Commencer à apprendre cette leçon maintenant

The Awakening of Europe, 35. In the Days of Oliver Cromwell

35. In the Days of Oliver Cromwell

"Cromwell, our chief of men, who through a cloud, Guided by faith and matchless fortitude, To peace and truth thy glorious way hast ploughed." —MILTON.

The famous Navigation Act, which brought on the war between England and Holland, was one of the last acts in the life of the great Englishman Oliver Cromwell. Before telling the stories of the fine old Sea Admirals who fought in that war for the power of the seas, let us see what this man Cromwell had already done for his country.

Oliver Cromwell was a very giant among men, the "wonder of Europe and the glory of his age." Like the Pilgrim Fathers, he was a Puritan, steeped in the language of his Bible, intolerant of Roman Catholics. He had a mighty brain and a great soul; but he was no perfect hero, no spotless saint. He was just a strong man, who did what he thought best for his country in a difficult age.

The young Oliver was four years old when Queen Elizabeth died and James became King of England. There is a story that, when he was a small baby, a large monkey seized him out of his cradle and carried him up on to the roof of the house. Another story says, that the very year of James's accession, his little son, Prince Charles, was worsted at "fisticuffs" while playing with Oliver Cromwell, who was but a year older than himself. But as the little Prince did not speak till he was five, and crawled on his hands and knees till he was seven, this is not likely.

It was a sorry day for England when this same young prince became king, on the death of his father in 1625, and the long quarrels were begun which ended only with his execution.

Now, England was governed by a king and Parliament. This latter consisted of a number of men from all parts of the country who decided on laws and taxes for the good of the land. In this Parliament sat young Oliver Cromwell. No one thought much of him. He slouched in and out in a home-spun suit, took little part publicly, and seemed glad enough to return to his farm, his wife and children, near Ely, in the eastern counties. It was not till Charles had plunged his country into civil war, by reason of his unjust taxation, that Cromwell rose to play his great part.

There was no standing army in England at this time. Troops were raised by private people, and Oliver Cromwell found himself in command of a troop of horse. Together with his parliamentary friends he was present at the first battle against the king. The king, helped by his fiery nephew, Prince Rupert, fresh over from the Thirty Years' War, was victorious. Cromwell knew why.

"Your troops," he said to one of his friends, "are old decayed serving-men, and the king's troops are gentlemen's sons. Do you think that the spirits of such base and mean fellows will ever be able to encounter gentlemen, that have honour and courage and resolution in them?" The final result of the whole war lay in these words. Cromwell now chose men for the army who were sternly Puritan, who had their hearts in the cause, who had some conscience in what they did. Every soldier henceforth had to undergo a severe training. Cromwell himself, having learned from a Dutchman the art of war, drilled the men, until he had a cavalry regiment under his orders so fiery with zeal, so well restrained, that no body of horse could compare with it. No longer was there any thought of flight, none of retreat; deeds of eternal fame were done, endless and infinite. "From that day forward they were never beaten." So Cromwell and his Ironsides, as the soldiers were called, advanced to victory. Red coats were worn for the first time in this "New Model Army," as it was called. The king was finally beaten and brought to trial in London. Then came the signing of the death-warrant by Cromwell and fifty-seven others, and preparations for the execution. The dignity which had failed the poor king in his life, came to him in these last days. He was allowed to say good-bye to his young children, a scene among the most pathetic in history. Having taken them on his knee and kissed them again and yet again, he ordered them to be taken away. When they reached the door they flew back to his arms, sobbing aloud, until the wretched King Charles tore himself away, only to fall on his knees in prayer.

Firmly he mounted the scaffold. As his head was lifted up to the sight of his subjects, a groan of pity and horror burst from the crowd. The news was received throughout Europe in silent horror.

But the death of the king was a great landmark in history. The old rule was behind, the new rule was before. A new life had arisen for England, which would affect the history of Europe.

Oliver Cromwell was now a king in all but name. Of his campaigns in Ireland and Scotland there is no time to tell. At the age of forty-three he had girt on his sword. At the age of fifty-two he laid it down.

"See what a multitude of people come to attend your triumph," they said to him when he returned from the wars. "More would come to see me hanged," he had answered with a careless smile, knowing how unpopular he was. The country had been torn by war for ten years. Cromwell now turned his attention to a settlement of affairs. And first and foremost came the Act giving to the English increased power at sea, with more far-reaching results than even Oliver Cromwell could foresee.

35. In the Days of Oliver Cromwell 在|奥利弗·克伦威尔时代|克伦威尔时代|||克伦威尔 35. In den Tagen von Oliver Cromwell 35. En tiempos de Oliver Cromwell 35. Ai tempi di Oliver Cromwell 35.オリバー・クロムウェルの時代に 35. 올리버 크롬웰의 시대에 35. Nos tempos de Oliver Cromwell 35. Во времена Оливера Кромвеля 35. За часів Олівера Кромвеля 35.奥利弗-克伦威尔时代

"Cromwell, our chief of men, who through a cloud, Guided by faith and matchless fortitude, To peace and truth thy glorious way hast ploughed." ||||||||||||||statečnost||||||||| 克伦威尔|||||||||引导||||无与伦比|坚韧不拔|||||||||开辟 ||||||||||||||不屈の精神|||||||||切り開いた |||||||||||||无与伦比的|勇气|||||||||开辟 "Cromwell, nostro capo degli uomini, che attraverso una nube, guidato dalla fede e da un'impareggiabile forza d'animo, hai aperto la tua strada gloriosa verso la pace e la verità". “克伦威尔，我们的首领，穿过乌云，凭借信仰和无与伦比的勇气，开辟了通往和平与真理的光辉之路。” —MILTON. ——米尔顿。

The famous Navigation Act, which brought on the war between England and Holland, was one of the last acts in the life of the great Englishman Oliver Cromwell. |||||||||||||||||||在|的||||||| ||||||||||||Holland||||||||||||||| 著名的航海法案引发了英荷战争，这是伟大的英国人奥利弗·克伦威尔生前最后的作为之一。 Before telling the stories of the fine old Sea Admirals who fought in that war for the power of the seas, let us see what this man Cromwell had already done for his country. ||||||杰出的|||海军上将|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||海军上将|||||||||||||||||||||||| 在讲述那些为海洋权力而战的优秀老海军司令的故事之前，让我们看看这个克伦威尔为他的国家已经做了什么。

Oliver Cromwell was a very giant among men, the "wonder of Europe and the glory of his age." |||||||||||||||||时代奥利弗·克伦威尔是人群中的巨人，"欧洲的奇迹和他那个时代的荣耀。" Like the Pilgrim Fathers, he was a Puritan, steeped in the language of his Bible, intolerant of Roman Catholics. |||||||清教徒|浸泡在|||||||不宽容||| 像朝圣者的父亲一样，他是一个清教徒，沉浸在他圣经的语言中，对罗马天主教徒不容忍。 He had a mighty brain and a great soul; but he was no perfect hero, no spotless saint. 他||||||||||||||||无瑕的| ||||||||||||||||无瑕疵| 他有一颗强大的头脑和伟大的灵魂；但他不是完美的英雄，不是无暇的圣人。 He was just a strong man, who did what he thought best for his country in a difficult age. 他只是一个强壮的人，在一个困难的时代做他认为对祖国最好的事情。

The young Oliver was four years old when Queen Elizabeth died and James became King of England. |年轻的||||||||||||||| 年轻的奥利弗在伊丽莎白女王去世时四岁，詹姆斯成为英格兰国王。 There is a story that, when he was a small baby, a large monkey seized him out of his cradle and carried him up on to the roof of the house. |||||||||||||||||||kolébky||||||||||| ||||||||||婴儿|||||||||||||||||||| Si racconta che, quando era piccolo, una grande scimmia lo prese dalla culla e lo portò sul tetto della casa. 有一个故事，说他还是个小婴儿时，一只大猴子把他从摇篮里抓出来，带到了房子的屋顶上。 Another story says, that the very year of James's accession, his little son, Prince Charles, was worsted at "fisticuffs" while playing with Oliver Cromwell, who was but a year older than himself. ||||那|||||||||||被打败|打败||打斗||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||負けた||喧嘩||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||打败||拳击||||||||||||| Un'altra storia racconta che l'anno stesso dell'ascesa al trono di Giacomo, il suo figlioletto, il principe Carlo, fu colpito da una "scazzottata" mentre giocava con Oliver Cromwell, che aveva solo un anno più di lui. Een ander verhaal zegt dat in het jaar van James 'toetreding, zijn zoontje, Prins Charles, met "vuisten" werd kamgelen tijdens het spelen met Oliver Cromwell, die maar een jaar ouder was dan hijzelf. 另一个故事说，詹姆斯加冕的那一年，他的小儿子查理王子在与比他大一岁的奥利弗·克伦威尔玩耍时，被打败了。 But as the little Prince did not speak till he was five, and crawled on his hands and knees till he was seven, this is not likely. |||||||||||||爬行|||||||||七岁|||| Ma poiché il piccolo Principe non parlò fino all'età di cinque anni e strisciò sulle mani e sulle ginocchia fino all'età di sette anni, questo non è probabile. 但由于小王子到五岁才开口说话，七岁时才开始用手和膝盖爬行，这种可能性不大。

It was a sorry day for England when this same young prince became king, on the death of his father in 1625, and the long quarrels were begun which ended only with his execution. ||||||||||||||||||||||||spory|||||||| |||悲惨的|||||||||||||||||||||争吵|||||仅仅|||处决 ||||||||||||||||||||||||争吵||开始|||||| Fu un giorno triste per l'Inghilterra quando questo giovane principe divenne re, alla morte del padre nel 1625, e iniziarono le lunghe dispute che si conclusero solo con la sua esecuzione. 在1625年，这位年轻的王子因其父去世而成为国王，这一天对英格兰而言是个悲惨的日子，长时间的争执由此开始，直到他的处决才结束。

Now, England was governed by a king and Parliament. |||由统治||||| 现在，英格兰由国王和议会治理。 This latter consisted of a number of men from all parts of the country who decided on laws and taxes for the good of the land. |后者|||||||||||||||||||||||| Quest'ultimo consisteva in un numero di uomini provenienti da tutte le parti del Paese che decidevano le leggi e le tasse per il bene della terra. 后者由来自全国各地的许多人组成，他们决定法律和税收，以造福国家。 In this Parliament sat young Oliver Cromwell. 在这个议会中坐着年轻的奥利弗·克伦威尔。 No one thought much of him. 没人对他怎么看。 He slouched in and out in a home-spun suit, took little part publicly, and seemed glad enough to return to his farm, his wife and children, near Ely, in the eastern counties. |vstoupil||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |弯腰走进||||||自制的|自制的||参与||||||||||||||||||伊利|||| |出入りした||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |穿着|||||||||||||||||||||||||||伊利|||| Si è presentato e presentato con un vestito fatto in casa, ha partecipato poco pubblicamente e sembrava abbastanza contento di tornare alla sua fattoria, a sua moglie e ai suoi figli, vicino a Ely, nelle contee orientali. 他穿着自制的套装进进出出，公开场合参与得很少，似乎很高兴能回到他位于东部郡、靠近伊利的农场，与妻子和孩子们团聚。 It was not till Charles had plunged his country into civil war, by reason of his unjust taxation, that Cromwell rose to play his great part. ||||查理一世||使陷入|||||||||||税收|||崛起||扮演||| 直到查尔斯因为他不公正的税收使国家陷入内战，克伦威尔才得以发挥他的伟大作用。

There was no standing army in England at this time. |||常备军|||||| |||常備軍|||||| 那个时候，英格兰没有常备军。 Troops were raised by private people, and Oliver Cromwell found himself in command of a troop of horse. |||||||||||||||骑兵队|| 部队是由私人招募的，奥利弗·克伦威尔发现自己指挥着一支骑兵部队。 Together with his parliamentary friends he was present at the first battle against the king. |||议会的||||出席||||||| 与他的议会朋友们一起，他出席了第一次对抗国王的战斗。 The king, helped by his fiery nephew, Prince Rupert, fresh over from the Thirty Years' War, was victorious. ||||||侄子|||||||||||胜利的 |||||熱い|||||||||||| ||||||||鲁珀特||||||||| 国王在他火爆的侄子鲁珀特王子的帮助下，刚从三十年战争归来，取得了胜利。 Cromwell knew why. 克伦威尔|| 克伦威尔知道原因。

"Your troops," he said to one of his friends, "are old decayed serving-men, and the king's troops are gentlemen's sons. |vojsko||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||衰老的||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||绅士| "Le vostre truppe", disse a uno dei suoi amici, "sono vecchi servitori decaduti, mentre le truppe del re sono figli di gentiluomini. "你的军队，"他对他的一个朋友说，"是老朽的仆人，而国王的军队是绅士的儿子。" Do you think that the spirits of such base and mean fellows will ever be able to encounter gentlemen, that have honour and courage and resolution in them?" |||||灵魂|||卑鄙||卑鄙的|家伙|将|||||相遇|||||||||| |||||||||||家伙||||||||||||||决心|| "你认为如此卑微和卑鄙的小人们的精神，能够与拥有荣耀、勇气和决心的绅士们相抗衡吗？" The final result of the whole war lay in these words. "整个战争的最终结果就蕴含在这些话中。" Cromwell now chose men for the army who were sternly Puritan, who had their hearts in the cause, who had some conscience in what they did. ||||为||||||||有||心在|在|||||||||| |||||||||厳しく|||||||||||||||| 克伦威尔现在选择那些严苛的清教徒作为军队成员，他们心中坚定信念，对所做的一切有些良心。 Every soldier henceforth had to undergo a severe training. ||odteď|||podstoupit||| |||||接受||| 从今往后，每个士兵都必须经历严格的训练。 Cromwell himself, having learned from a Dutchman the art of war, drilled the men, until he had a cavalry regiment under his orders so fiery with zeal, so well restrained, that no body of horse could compare with it. |||学习||||||||训练|||||||骑兵|骑兵团|||||||热情|||控制良好||没有一支|部队|||||| |||||||||||训练|||||||骑兵||||||||热情|||||||||||| Cromwell stesso, avendo appreso da un olandese l'arte della guerra, addestrò gli uomini, finché non ebbe un reggimento di cavalleria ai suoi ordini così ardente di zelo, così ben trattenuto, che nessun corpo di cavalli poteva essere paragonato ad esso. 克伦威尔自己从一个荷兰人那里学到了战争的艺术，训练士兵，直到他指挥的骑兵团激情洋溢，纪律严明，没有任何骑兵部队能与之相比。 No longer was there any thought of flight, none of retreat; deeds of eternal fame were done, endless and infinite. |||那里||||||||伟大的事迹|||||||| ||||||||||撤退||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||无限 Non si pensava più alla fuga, né alla ritirata; si compivano azioni di fama eterna, infinite e senza fine. 不再有任何逃跑的念头，也没有后退；永恒的荣誉之事已完成，无尽无穷。 "From that day forward they were never beaten." |||从那天起|||| “从那天起，他们再也没有被打败过。” So Cromwell and his Ironsides, as the soldiers were called, advanced to victory. ||||铁骑||||||向前推进|| ||||铁骑|||||||| Dus Cromwell en zijn Ironsides, zoals de soldaten werden genoemd, schoven op naar de overwinning. 所以克伦威尔和他的铁骑，正如这些士兵所称，被推向胜利。 Red coats were worn for the first time in this "New Model Army," as it was called. ||||第一次|||||||||||| 在这个被称为 "新模范军" 的组织中，第一次穿上了红色外套。 The king was finally beaten and brought to trial in London. 国王最终被打败并在伦敦受审。 Then came the signing of the death-warrant by Cromwell and fifty-seven others, and preparations for the execution. |||||||死刑令||||||||||| Seguirono la firma del mandato di morte da parte di Cromwell e di altre cinquantasette persone e i preparativi per l'esecuzione. 然后是克伦威尔和其他五十七人签署了死刑令，并为处决做准备。 The dignity which had failed the poor king in his life, came to him in these last days. |důstojnost|||||||||||||||| 那|||曾经|辜负了||||||||||||| La dignità che era venuta meno al povero re durante la sua vita, gli è venuta incontro in questi ultimi giorni. 在他生命中辜负他的尊严，在这最后的日子里回到了他身边。 He was allowed to say good-bye to his young children, a scene among the most pathetic in history. ||||||||||||||||悲惨的|| 他被允许向年轻的孩子们告别，这是一幕历史上最感人的场景之一。 Having taken them on his knee and kissed them again and yet again, he ordered them to be taken away. 他将他们抱在膝上，一遍又一遍地亲吻他们，然后命令把他们带走。 When they reached the door they flew back to his arms, sobbing aloud, until the wretched King Charles tore himself away, only to fall on his knees in prayer. ||||||飞奔|||||抽泣着||||可怜的|||挣扎|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||他自己||||||||| 当他们到达门口时，他们飞回他的怀抱，痛哭流涕，直到可怜的查理斯王撕心裂肺地离开，只得跪下来祷告。

Firmly he mounted the scaffold. ||||lešení 他坚定地走上了绞刑架。 As his head was lifted up to the sight of his subjects, a groan of pity and horror burst from the crowd. ||||||||视线|||||叹息|||||||人群| 当他的头被抬高给他的臣民看时，人群中爆发出一阵怜悯和恐惧的呻吟。 The news was received throughout Europe in silent horror. 这个消息在整个欧洲传开时，引起了沉默的恐惧。

But the death of the king was a great landmark in history. |||||||||里程碑|| 但国王的死是历史上的一个重要里程碑。 The old rule was behind, the new rule was before. |||||||||在前旧的统治已经过去，新的统治就在眼前。 A new life had arisen for England, which would affect the history of Europe. Era nata una nuova vita per l'Inghilterra, che avrebbe influenzato la storia dell'Europa. 对英格兰来说，一个新的生活开始了，这将影响欧洲的历史。

Oliver Cromwell was now a king in all but name. ||||||实际上||| Oliver Cromwell era ormai un re a tutti gli effetti. 奥利弗·克伦威尔如今实际上是国王。 Of his campaigns in Ireland and Scotland there is no time to tell. ||征战|||||||||| 关于他在爱尔兰和苏格兰的战役，没有时间讲述。 At the age of forty-three he had girt on his sword. ||||||||opásal||| ||||||||系上||| ||||||||帯びた||| ||||||||佩戴||| 在四十三岁时，他佩戴上了他的剑。 At the age of fifty-two he laid it down. 在五十二岁时，他放下了它。

"See what a multitude of people come to attend your triumph," they said to him when he returned from the wars. |||众多||人们|||参加|||||||||||| “看，有这么多的人来庆祝你的胜利，”他们在他从战场归来时对他说。 "More would come to see me hanged," he had answered with a careless smile, knowing how unpopular he was. ||||||||||||漫不经心||||不受欢迎|| "更多人会来看看我被绞死，"他不以为意地回答，知道自己有多不受欢迎。 The country had been torn by war for ten years. 这个国家已经经历了十年的战争。 Cromwell now turned his attention to a settlement of affairs. |||||||事务的解决||事务的解决克伦威尔现在将注意力转向了事务的解决。 And first and foremost came the Act giving to the English increased power at sea, with more far-reaching results than even Oliver Cromwell could foresee. ||||是||||||||||||||深远的|||||||预见到 |||||||||||||||||||resultaten|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||能|预见首要的是给予英国在海上更多权力的法案，其影响甚至超出了奥利弗·克伦威尔的预见。