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The Awakening of Europe, 14. England

14. England

"This happy breed of men, this little world, This precious stone set in the silver sea." —SHAKSPERE.

Up to this time Spain had been the strongest and mightiest nation in Europe. Not only did she rule a great part of Italy, Sicily, the Netherlands, nearly all North America, all South America, but Portugal had fallen to her, with rich possessions in South Africa and India.

She commanded the land, because she commanded the sea. Her galleys were in every port and harbour of the known world, trading with all the rich countries under her sway.

It has been truly said, "Whosoever commands the sea, commands the trade: whosoever commands the trade of the world, commands the riches of the world, and consequently the world itself." This, then, was quite true of Spain in the sixteenth century. She was the first empire in the world of whom it could be said that the sun never set on her dominions. This sunny Spain, washed by the waters of the great Atlantic on one side and the blue Mediterranean on the other, was yet looking round for new worlds to conquer when as yet the other nations of Europe had scarce ventured beyond their own fishing-grounds. The largest merchant ship of either England or Holland was not fit to brave the storms of the Atlantic. But the sea-loving spirit of the old Vikings was in these northern countries. It had slept through the long ages of over five hundred years, but now it was to burst forth again with its old vigour and its old strength. England and Holland were side by side to regain the mastery of wind and wave, until Spain lay crushed and powerless before their superior seamanship.

How did it all come about? What was this race of English who manned the ships that carried the flag of their country round the world, who fought the Spaniard on his own ground, who destroyed his "invincible" fleet, known to history as the Spanish Armada? How did this little island, "set in a silver sea," manage to destroy the great power of Spain, and finally possess themselves of an empire on which the sun never sets? The answer lies in the romantic life-story of the old sea-captain Drake, and the encouragement given to sailors by the English queen under whom he sailed, the "Good Queen Bess" of the sixteenth century. But before beginning this old story it will be well to see what had been happening in England while Spain was so busy trying to crush out the Protestants in the Netherlands. What part had this England played in the great Awakening of mankind, and in the Reformation that had spread over Europe?

England has been called the "sea-cradle of the Reformation," because it was by reason of the Reformation that the King of England, Henry VIII., was induced to strengthen his coasts and build his navy to protect Protestant England against Roman Catholic Spain. Like the Netherlands, England had taken a strong Protestant line; when the choice had to be made, Henry VIII. had cast off the supreme power of the Pope but retained the title of "Defender of the Faith," a title which to this day is borne by sovereigns of England. There was danger in the air. The whole country was divided into two sides. France became Roman Catholic and sided with Spain. England must prepare for possible invasion.

Now, when Henry VIII. came to the throne England had no fleet at all. A few merchant hulks traded with Lisbon and Antwerp, a fishing fleet sailed to Iceland for cod. It is true that Cabot had sailed across the Atlantic, but his enterprise had not been followed up, and Spain ruled the waters as before.

But Henry VIII. was not blind to the needs of the nation. If war broke out, the merchant and fishing ships must help to defend the coast. He repaired all the important dockyards and built fortresses, ruins of which may still be seen from Berwick to the Land's End. He built new ships capable of carrying guns. The Great Harry was the wonder of the day; she carried 700 men and was 1000 tons burden. But when Henry died the fleet perished. His daughter Mary was a stern Roman Catholic, and, married to Philip of Spain, there was no further danger of war with that great empire. The new queen was too busy warring against Protestantism to look to the seas; her father's fine ships rotted in the harbours. She left the seas to privateers—that is, to any men who were rich enough to buy, fit out, and command ships for themselves.

And this privateering ruled the day till the death of Mary in 1558, when her sister Elizabeth came to the throne. Elizabeth was an English woman; she loved the spirit of adventure and enterprise that took her sailor subjects on the high seas. She encouraged privateering, for the risk was small and the hope of profit was great. So she became the restorer of England's naval glory, the "Queen of the Northern Seas."

14. England England 14. England 14. Inglaterra 14. Angleterre 14. Inghilterra 14.イングランド 14. 영국 14. Anglija 14. Anglia 14. Inglaterra 14. Англия 14. İngiltere 14. Англія 14.英格兰 14.英格蘭

"This happy breed of men, this little world, This precious stone set in the silver sea." ||种族||||||||宝石||||| ||group||||||||||||| ||فئة||||||||||||| esta||||||||esta||||||| "این نژاد شاد مردان، این دنیای کوچک، این سنگ گرانبها در دریای نقره قرار گرفته است." "这快乐的人群，这小小的世界，这颗宝贵的石头镶嵌在银色的大海中。" —SHAKSPERE. Shakespeare -شکسپیر. ——莎士比亚。

Up to this time Spain had been the strongest and mightiest nation in Europe. ||||||||||الأعظم||| تا این زمان اسپانیا قوی ترین و قدرتمندترین کشور اروپا بود. Fino a quel momento la Spagna era stata la nazione più forte e potente d'Europa. 直到此时，西班牙一直是欧洲最强大和最有权势的国家。 Not only did she rule a great part of Italy, Sicily, the Netherlands, nearly all North America, all South America, but Portugal had fallen to her, with rich possessions in South Africa and India. ||||||||||西西里|||||||||||||已沦陷|||||||||| ||||||||||island in Italy||||||||||||||||||possessions||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ممتلكات غنية||||| ||||||||||Sicília||||||||||||||||||||||| او نه تنها بر بخش بزرگی از ایتالیا، سیسیل، هلند، تقریباً تمام آمریکای شمالی، تمام آمریکای جنوبی حکومت کرد، بلکه پرتغال با دارایی های غنی در آفریقای جنوبی و هند به دست او افتاد. 她不仅统治了意大利的大部分、锡西里、荷兰、几乎所有北美和南美，还包括了葡萄牙，并在南非和印度拥有丰富的财产。

She commanded the land, because she commanded the sea. |指挥|||||指挥|| |ruled||||||| 她掌控陆地，因为她掌控海洋。 Her galleys were in every port and harbour of the known world, trading with all the rich countries under her sway. ||||每个||||||||||||||||统治下 |ships|||||||||||||||||||rule |سفنها||||||ميناء||||||||||||| |galeras||||||porto||||||||||||| Le sue galee erano in tutti i porti del mondo conosciuto e commerciavano con tutti i ricchi Paesi sotto il suo dominio. 她的桨帆船遍布已知世界的每一个港口，与她统治下的所有富裕国家进行贸易。她的战舰遍布已知世界的每一个港口和港湾，与所有在她权力下的富裕国家进行贸易。

It has been truly said, "Whosoever commands the sea, commands the trade: whosoever commands the trade of the world, commands the riches of the world, and consequently the world itself." ||||||统治||||||||||||||||||||因此||| |||||من يملك|||||||||||||||||||||وبالتالي||| |||||quem quer que|||||||||||||||||||||||| È stato veramente detto: "Chi comanda il mare, comanda il commercio; chi comanda il commercio del mondo, comanda le ricchezze del mondo, e di conseguenza il mondo stesso". 确实如此：“谁控制了海洋，谁就控制了贸易；谁控制了世界贸易，谁就控制了世界的财富，从而控制了世界本身。” This, then, was quite true of Spain in the sixteenth century. |||||||||十六世纪| |||||||||século dezesseis| She was the first empire in the world of whom it could be said that the sun never set on her dominions. |||||||||||||||这|太阳|||||领土 |||||||||||||||||||||ممالكها Fu il primo impero al mondo di cui si poteva dire che il sole non tramontava mai sui suoi domini. 她是世界上第一个可以被称为“阳光永不落”的帝国。 This sunny Spain, washed by the waters of the great Atlantic on one side and the blue Mediterranean on the other, was yet looking round for new worlds to conquer when as yet the other nations of Europe had scarce ventured beyond their own fishing-grounds. |||冲刷|||||||||||||||||||然而|正在寻找||||||||||||||||几乎没有|敢于尝试|超越||自己的||渔场 |||||||||||||||||البحر الأبيض المتوسط|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||pouco|ousaram||||| Questa Spagna soleggiata, bagnata dalle acque del grande Atlantico da un lato e dal blu del Mediterraneo dall'altro, stava ancora cercando nuovi mondi da conquistare, quando le altre nazioni d'Europa si erano a malapena avventurate oltre le loro zone di pesca. Эта солнечная Испания, омываемая водами великой Атлантики с одной стороны и голубого Средиземного моря с другой, еще только искала новые миры для завоевания, когда другие народы Европы едва ли осмеливались выйти за пределы своих собственных рыболовных угодий. 这个阳光明媚的西班牙，一方面被浩瀚的亚特兰大海洋洗礼，另一方面则与蔚蓝的地中海相接，但在其他欧洲国家几乎还没有冒险走出自己的捕鱼场的时候，它却在寻求新的征服之地。 The largest merchant ship of either England or Holland was not fit to brave the storms of the Atlantic. |||||||||||适合的|到|勇敢面对||风暴||| La più grande nave mercantile inglese o olandese non era in grado di affrontare le tempeste dell'Atlantico. Самый большой торговый корабль Англии или Голландии не мог выдержать штормы Атлантики. 不论是英格兰还是荷兰，最大的商船都无法经受住大西洋的风暴。 But the sea-loving spirit of the old Vikings was in these northern countries. ||海||||||||||| 但是古老的维京人对海洋的热爱在这些北方国家中依然存在。 It had slept through the long ages of over five hundred years, but now it was to burst forth again with its old vigour and its old strength. ||沉睡|||||||||||||||||||||活力|||| ||نامت|||||||||||||||||||||حيويته القديمة|||| |||||||||||||||||irromper novamente||||||vigor antigo|||| 它在五百多年的漫长岁月中沉睡，但现在它将再次以往日的活力和力量爆发出来。 England and Holland were side by side to regain the mastery of wind and wave, until Spain lay crushed and powerless before their superior seamanship. ||||并肩作战||||重新获得||掌控权|||||||躺着|击败|||||优越的|航海技术 ||||||||||السيطرة|||||||كانت|مُهزَمة||||||فن الملاحة |||||||||||||||||||||||superior| ||||||||recuperar o domínio||domínio||||||||||||||arte de navegar 英格兰和荷兰肩并肩地争夺对风和海浪的控制，直到西班牙在他们更高超的航海技艺面前被压制和无能为力。

How did it all come about? 如何||||| Come è nato tutto questo? 这一切是如何发生的？ What was this race of English who manned the ships that carried the flag of their country round the world, who fought the Spaniard on his own ground, who destroyed his "invincible" fleet, known to history as the Spanish Armada? |||种族||||有人驾驶的||||携带的||||||环绕||||战斗||||||||||不可战胜的||||||||舰队 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||الأسطول الإسباني |||raça||||||||||||||||||||espanhol||||||||||||||||Armada Espanhola Che cos'era questa razza di inglesi che aveva a bordo le navi che portavano la bandiera del loro Paese in giro per il mondo, che aveva combattuto lo spagnolo sul suo stesso terreno, che aveva distrutto la sua "invincibile" flotta, nota alla storia come Armada spagnola? スペインのアルマダとして歴史的に知られている彼の「無敵の」艦隊を破壊した、自分の土地でスペイン人と戦った、世界中に自国の旗を掲げた船に人を配置したこの英語の種族は何でしたか？这群英语人是谁，他们操纵着将国家的旗帜带到世界各地的船只，谁在自己的土地上与西班牙人作斗争，谁摧毁了历史上被称为西班牙无敌舰队的舰队？ How did this little island, "set in a silver sea," manage to destroy the great power of Spain, and finally possess themselves of an empire on which the sun never sets? 如何||||||||||||||||||||拥有|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||تملك|نفسها||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||possuiram-se|||||||||| Come ha fatto questa piccola isola, "incastonata in un mare d'argento", a distruggere la grande potenza della Spagna e a impossessarsi infine di un impero su cui non tramonta mai il sole? 这个“坐落在银色海洋中”的小岛是如何摧毁强大的西班牙，最终拥有一个日不落帝国的呢？这个小岛是如何在“银色海洋”中成功消灭西班牙这个强国，并最终占有一个从不落日的帝国的？ The answer lies in the romantic life-story of the old sea-captain Drake, and the encouragement given to sailors by the English queen under whom he sailed, the "Good Queen Bess" of the sixteenth century. ||在于|||浪漫的|生活|||||||德雷克|||鼓励|||水手||这|||在之下||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||التشجيع||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||Drake o velho capitão|||incentivo|||||||||||||||a boa rainha|||| La risposta si trova nella romantica storia della vita del vecchio capitano di mare Drake e nell'incoraggiamento dato ai marinai dalla regina inglese sotto la quale navigò, la "Good Queen Bess" del XVI secolo. 答案在于老海军舰长德雷克的浪漫人生故事，以及他所航行的英格兰女王，即十六世纪的“好女王贝丝”对水手们的鼓励。 But before beginning this old story it will be well to see what had been happening in England while Spain was so busy trying to crush out the Protestants in the Netherlands. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||البروتستانت||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||esmagar|||||| What part had this England played in the great Awakening of mankind, and in the Reformation that had spread over Europe? |||||دور||||الصحوة||البشرية||||الإصلاح||||| |||||||||||mankind||||||||| |||||||||despertar humano||||||||||| 这个英国在人类的伟大觉醒和席卷欧洲的宗教改革中发挥了什么作用？

England has been called the "sea-cradle of the Reformation," because it was by reason of the Reformation that the King of England, Henry VIII., was induced to strengthen his coasts and build his navy to protect Protestant England against Roman Catholic Spain. |||||||||||它|||||||||||||亨利八世||促使||||||||海军|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||persuaded|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||حث|||||||||||إنجلترا البروتستانتية||||| ||||||berço||||||||||||||||||Henrique VIII|||||||||||||||||| 英国被称为“宗教改革的海摇篮”，因为正是由于宗教改革，英王亨利八世被迫加强海岸防御，建立海军，以保护新教徒的英国免受罗马天主教西班牙的侵害。 Like the Netherlands, England had taken a strong Protestant line; when the choice had to be made, Henry VIII. |||||||||立场|||||||||亨利八世像荷兰一样，英格兰采取了强烈的新教立场；当需要做出选择时，亨利八世。 had cast off the supreme power of the Pope but retained the title of "Defender of the Faith," a title which to this day is borne by sovereigns of England. ||||||||||保留了||||信仰捍卫者|||||头衔||以||||承载||君主|| |lançou fora||||||||||||||||||||||||||os soberanos|| aveva scacciato il potere supremo del Papa, ma aveva mantenuto il titolo di "Difensore della Fede", titolo che ancora oggi viene portato dai sovrani d'Inghilterra. 抛弃了教皇的至高权威，但保留了“信仰捍卫者”的称号，这个称号至今仍被英格兰的君主所拥有。 There was danger in the air. 空中に危険がありました。 The whole country was divided into two sides. France became Roman Catholic and sided with Spain. |||||aliou-se|| 法国成为了罗马天主教徒，并与西班牙结盟。 England must prepare for possible invasion. イギリスは侵略の可能性に備える必要があります。英国必须为可能的入侵做好准备。

Now, when Henry VIII. 现在，亨利八世。 came to the throne England had no fleet at all. 登基时，英格兰完全没有海军舰队。 A few merchant hulks traded with Lisbon and Antwerp, a fishing fleet sailed to Iceland for cod. ||||||里斯本||||||||冰岛|| |||ships||||||||||||| |||سفن تجارية||||||||||||| |||navios mercantes|||||Antuérpia||||||||bacalhau fresco Alcune navi mercantili commerciavano con Lisbona e Anversa, una flotta di pescatori navigava verso l'Islanda alla ricerca di merluzzo. 少数商船与里斯本和安特卫普进行贸易，一支渔船舰队前往冰岛捕捞鳕鱼。 It is true that Cabot had sailed across the Atlantic, but his enterprise had not been followed up, and Spain ruled the waters as before. ||||卡博特|||||||||||||||||||| ||||Cabot|||||||||||||||||||| 确实，卡博特曾横渡大西洋，但他的事业没有得到后续发展，西班牙如以前一样统治着这些水域。

But Henry VIII. was not blind to the needs of the nation. ||不对视|||需求||| 没有忽视国家的需要。 If war broke out, the merchant and fishing ships must help to defend the coast. In caso di guerra, le navi mercantili e da pesca devono contribuire alla difesa della costa. 如果战争爆发，商船和渔船必须帮助防卫海岸。 He repaired all the important dockyards and built fortresses, ruins of which may still be seen from Berwick to the Land's End. |修复||||造船厂|||堡垒|废墟||||||||贝尔维克|||陆地的尽头| |||||estaleiros navais|||fortificações|||||||||Berwick-upon-Tweed|||| 他修复了所有重要的船坞，并建造了堡垒，遗迹至今仍可从贝尔威克到陆地尽头看到。 He built new ships capable of carrying guns. ||||||携带| 他建造了能够携带火炮的新船。 The Great Harry was the wonder of the day; she carried 700 men and was 1000 tons burden. ||大哈利|||奇迹|||||||||吨|负载 Il Great Harry era la meraviglia del giorno; trasportava 700 uomini e pesava 1000 tonnellate. 伟大的哈里号是当时的奇迹；它可以载700人，载重1000吨。 But when Henry died the fleet perished. ||||||消亡了 ||||||was lost ||||||desapareceu 但亨利去世后，舰队也随之灭亡。 His daughter Mary was a stern Roman Catholic, and, married to Philip of Spain, there was no further danger of war with that great empire. |||||strict||||||||||||||||||| |||||rigorosa||||||Filipe I||||||||||||| 他的女儿玛丽是一个严厉的罗马天主教徒，与西班牙的菲利普结婚，因此与那个大帝国之间不再有战争的危险。 The new queen was too busy warring against Protestantism to look to the seas; her father's fine ships rotted in the harbours. ||||||||||||||||||腐烂了||| ||||||fazendo guerra||||||||||||apodreceram||| 新女王忙于与新教徒作战，没时间关注海洋；她父亲的豪华舰船在港口腐烂。 She left the seas to privateers—that is, to any men who were rich enough to buy, fit out, and command ships for themselves. |||||海盗|||||||||||||||||| |||||os corsários|||||||||||||||||| 彼女は海を私掠船に任せました。つまり、自分で船を購入し、装備し、指揮するのに十分な金持ちの男性に任せました。她将海洋留给了私掠者——也就是说，留给了那些足够富有，能够自己购买、装备和指挥船只的人。

And this privateering ruled the day till the death of Mary in 1558, when her sister Elizabeth came to the throne. |||统治|||||||玛丽|||||伊丽莎白|登基||| ||corsário||||até||||||||||||| 这种私掠活动一直持续到1558年玛丽去世时, 她的妹妹伊丽莎白登基。 Elizabeth was an English woman; she loved the spirit of adventure and enterprise that took her sailor subjects on the high seas. 伊丽莎白||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||sailor||||| 伊丽莎白是一位英国女性；她热爱冒险和企业精神，这种精神让她的水手臣民在公海上航行。 She encouraged privateering, for the risk was small and the hope of profit was great. |||||风险||||||||| Incoraggiò il corsaro, perché il rischio era piccolo e la speranza di guadagno era grande. 她鼓励海盗活动，因为风险小且获利希望大。 So she became the restorer of England's naval glory, the "Queen of the Northern Seas." ||||||英格兰的|海军||||||| ||||restorer|||||||||| 因此，她成为了英国海军荣耀的恢复者，被称为“北海女王”。