17 there was ancient Assyria. 00:20 Considered by historians to be the first true empire, 00:24 Assyria's innovations laid the groundwork for every superpower that's followed. 00:29 At its height, in the 7th century BCE, 00:31 the Assyrian Empire stretched across modern Iraq, 00:35 Syria, 00:36 Lebanon, 00:37 Israel, 00:38 and parts of Turkey, 00:40 Iran, 00:40 and Egypt. 00:42 Its wonders included a vast library and large botanical and zoological park. 00:47 But the story of Assyria's rise to dominance began many centuries earlier, 00:51 in the Late Bronze Age, in a city called Ashur. 00:55 Ashur was a tin and textiles trading center 00:59 located along the Tigris River in northern Iraq. 01:02 It shared its name with a god thought to be an embodiment of the city 01:06 and later of the entire empire. 01:08 For the administration-minded Assyrians, politics and religion were closely linked. 01:14 Around 1300 BCE, a high priest named Ashur-uballit I took the title of king 01:21 and initiated a tradition of military campaigns, 01:24 effectively transforming Assyria from a city-state to a territorial state. 01:30 This meant that a single administrative entity 01:33 oversaw many places, cultures, and peoples. 01:36 For the next 150 years, Assyria extended its reach and thrived. 01:44 In the 12th century BCE, 01:46 a mysterious catastrophe that still bewilders archaeologists 01:49 caused the Assyrians to lose much of their territory. 01:53 A few hundred years later, however, 01:55 Assyrian kings began a new round of conquests. 01:59 This time, they honed their administrative system 02:02 into an empire that would last generations. 02:05 Assyrians were military innovators and merciless conquerors. 02:09 During their conquests, 02:11 they used siege tactics and cruel punishments for those who opposed them, 02:15 including impalement and flaying. 02:19 The growth of their empire was due, in part, 02:22 to their strategy of deporting local populations, 02:25 then shifting them around the empire to fulfill different needs. 02:29 This broke peoples' bonds with their homelands 02:31 and severed loyalties among local groups. 02:34 Once the Assyrians conquered an area, 02:36 they built cities connected by well-maintained royal roads. 02:40 Often, when a new king came to power, he would build a new capital. 02:44 With each move, new palaces and temples were erected and lavishly decorated. 02:49 Although kings claimed absolute power, 02:51 we know that an extensive system of courtiers, 02:54 provincial officials, 02:55 and scholars influenced affairs. 02:58 At least one woman, Sammuramat, ruled the kingdom. 03:02 Assyrian rulers celebrated their military excursions 03:05 by having representations of their exploits 03:07 carved into the walls of their newly built palaces. 03:11 But despite the picture of a ruthless war state projected by these records, 03:15 the Assyrian kings were also interested in the cultural traditions of the region, 03:20 especially those of Babylonia, a separate state to the south. 03:24 Babylonia had been a cultural leader for millennia, 03:27 stretching back to the beginning of writing 03:29 at the end of the 4th millennium BCE. 03:32 Assyria saw itself as the inheritor and protector of this tradition. 03:37 Assyrian rulers supported scholars 03:39 in specialties ranging from medicine to magic, 03:42 and the capital cities, like Ninevah, 03:44 were home to elaborate parks and gardens 03:47 that housed plants and animals from around the empire. 03:51 One of Assyria's final rulers, Ashurbanipal, 03:55 sent scholars throughout Babylonia to gather up and copy ancient literary works. 04:00 Ashurbanipal's library took the form of clay tablets 04:05 inscribed with cuneiform in the languages of Akkadian and Sumerian. 04:09 The library was lost during the final sack of Ninevah in 612 BCE. 04:15 But thanks to a 19th century archaeological excavation, 04:19 many masterpieces of ancient literature, 04:21 including the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Babylonian Creation Epic, 04:25 survive today. 04:27 After centuries of rule, 04:30 the Assyrian Empire fell to the Babylonians and Medes 04:33 between 612 and 609 BCE. 04:37 Yet the innovations that the Assyrians pioneered live on. 04:41 Their emphasis on constant innovation, 04:43 efficient administration, 04:45 and excellent infrastructure 04:47 set the standard for every empire that's followed them in the region 04:50 and across the globe.

The rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire - Marian H Feldman صعود وسقوط الإمبراطورية الآشورية - ماريان إتش فيلدمان Aufstieg und Fall des Assyrischen Reiches - Marian H. Feldman Auge y declive del Imperio asirio - Marian H Feldman L'essor et la chute de l'empire assyrien - Marian H Feldman L'ascesa e la caduta dell'Impero assiro - Marian H Feldman アッシリア帝国の興亡 - マリアン・H・フェルドマン Asirijos imperijos iškilimas ir žlugimas - Marian H Feldman De opkomst en ondergang van het Assyrische Rijk - Marian H Feldman Powstanie i upadek imperium asyryjskiego - Marian H. Feldman A ascensão e a queda do Império Assírio - Marian H Feldman Взлет и падение Ассирийской империи - Мариан Х. Фельдман Asur İmparatorluğu'nun Yükselişi ve Çöküşü - Marian H Feldman Зліт і падіння Ассирійської імперії - Маріан Х. Фельдман 亚述帝国的兴衰——玛丽安·H·费尔德曼 亚述帝国的兴衰 - Marian H Feldman 亞述帝國的興衰——瑪麗安·H·費爾德曼

Before the sun never set on the British Empire, 00:09 before Genghis Khan swept the steppe, 00:12 before Rome extended its influence to encircle the Mediterranean Sea, 00:17 there was ancient Assyria. 大英帝国に太陽が沈まない前、チンギス・ハンが草原を席巻する前、ローマが地中海を囲むように勢力を伸ばす前、00:17には古代アッシリアがあった。 Antes de o sol nunca se ter posto no Império Britânico, 00:09 antes de Genghis Khan ter varrido a estepe, 00:12 antes de Roma ter alargado a sua influência até circundar o Mar Mediterrâneo, 00:17 existia a antiga Assíria. До того, як сонце ніколи не заходило над Британською імперією, 00:09 до того, як Чингісхан охопив степ, 00:12 до того, як Рим поширив свій вплив, щоб оточити Середземне море, 00:17 була стародавня Ассирія. 00:20 Considered by historians to be the first true empire, 00:24 Assyria’s innovations laid the groundwork for every superpower that’s followed. 00:20 يعتبرها المؤرخون أول إمبراطورية حقيقية، 00:24 ابتكارات آشور وضعت الأساس لكل قوة عظمى تلتها. 00:20 Considerado pelos historiadores como o primeiro verdadeiro império, 00:24 As inovações da Assíria lançaram as bases para todas as superpotências que se seguiram. 00:29 At its height, in the 7th century BCE, 00:31 the Assyrian Empire stretched across modern Iraq, 00:35 Syria, 00:36 Lebanon, 00:37 Israel, 00:38 and parts of Turkey, 00:40 Iran, 00:40 and Egypt. 00:29 No seu apogeu, no século VII a.C., 00:31 o Império Assírio estendia-se pelo moderno Iraque, 00:35 Síria, 00:36 Líbano, 00:37 Israel, 00:38 e partes da Turquia, 00:40 Irão, 00:40 e Egipto. 00:42 Its wonders included a vast library and large botanical and zoological park. 00:42 As suas maravilhas incluíam uma vasta biblioteca e um grande parque botânico e zoológico. 00:47 But the story of Assyria’s rise to dominance began many centuries earlier, 00:51 in the Late Bronze Age, in a city called Ashur. 00:47 Mas a história da ascensão da Assíria ao domínio começou muitos séculos antes, 00:51 na Idade do Bronze Final, numa cidade chamada Ashur. 00:55 Ashur was a tin and textiles trading center 00:59 located along the Tigris River in northern Iraq. 00:55 Ashur era um centro de comércio de estanho e têxteis 00:59 localizado ao longo do rio Tigre, no norte do Iraque. 00:55 Ашур був центром торгівлі оловом і текстилем 00:59 розташований уздовж річки Тигр на півночі Іраку. 01:02 It shared its name with a god thought to be an embodiment of the city 01:06 and later of the entire empire. 01:02 شاركت اسمها مع إله يُعتقد أنه تجسيد للمدينة 01:06 ولاحقًا للإمبراطورية بأكملها. 01:02 Partilhava o seu nome com um deus que se pensava ser a personificação da cidade 01:06 e, mais tarde, de todo o império. 01:02 Воно поділилося своєю назвою з богом, який вважався втіленням міста 01:06, а згодом і всієї імперії. 01:08 For the administration-minded Assyrians, politics and religion were closely linked. 01:08 بالنسبة للآشوريين ذوي التوجهات الإدارية، كانت السياسة والدين مرتبطين ارتباطًا وثيقًا. 01:08 Para os assírios de mentalidade administrativa, a política e a religião estavam intimamente ligadas. 01:14 Around 1300 BCE, a high priest named Ashur-uballit I took the title of king 01:21 and initiated a tradition of military campaigns, 01:24 effectively transforming Assyria from a city-state to a territorial state. 01:14 Por volta de 1300 a.C., um sumo sacerdote chamado Ashur-uballit I assumiu o título de rei 01:21 e iniciou uma tradição de campanhas militares, 01:24 transformando efetivamente a Assíria de cidade-estado num Estado territorial. 01:14 Близько 1300 р. до н. е. верховний жрець на ім’я Ашур-убалліт I прийняв титул царя 01:21 і започаткував традицію військових кампаній, 01:24 фактично перетворивши Ассирію з міста-держави на територіальну державу. 01:30 This meant that a single administrative entity 01:33 oversaw many places, cultures, and peoples. 01:30 Isto significava que uma única entidade administrativa 01:33 supervisionava muitos lugares, culturas e povos. 01:30 Це означало, що одна адміністративна одиниця 01:33 контролювала багато місць, культур і народів. 01:36 For the next 150 years, Assyria extended its reach and thrived. 01:36 وعلى مدى الـ 150 عامًا التالية، توسعت آشور في انتشارها وازدهرت. 01:44 In the 12th century BCE, 01:46 a mysterious catastrophe that still bewilders archaeologists 01:49 caused the Assyrians to lose much of their territory. 01:53 A few hundred years later, however, 01:55 Assyrian kings began a new round of conquests. 01:59 This time, they honed their administrative system 02:02 into an empire that would last generations. 01:59 Цього разу вони відточили свою адміністративну систему 02:02 в імперію, яка триватиме покоління. 02:05 Assyrians were military innovators and merciless conquerors. 02:05 Ассирійці були військовими новаторами і безжальними завойовниками. 02:09 During their conquests, 02:11 they used siege tactics and cruel punishments for those who opposed them, 02:15 including impalement and flaying. 02:09 Під час своїх завоювань 02:11 вони використовували тактику облоги та жорстокі покарання для тих, хто їм протистояв, 02:15 включаючи саджання на палю та здування шкіри. 02:19 The growth of their empire was due, in part, 02:22 to their strategy of deporting local populations, 02:25 then shifting them around the empire to fulfill different needs. 02:19 يعود نمو إمبراطوريتهم جزئيًا، 02:22 إلى استراتيجيتهم المتمثلة في ترحيل السكان المحليين، 02:25 ثم نقلهم حول الإمبراطورية لتلبية الاحتياجات المختلفة. 02:29 This broke peoples' bonds with their homelands 02:31 and severed loyalties among local groups. 02:29 مما أدى إلى كسر روابط الشعوب مع أوطانها 02:31 وقطع الولاءات بين المجموعات المحلية. 02:29 Це розірвало зв'язки людей з їхніми батьківщинами 02:31 і порушило лояльність між місцевими групами. 02:34 Once the Assyrians conquered an area, 02:36 they built cities connected by well-maintained royal roads. 02:34 بمجرد غزو الآشوريين لمنطقة ما، 02:36 قاموا ببناء مدن متصلة بطرق ملكية جيدة الصيانة. 02:40 Often, when a new king came to power, he would build a new capital. 02:44 With each move, new palaces and temples were erected and lavishly decorated. 02:44 З кожним переїздом зводилися та щедро прикрашалися нові палаци та храми. 02:49 Although kings claimed absolute power, 02:51 we know that an extensive system of courtiers, 02:54 provincial officials, 02:55 and scholars influenced affairs. 02:49 على الرغم من أن الملوك ادعى السلطة المطلقة، 02:51 نحن نعلم أن هناك نظام واسع النطاق من رجال الحاشية، 02:54 المسؤولين الإقليميين، 02:55 والعلماء أثروا في الشؤون. 02:58 At least one woman, Sammuramat, ruled the kingdom. 02:58 Принаймні одна жінка, Саммурамат, правила королівством. 03:02 Assyrian rulers celebrated their military excursions 03:05 by having representations of their exploits 03:07 carved into the walls of their newly built palaces. 03:02 Ассирійські правителі святкували свої військові походи 03:05 тим, що зображення їхніх подвигів 03:07 були висічені на стінах їхніх новозбудованих палаців. 03:11 But despite the picture of a ruthless war state projected by these records, 03:15 the Assyrian kings were also interested in the cultural traditions of the region, 03:20 especially those of Babylonia, a separate state to the south. 03:11 Але незважаючи на картину безжального воєнного стану, спроектовану цими записами, 03:15 ассирійські царі також цікавилися культурними традиціями регіону, 03:20 особливо традиціями Вавилонії, окремої держави на півдні. 03:24 Babylonia had been a cultural leader for millennia, 03:27 stretching back to the beginning of writing 03:29 at the end of the 4th millennium BCE. 03:24 Вавилонія була культурним лідером протягом тисячоліть, 03:27 починаючи з початку писемності 03:29 наприкінці 4-го тисячоліття до нашої ери. 03:32 Assyria saw itself as the inheritor and protector of this tradition. 03:32 Ассирія вважала себе спадкоємицею і захисницею цієї традиції. 03:37 Assyrian rulers supported scholars 03:39 in specialties ranging from medicine to magic, 03:42 and the capital cities, like Ninevah, 03:44 were home to elaborate parks and gardens 03:47 that housed plants and animals from around the empire. 03:37 Os governantes assírios apoiavam académicos 03:39 em especialidades que iam da medicina à magia, 03:42 e as capitais, como Ninevah, 03:44 albergavam parques e jardins elaborados 03:47 que albergavam plantas e animais de todo o império. 03:51 One of Assyria’s final rulers, Ashurbanipal, 03:55 sent scholars throughout Babylonia to gather up and copy ancient literary works. 03:51 Один із останніх правителів Ассирії, Ашшурбаніпал, 03:55 послав вчених по всій Вавилонії, щоб зібрати та скопіювати стародавні літературні твори. 04:00 Ashurbanipal’s library took the form of clay tablets 04:05 inscribed with cuneiform in the languages of Akkadian and Sumerian. 04:00 Бібліотека Ашшурбаніпала набула форми глиняних табличок 04:05, написаних клинописом аккадською та шумерською мовами. 04:09 The library was lost during the final sack of Ninevah in 612 BCE. 04:09 فقدت المكتبة خلال النهب الأخير لنينوى عام 612 قبل الميلاد. 04:09 Бібліотека була втрачена під час останнього пограбування Ніневії в 612 році до нашої ери. 04:15 But thanks to a 19th century archaeological excavation, 04:19 many masterpieces of ancient literature, 04:21 including the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Babylonian Creation Epic, 04:25 survive today. 04:15 ولكن بفضل التنقيب الأثري في القرن التاسع عشر، 04:19 العديد من روائع الأدب القديم، 04:21 بما في ذلك ملحمة جلجامش وملحمة الخلق البابلية، 04:25 باقية حتى اليوم. 04:15 Але завдяки археологічним розкопкам 19-го століття, 04:19 багато шедеврів стародавньої літератури, 04:21 включаючи Епос про Гільгамеша та Вавилонський епос про створення світу, 04:25 збереглися сьогодні. 04:27 After centuries of rule, 04:30 the Assyrian Empire fell to the Babylonians and Medes 04:33 between 612 and 609 BCE. 04:27 بعد قرون من الحكم، 04:30 سقطت الإمبراطورية الآشورية في أيدي البابليين والماديين 04:33 بين 612 و609 قبل الميلاد. 04:27 Після століть правління, 04:30 Ассирійська імперія впала до вавилонян і мідійців 04:33 між 612 і 609 рр. до н.е. 04:37 Yet the innovations that the Assyrians pioneered live on. 04:37 І все ж інновації, впроваджені ассирійцями, живуть. 04:41 Their emphasis on constant innovation, 04:43 efficient administration, 04:45 and excellent infrastructure 04:47 set the standard for every empire that’s followed them in the region 04:50 and across the globe. 04:41 A sua ênfase na inovação constante, 04:43 administração eficiente, 04:45 e excelentes infra-estruturas 04:47 estabeleceram o padrão para todos os impérios que se lhes seguiram na região 04:50 e em todo o mundo. 04:41 Їх наголос на постійних інноваціях, 04:43 ефективному управлінні, 04:45 і відмінній інфраструктурі 04:47 встановили стандарт для кожної імперії, яка слідувала за ними в регіоні 04:50 і по всьому світу.