Mengapa Blok Komunisme Gagal | Sejarah Sino-Soviet Split
|||||Chinese||Split
Warum der kommunistische Block scheiterte | Geschichte der chinesisch-sowjetischen Spaltung
Why the Communist Bloc Failed | History of the Sino-Soviet Split
Por qué fracasó el bloque comunista | Historia de la ruptura sino-soviética
Pourquoi le bloc communiste a échoué | Histoire de la scission sino-soviétique
共産圏はなぜ失敗したのか|中ソ分裂の歴史
共產主義封鎖為何失敗 |中蘇分裂史
Pada 1848, Karl Marx meramalkan sebuah revolusi.
In 1848|Karl Marx|Marx|predicted|a|
In 1848, Karl Marx predicted a revolution.
Revolusi ini akan terjadi di seluruh dunia
This revolution will take place all over the world
dan diprakarsai oleh kaum pekerja melawan seluruh kaum penguasa - baik itu Kapitalis, maupun Feodalis.
|||group||||||||capitalists||feudal
and initiated by the workers against all rulers - both Capitalists and Feudalists.
Seratus tahun kemudian..
One hundred years later..
..Perang Dingin terjadi. Dan ramalan ini mendekati kenyataan.
||||prediction|||reality
..Cold War ensued. And this prediction is close to reality.
Uni Soviet dan Tiongkok menjadi negara komunis terbesar di Eropa dan Asia,
The Soviet Union and China became the largest communist countries in Europe and Asia,
dan mereka menandatangani traktat aliansi dan persahabatan.
||to sign|treaty|alliance||friendship
and they signed a treaty of alliance and friendship.
Partai serta organisasi berhaluan komunisme pun,
|||aligned with||
Communist-leaning parties and organizations,
mulai bermunculan di berbagai belahan dunia
|emerging||various|regions|
began to appear in various parts of the world
dengan hasrat akan revolusi,
|passion||
with a passion for revolution,
seakan akan dari satu negara saja yang menjadi komunis
as if||||||||
as if one country had become communist
akan menjadi inspirasi bagi negara lain
|||for other countries||
will be an inspiration to other countries
dan negara lain.. dalam suatu efek rantai layaknya Domino.
||||||chain effect||domino effect
Namun, ramalan Marx ini...
|prediction||
However, this prediction of Marx...
...Gagal.
Failed
Kita tahu bahwa Amerika Serikat menjadi pemenang dari Perang Dingin.
|||United States|||winner|||
We know that the United States was the victor of the Cold War.
Tapi, bukan hanya itu...
But, that's not all ...
Tiongkok dan Uni Soviet, justru menjadi musuh bebuyutan satu sama lain.
||||instead||enemy|bitter rivals|||
China and the Soviet Union, in fact, became mortal enemies of each other.
Mengapa hal ini terjadi?
Why is this happening?
Semua dimulai di tahun 1950.
It all started in 1950.
Republik Rakyat Tiongkok dan Uni Soviet menandatangani Traktat Aliansi dan Persahabatan
||||Union||sign|treaty|||Friendship
yang menggambungkan kedua negara dalam persaudaran ideologi, ekonomi, dan militer.
|uniting||||brotherhood||||
which unites the two countries in ideological, economic and military fraternity.
Ini tentunya membuat khawatir Amerika Serikat, yang pernah gagal dalam mendukung kelompok nasionalis dalam Perang Sipil Cina.
||||||||failed||support|group|||||
This must have worried the United States, which had failed to support nationalists in the Chinese Civil War.
Pada waktu yang sama, ia juga tengah berhadapan dengan dominasi Uni Soviet di Eropa Timur.
|||||||facing||dominance||Soviet|||
At the same time, he was also dealing with the domination of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe.
Dengan anggaran militer yang terbatas, serta kepentingan ekonomi nasional lain,
|budget|||limited|and|interest|||
With a limited military budget, as well as other national economic interests,
Presiden Dwight D. Eisenhower
President|Dwight|Dwight David|Eisenhower
serta Sekretaris Luar Negeri John Foster Dulles merancang strategi untuk menghadapi kekuatan komunisme.
and|||||Foster|Dulles|designing a strategy|||confront the|communist power|
and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles devised a strategy to deal with the forces of communism.
Strategi itu, mengandalkan politik pecah-belah.
||rely on|||divide and conquer
This strategy relies on political divisions.
Pertama, Dwight D. Eisenhower akan mengurangi anggaran militer di Angkatan Darat, serta Angkatan Laut.
|||||reduce|budget|||military branch|Army|and|Forces|
First, Dwight D. Eisenhower would reduce military budgets in the Army, as well as the Navy.
Namun, diperbanyak di Angkatan Udara, dan arsenal senjata nuklir.
||||||arsenal||nuclear
However, it is reproduced in the Air Force, and in the arsenal of nuclear weapons.
Lalu, Dulles akan menggunakan kekuatan nuklir dan Angkatan Udara ini sebagai alat diplomasi untuk menekan Uni Soviet beserta Tiongkok
|||||nuclear||Forces||||tool|diplomacy||press|||along with|
Then, Dulles would use nuclear power and the Air Force as a diplomatic tool to suppress the Soviet Union and China
dalam rangka memecah belah mereka.
|framework|divide|divide|
in order to divide them.
Lalu, sebuah kesempatan pun datang.
||opportunity||
Then, an opportunity came.
Diktator Uni Soviet, Joseph Stalin meninggal dunia
dictator|||Joseph Stalin|Soviet dictator||
Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin dies
dan digantikan dengan Georgy Malenkov.
|replaced||Georgy Malenkov|Malenkov
and was replaced by Georgy Malenkov.
Pada saat itu, senjata nuklir AS sudah jauh melampaui Uni Soviet.
||||nuclear||||exceeded||
By that time, the US nuclear arsenal had far surpassed the Soviet Union.
Ancaman akan serangan nuklir pun menjadi kian genting bagi Uni Soviet.
Threat||attack||||increasingly urgent|critical|for the||
The threat of a nuclear attack also became increasingly precarious for the Soviet Union.
Hal ini memaksa Malenkov untuk mengesampingkan ideologi revolusioner
||force|||set aside||revolutionary
This forced Malenkov to put aside revolutionary ideology
dan menawarkan hubungan damai dengan AS
|offering||peaceful relationship||
and offer peaceful relations with the US
demi mencegah serangan nuklir dari Barat.
to|to prevent|attack|||
Strategi AS, mulai membuahkan hasil.
|||yield|
The US strategy, is starting to bear fruit.
Malenkov tidak berkuasa lama
Malenkov did not reign for long
dan digantikan oleh Nikita Khrushchev.
|replaced|||Khrushchev
Namun, Nikita tetap menjalankan kebijakan Malenkov
|||implement|policy|
However, Nikita continued to pursue Malenkov's policy
dengan berupaya menjaga damai dengan AS.
|making an effort|to maintain|peace||
trying to maintain peace with the United States.
Inilah yang mulai menyebabkan gesekan antara Uni Soviet dan sekutunya.
|||causing|friction|||||allies
This is what started to cause friction between the Soviet Union and its allies.
Sementara Uni Soviet mengutamakan keamanan negara dengan mencegah agresi AS,
Meanwhile|||prioritize|security|||preventing|aggression|
While the Soviet Union prioritized national security by preventing US aggression,
Tiongkok masih bersemangat untuk melawan Kapitalisme dan Imperialisme.
||be enthusiastic||combat|capitalism||imperialism
China is still eager to fight against Capitalism and Imperialism.
Bagi Tiongkok, berdamai dengan Dunia Barat tidak hanya menista ideologi Marxisme, tetapi sangat berbahaya pada perjuangan anti-penjajahan di Asia dan Afrika.
For||make peace||||||dishonors||Marxism|||||struggle||colonization||||
For China, making peace with the West is not only an insult to the ideology of Marxism, but is very dangerous to the anti-colonial struggle in Asia and Africa.
Pasalnya, Uni Soviet bisa saja mengabaikan bahkan berkolaborasi dengan negara-negara barat
Because|||||ignore||collaborate||||
The reason is, the Soviet Union could have neglected and even collaborated with western countries
yang hendak mengambil kembali jajahan-jajahan mereka.
|want to||||colonies|
who want to take back their colonies.
Ketakutan ini semakin meningkat pada Kongres ke-20 Partai Komunis Uni Soviet.
|||increasing|||||||
This fear intensified at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Pada kala itu, Khrushchev melakukan suatu hal yang tidak pernah dilakukan oleh siapapun di Uni Soviet.
at that time|time||||||||||||||
At that time, Khrushchev did something that no one else in the Soviet Union had ever done.
Dalam pidato yang dilakukan dalam sesi tertutup,
|speech||||session|
In a speech conducted in closed session,
Khrushchev mengkritisi Joseph Stalin, sebagai seorang diktator
|criticize|||||
Khrushchev criticizes Joseph Stalin, as a dictator
dan bukan pemimpin yang baik.
and not a good leader.
Stalin bahkan dituduh berlainan dengan pendahulunya, Lenin.
||accused|||his predecessor|Lenin
Stalin was even accused of being different from his predecessor, Lenin.
Ketika Khrushchev menghina Stalin,
|Khrushchev|insult|
When Khrushchev insulted Stalin,
Mao berasumsi, Khrushchev telah menghina dirinya secara tidak langsung.
Mao|assume|||||indirectly||
Mao assumed that Khrushchev had insulted him indirectly.
Hal ini dapat mengancam legitimasi Mao, karena, berpotensi menginspirasi bawahan Mao untuk melakukan hal serupa.
|||threaten||||potentially|inspire|subordinates|Mao Zedong||||similar things
This could threaten Mao's legitimacy, because, it could potentially inspire Mao's subordinates to do the same.
AS tidak tinggal diam.
The US is not standing still.
Dulles terus menekan kedua negara tersebut, dengan membentuk Aliansi-Aliansi Non-Komunis, Pro-AS
Dulles continued to pressure the two countries, forming the Non-Communist, Pro-US Alliances
seputar Asia dan Eropa.
around Asia and Europe.
Di tahun 1954, AS memprakarsai SEATO
|||initiate|Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
In 1954, the US initiated SEATO
dengan anggota Australia, Perancis, Inggris, Selandia Baru, Pakistan, Thailand, Filipina. Dan pada 1955, CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) dibentuk antara Iran, Pakistan, Turki dan Inggris.
|||||New Zealand||Pakistan|||||CENTO|Central|treaty|CENTO|was formed||||Turkey||
Hal ini dilakukan untuk memantik paranoia Tiongkok
||||ignite|paranoia|
This is done to stoke Chinese paranoia
yang kemudian akan meminta lebih banyak bantuan dari Uni Soviet.
who would then ask for more help from the Soviet Union.
Khususnya, dalam senjata nuklir.
especially|||nuclear
In particular, in nuclear weapons.
Dengan ini, Dulles menjebak Uni Soviet dalam sebuah dilemma.
|||trap|||||dilemma
With this, Dulles trapped the Soviet Union in a dilemma.
Haruskah Uni Soviet membantu sekutu terbesar mereka namun memprovokasi Amerika Serikat? Atau, menjaga hubungan mereka dengan Amerika Serikat, namun
||||allies||||provoking||||maintaining||||||but
Should the Soviet Union help their greatest ally yet provoke the United States? Or, keep their relationship with the United States, however
harus menelantarkan sekutu mereka di Asia?
|abandon|allies|||
have to abandon their allies in Asia?
Pada tahun 1959, Tiongkok mengalami masalah di Tibet.
|||experience|||Tibet
In 1959, China ran into trouble in Tibet.
Dalai Lama memberontak dan melarikan diri ke India -
Dalai||rebelled and fled||fled to|||India
Dalai Lama rebelled and fled to India -
Negara yang juga memiliki sengketa perbatasan dengan Tiongkok.
||||dispute|||
A country that also has a border dispute with China.
Tak disangka, Uni Soviet justru mengambil posisi netral, namun, disaat yang sama memberikan bantuan militer bagi India, untuk menandingi Pakistan, yaitu sekutu AS dan anggota CENTO.
|not expected|||instead|||neutral position||at the|||||||||counter||that is|an ally||||Central Treaty Organization
Unexpectedly, the Soviet Union actually took a neutral position, however, at the same time providing military assistance to India, to compete with Pakistan, which is an ally of the US and a member of CENTO.
Karena ini, Tiongkok sudah tidak lagi melihat Uni Soviet sebagai sekutu setia RRC.
||||||||||ally|loyal ally|PRC
Because of this, China no longer saw the Soviet Union as a loyal ally of the PRC.
Mao pun menuduh ideologi Uni Soviet dan Cina sudah berlainan.
||accuse|||||||
Mao also accused the ideology of the Soviet Union and China to be different.
Pada tahun 1960, Uni Soviet menarik seluruh tenaga ahli Soviet yang ditugaskan untuk membangun Tiongkok.
||||||expert|expert personnel|||assigned|||
In 1960, the Soviet Union withdrew all Soviet experts assigned to build China.
Perdagangan mulai menurun dan hubungan keduanya semakin memburuk.
Trade||decline|||||worsen
Trade began to decline and the relationship between the two worsened.
Di Asia, efek pertentangan antara Uni Soviet dan Tiongkok juga membelah gerakan-gerakan Komunis.
|||conflict|||||||split|movements|movements|
In Asia, the effects of the conflict between the Soviet Union and China also divided Communist movements.
Ada kubu Pro-Beijing dan Pro-Soviet.
|faction or camp||Beijing|||
There are Pro-Beijing and Pro-Soviet camps.
Pada 2 Maret 1969, tentara Tiongkok dan Soviet terlibat pertempuran di pulau Zhenbao
||||||were involved in|battle|||Zhenbao Island
On March 2, 1969, Chinese and Soviet troops engaged in battle on the island of Zhenbao
yang berlanjut sampai tanggal 17 Maret.
|ongoing|||
which continues until March 17th.
Pada Maret 4 1969,
On March 4 1969,
Menlu AS menerima laporan bahwa Tiongkok dan Uni Soviet kembali mengalami konflik, namun kali ini, militer terlibat.
foreign minister||||||||||experience||||||was involved
The US Secretary of State received reports that China and the Soviet Union were in conflict again, but this time, the military was involved.
Khawatir akan invasi Uni Soviet, pertempuran pun terjadi di berbagai daerah perbatasan.
|||||battle occurred||||||
Fearing the invasion of the Soviet Union, fighting broke out in various border areas.
Khususnya, sepanjang Sungai Ussuri.
||river|Ussuri River
In particular, along the Ussuri River.
Pasalnya, Uni Soviet tengah dipimpin oleh Leonid Brezhnev
because||||led||Brezhnev|Brezhnev
Because the Soviet Union was being led by Leonid Brezhnev
dimana doktrin Brezhnev menjustifikasikan intervensi militer Uni Soviet
|doctrine||to justify||||
where the Brezhnev doctrine justifies the military intervention of the Soviet Union
pada negara yang melenceng pada paham Komunisme.
|||deviates||ideology|
in a country that deviated from Communism.
Setelah banyak krisis dan gesekan,
||||friction
After many crises and frictions,
Tiongkok pun mengambil langkah yang drastis di tahun 1970-an. Dia mulai memihak pada musuh bebuyutannya -
|||step||||||||side||archenemy|archenemy
China also took drastic steps in the 1970s. He began to side with his arch-enemy -
Amerika Serikat.
Kerja sama ini diresmikan dalam Shanghai Communique antara Mao Zedong dan Presiden Nixon.
|||was inaugurated||Shanghai|communique|||Zedong|||Nixon
This collaboration was formalized at the Shanghai Communique between Mao Zedong and President Nixon.
Pada akhirnya, strategi Amerika Serikat berhasil.
|||||successful
In the end, the United States strategy worked.
Mao tentu masih mempercayai Amerika Serikat sebagai negara imperialis barat, namun ancaman dari Uni Soviet jauh lebih dekat dan lebih berbahaya.
|||believe in|||||imperialist country|||threat|||||||||
Mao certainly still believed in the United States as a western imperialist country, but the threat from the Soviet Union was much closer and more dangerous.
Pada akhirnya, Tiongkok dan Uni Soviet menjadi musuh bebuyutan
|||||||enemy|archenemy
In the end, China and the Soviet Union became bitter enemies
dan satu persatu gerakan komunisme di seluruh dunia ditumbangkan dengan atau tanpa bantuan dari Amerika Serikat.
||one by one|movement|||||was overthrown|||||||
and one by one communist movements around the world were overthrown with or without the help of the United States.
Mao Zedong digantikan dengan pemimpin yang lebih reformis.
||was replaced|||||reformist
Mao Zedong was replaced with a more reformist leader.
Perlahan lahan, China memodifikasi ideologinya untuk mendekati dunia barat
slowly|land|China|modify|||||
Slowly, China modified its ideology to approach the western world
dan selama bertahun-tahun, tidak melakukan kebijakan yang kontroversial.
||||||policy||
and for many years, did not undertake a controversial policy.
Setidaknya, untuk beberapa saat.
at least|||a while
At least, for a while.