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English Learning for Curious Minds, Episode 250 - A History of Smoking [1]

Episode 250 - A History of Smoking [1]

Hello, hello hello, and welcome to English Learning for Curious Minds, by Leonardo English.

The show where you can listen to fascinating stories, and learn weird and

wonderful things about the world at the same time as improving your English.

I'm Alastair Budge, and today we are going to be talking about the history of smoking.

Now people have smoked all sorts of things for thousands of

years, but nothing has ever been more popular than tobacco.

Tobacco, and cigarettes in particular, have a fascinating but sordid history;

we've known about the dangers of smoking for decades, perhaps even centuries.

And yet, smoking has long been marketed as something glamourous, cool, and aspirational.

So, today, we are going to look at the early history of tobacco, why

people started smoking in the first place, how it became one of the

world's largest industries, and what the future of smoking might look like.

Now, depending on where and where you grew up, one of the smells that is

probably most recognisable and familiar to you is the smell of cigarette smoke.

If you're over 30, you doubtless saw many people smoking indoors, and

you also probably saw an ashtray on nearly every coffee table you sat at.

And you may even remember your office or workplace being filled with the smell of cigarette smoke.

These days, of course, it's a bit different.

It is illegal to smoke in indoor public spaces in much of the United States, and Europe.

Many other countries, even the historically cigarette-loving

China have also instituted strict smoking bans.

New Zealand has even gone a step further and proposed a plan to one day end

smoking entirely in the country, by banning the sale of cigarettes to the youngest

generation, making it illegal for anyone born after 2008 to buy cigarettes.

Yet in spite of all of these measures, more than one billion people,

14% of the entire global population, still smoke cigarettes, and the

cigarette industry is still among the most profitable in the world.

But how exactly did cigarettes, and tobacco smoking in general, become as widespread as it did?

Well, when we imagine someone smoking, we probably imagine them smoking cigarettes.

But the activity of smoking is, of course, much much older than the cigarette.

Tobacco is thought to have been cultivated and smoked for

thousands of years by indigenous peoples in the Americas.

For these indigenous groups across North and South America, tobacco

played a very different role than it does in many cultures today.

These groups considered tobacco to be sacred, to be holy and

used it in ceremonies, for prayer, and for medicinal purposes.

Many indigenous communities still use tobacco this way, though not nearly as much as they once did.

The turning point in tobacco's history, however — at least as far

as the rest of the world is concerned — happened in 1492, when the

Italian explorer Christopher Columbus arrived on the island of Cuba.

As you probably know, he actually thought he had arrived

in China, but that's a story for another episode.

In Cuba, Columbus encountered members of the island's native population, and

observed something rather curious; they had rolled some leaves into tubes,

had set fire to one end of them, and they were breathing in the smoke.

When Columbus tried smoking these mysterious leaves

himself, he found that he rather liked how it made him feel.

Smoking on the whole was new to Columbus and his men, as almost nobody in Europe smoked at the time.

The leaves were tobacco — or ‘cohíba' in the indigenous Taíno language.

Columbus, however, heard the Taíno word ‘tabako' — a word which actually referred to

those rolled tubes the locals were smoking, not the plant itself — anyhow the name stuck.

Although this was the first time Columbus had puffed on a cigarette,

it wasn't actually the first time he had encountered tobacco.

Before landing in Cuba, on the Bahamian island known today as San

Salvador, he had been given tobacco leaves as a gift by the natives.

But he didn't know what they were, or what to do with them, so he

simply threw them overboard, he threw them into the water off his ship.

Columbus brought tobacco leaves and seeds back with him to Spain, he taught

people how to smoke them, and the habit caught on amongst the Spanish.

Portuguese sailors brought tobacco, and the pastime of smoking, back to their country too.

And Tobacco continued to spread rapidly throughout the continent.

In the late 16th century, the French diplomat Jean Nicot encountered a

tobacco plant in Lisbon, in Portugal, while on a trip from his native France.

Nicot, who had learned of tobacco's supposed curative properties, sent some tobacco seeds

to the then-queen of France, Catherine de Médici, who suffered badly from headaches.

The tobacco seeds he sent came with instructions.

She was to crush the seeds into powder and inhale it, to breathe it up into her nose.

This apparently proved successful, and the practice of inhaling

ground tobacco seeds — a preparation known as ‘snuff' — caught on.

Snuff-taking, as it was called, took hold in France,

quickly spreading to England and the rest of Europe.

Pipe smoking became popular during this time as well.

As with Catherine de Médici, tobacco was used as a

treatment for all sorts of health problems, even cancer.

The claims about its medicinal properties were, of course, dubious at best.

Tobacco's global expansion had truly started, and smoking became a popular

activity all across Europe, north Africa, the Middle East, and China.

The centre for global production was in the harsh slave plantations of the southern

United States, but it was also being grown in places like India, China, and West Africa.

Now, while cigarettes are thought to have been invented as far back as the 1600s, by

beggars in Seville,the pre-rolled cigarette didn't really take hold until the 19th century.

This was mainly because, prior to that point, they were made almost entirely by hand.

There were some machines that existed, but they simply weren't very efficient.

This made the pre-rolled cigarette a relatively high-end luxury item, one which the average

person couldn't really afford — a far cry from the packs of pre-rolled cigarettes sold nowadays.

The one thing that made a huge impact on the industry

was a little invention called the Bonsack Machine.

In 1880, a man named James Bonsack invented a machine that could roll up to 210 cigarettes a minute.

This was a huge deal, to say the least.

Bonsack went into business with a man named James Buchanan Duke, and

by the late 1880s, the men were making 4 million cigarettes daily.

Cigarettes could now be mass-produced, which reduced the cost, and made them available to almost

anyone, and as any smoker knows, it's far more convenient to not have to roll your own cigarettes.

Cigarettes were even famously included in soldiers' ration packs during World War

I, as a way for them to cope with both boredom and the stresses of trench warfare.

Sales of cigarettes also boomed during World War II.

As a result, by 1950, around half of the adult

population in the industrialised world smoked cigarettes.

Now, most people today are at least somewhat aware of the dangers of

smoking, and whether or not you are a smoker you don't need me to tell

you that smoking is not a very good idea from a health point of view.

But back in, say, the 1940s or 50s, people just didn't have the information we have today.

There were rumours that smoking led to a higher rate of certain diseases, and

smokers tended to cough more and have trouble breathing compared to non-smokers,

but there wasn't hard, scientific evidence about the dangers of smoking.

On January 12th, 1964, however, the New York Times

published a story that erased that doubt altogether.

The headline, printed on the newspaper's front page in

big, bold letters, read: ‘Cigarettes Peril Health, U.S.

Report Concludes.'

Peril, by the way, means harm, causes danger to.

Cigarette smoking, the article stated, contributed so substantially to the U.S death rate

that immediate action would need to be taken to prevent further harm.

These days, it's common knowledge that cigarettes can lead

to lung cancer, heart disease, and other serious illnesses.

There are graphic adverts and public service announcements that

show just how bad the effects of smoking can be on our health.

Yet when Surgeon General Luther Terry released his report

during a January 11th press conference, it was a bombshell.

So, why exactly did the report have such a huge effect on people?

Well, prior to the report's release, doctors were unable to prove

that there was a definitive link between smoking and cancer.

Yes, people certainly felt some of the effects, from

throat irritation, to coughing, to shortness of breath.

And doctors were also starting to notice that people who

smoked were often more likely to develop certain diseases.

Yet, no one knew exactly how bad the risks were.

To understand just how disturbing this news must have been, it's useful

to remember quite how important smoking was in many peoples' daily lives.

Tobacco is, of course, an addictive substance.

It contains the chemical compound of nicotine, which is a stimulant.

Simply put, nicotine makes you feel good, and it was that feeling

that Christopher Columbus enjoyed so much on his trip to Cuba.

But tobacco isn't just physically addictive; it's a major part

of many people's daily routine, particularly their social lives.

Whether it is with the morning coffee, at a break at work or over a drink at a pub

after work, as any smoker knows, the cigarette is often a fundamental part of social

life, and this was especially so during the years before the Surgeon General's warning.

Now this, as it turns out, the fact that the cigarette

was an integral part of life, was not entirely accidental.

Cigarette companies were, and to some extent still are, masters at advertising.

From around the 1920s onward, adverts for cigarettes were colourful

and elaborate, and companies spared no expense in their design.

Tobacco companies knew that they were all selling the same end product, dried tobacco

leaves wrapped in paper, but they needed to persuade people that their product was unique.

Cigarettes started to show up in a number of Hollywood films, smoked by some of the

most glamourous actors and actresses of the time, from James Dean to Audrey Hepburn.

They were also advertised in magazines, on the television and on the radio.

The messages were not subtle.

Adverts for companies like Camel, Marlboro, and Lucky Strike portrayed smoking in an

aspirational light, with photos of beautiful women, ruggedly handsome men, and happy couples.

Smoking was cool, it was something done by the beautiful, the rich and the famous.

Much like adverts for things like cars, clothing, and cologne,

cigarette adverts promoted a lifestyle, not just a product.

And many of these adverts even claimed that their cigarettes were

healthier than the others; one 1946 print advert for the brand Camel

claimed that “More Doctors Smoke Camel Than Any Other Cigarette.”

Some even claimed that their cigarettes were safe for pregnant women.

There were also ‘light' and ‘mild' cigarettes, which were marketed as a healthier choice.

Nowadays, these claims seem rather suspect.

But, back then, of course the information about smoking's health risks

just wasn't as widespread; people had no reason to believe any differently.

But despite the best efforts of the tobacco industry, it was

fighting a losing battle against the scientific evidence.

In fact, by 1958, 44 percent of Americans already believed smoking caused cancer, and a

number of medical associations warned that tobacco use could cause lung and heart disease.

To counter, to fight this growing belief in the ill effects of tobacco, in 1958

some of the largest American tobacco companies formed the Tobacco Institute, an

organisation which aimed to undermine the research that linked smoking with disease.

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Episode 250 - A History of Smoking [1] Episode 250 - Eine Geschichte des Rauchens [1] Episode 250 - A History of Smoking [1] Episodio 250 - Una historia de fumadores [1] Épisode 250 - L'histoire du tabac [1] Episodio 250 - Una storia di fumo [1] 第250話 喫煙の歴史【1】の巻 에피소드 250 - 흡연의 역사 [1] Odcinek 250 - Historia palenia [1] Episódio 250 - Uma História de Fumo [1] Эпизод 250 - История курения [1] Bölüm 250 - Sigaranın Tarihi [1] Епізод 250 - Історія куріння [1]. 第250集-吸烟史[1]

Hello, hello hello, and welcome to English Learning for Curious Minds, by Leonardo English. Hello, hello hello, and welcome to English Learning for Curious Minds, by Leonardo English. こんにちは、こんにちは、レオナルド・イングリッシュによる好奇心旺盛な心のための英語学習へようこそ。

The show where you can listen to fascinating stories, and learn weird and |||||||||||ciudate| The show where you can listen to fascinating stories, and learn weird and 面白い話を聞いたり、変なことを学べる番組。

wonderful things about the world at the same time as improving your English. 英語を上達させると同時に、世界の素晴らしいことを学ぶことができます。 İngilizcenizi geliştirirken aynı zamanda dünya hakkında harika şeyler.

I'm Alastair Budge, and today we are going to be talking about the history of smoking. Ich bin Alastair Budge und heute werden wir über die Geschichte des Rauchens sprechen. 私はアラステア・バッジです。今日は喫煙の歴史について話します。

Now people have smoked all sorts of things for thousands of Now people have smoked all sorts of things for thousands of 現在、人々は何千年もの間、あらゆる種類のものを吸ってきました。 Теперь люди курят всевозможные вещи на протяжении тысяч лет. Şimdi insanlar binlerce yıldır her türlü şeyi içtiler.

years, but nothing has ever been more popular than tobacco. しかし、たばこほど人気のあるものはありません。 Ancak hiçbir şey tütünden daha popüler olmamıştır.

Tobacco, and cigarettes in particular, have a fascinating but sordid history; |||||||||açıkça kötü| |||||||||sórdida| |||||||||niechlubna| たばこ、特にたばこには、魅力的ではあるが卑劣な歴史があります。 烟草,尤其是香烟,有着迷人而肮脏的历史;

we've known about the dangers of smoking for decades, perhaps even centuries. ||||||||décadas||| 私たちは喫煙の危険性について何十年も、おそらく何世紀も前から知っていました.

And yet, smoking has long been marketed as something glamourous, cool, and aspirational. ||||||vândut|||glamouros|||aspirational |||||||||göz alıcı|||ulaşılabilir hedef |||||||||czarujące|||aspiracyjne Und doch wird das Rauchen seit langem als etwas Glamouröses, Cooles und Anspruchsvolles vermarktet. それでも、喫煙は長い間、魅力的でクールで野心的なものとして売り出されてきました. 然而,长期以来,吸烟一直被宣传为一种魅力、酷和令人向往的东西。

So, today, we are going to look at the early history of tobacco, why

people started smoking in the first place, how it became one of the

world's largest industries, and what the future of smoking might look like. |||||das||||||

Now, depending on where and where you grew up, one of the smells that is Je nachdem, wo man aufgewachsen ist, ist einer der Gerüche, die さて、育った場所や場所によって、匂いのひとつである Теперь, в зависимости от того, где и в каком месте вы выросли, один из запахов, который

probably most recognisable and familiar to you is the smell of cigarette smoke. ||最熟悉的|||||||||| ||tanınabilir|||||||||| вероятно, наиболее узнаваемым и знакомым для вас является запах сигаретного дыма.

If you're over 30, you doubtless saw many people smoking indoors, and ||||无疑|||||| ||||cu siguranță|||||în interior| ||||şüphesiz|||||içeride| ||||sem dúvida|||||| ||||z pewnością|||||| If you're over 30, you doubtless saw many people smoking indoors, and Если вам больше 30 лет, то вы, несомненно, видели многих людей, курящих в помещении, и

you also probably saw an ashtray on nearly every coffee table you sat at. |||||kül tablası|||||||| |||||cinzeiro||||||||

And you may even remember your office or workplace being filled with the smell of cigarette smoke. ||||||||iş yeri||||||||

These days, of course, it's a bit different. Сегодня, конечно, все несколько иначе.

It is illegal to smoke in indoor public spaces in much of the United States, and Europe.

Many other countries, even the historically cigarette-loving Viele andere Länder, sogar die traditionell zigarettenliebenden 许多其他国家,甚至历史上嗜烟如命的

China have also instituted strict smoking bans. |||uygulamaya koymuştur|||yasakları ||||rígidas|| |||wprowadziły||| Auch in China gibt es strenge Rauchverbote. China have also instituted strict smoking bans. В Китае также введены строгие запреты на курение. У Китаї також запроваджено сувору заборону на куріння. 中国也制定了严格的禁烟令。

New Zealand has even gone a step further and proposed a plan to one day end |||||||||a propus|||||| ニュージーランドでは、さらに一歩進んで、いつの日か、そのような事態をなくすための計画を提案しています。 Новая Зеландия даже пошла дальше и предложила план, согласно которому в один прекрасный день будет покончено с

smoking entirely in the country, by banning the sale of cigarettes to the youngest полностью запретить курение в стране, запретив продажу сигарет самым маленьким

generation, making it illegal for anyone born after 2008 to buy cigarettes. поколение, сделав незаконной покупку сигарет для всех, кто родился после 2008 года.

Yet in spite of all of these measures, more than one billion people, |||||||önlemler||||| ||apesar|||||||||| Doch trotz all dieser Maßnahmen leben mehr als eine Milliarde Menschen, しかし、こうした対策にもかかわらず、10億人を超える人々がいます、 Однако, несмотря на все эти меры, более миллиарда человек,

14% of the entire global population, still smoke cigarettes, and the 14% всего населения Земли все еще курят сигареты, а

cigarette industry is still among the most profitable in the world. |||||||kârlı||| |||||||dochodowy||| ||||entre|||lucrativa|||

But how exactly did cigarettes, and tobacco smoking in general, become as widespread as it did? ||||||||||||răspândit||| ||||||||||||yaygın||| ||||||||||||generalizada||| Но как именно сигареты и табакокурение в целом получили такое широкое распространение? Але як саме сигарети і тютюнопаління в цілому стали настільки поширеними? 但是,香烟和吸烟究竟是如何变得如此普遍的呢?

Well, when we imagine someone smoking, we probably imagine them smoking cigarettes. Nun, wenn wir uns jemanden beim Rauchen vorstellen, denken wir wahrscheinlich an Zigaretten. さて、私たちがタバコを吸う人を想像するとき、おそらくタバコを吸っている姿を想像するのではないでしょうか。

But the activity of smoking is, of course, much much older than the cigarette. Aber die Tätigkeit des Rauchens ist natürlich viel, viel älter als die Zigarette. Но само курение, конечно, гораздо старше сигареты.

Tobacco is thought to have been cultivated and smoked for ||||||yetiştirilmiş||| Es wird angenommen, dass der Tabak seit Jahrhunderten angebaut und geraucht wird. Считается, что табак выращивали и курили в течение 据认为,烟草的种植和吸食历史可追溯到

thousands of years by indigenous peoples in the Americas. ||||yerli|||| ||||rdzennych mieszkańców|||| アメリカ大陸の先住民族が何千年もかけて作り上げたものです。

For these indigenous groups across North and South America, tobacco ||土著||||||| |||||||||tutun

played a very different role than it does in many cultures today.

These groups considered tobacco to be sacred, to be holy and ||kutsal sayılan||||kutsal|||kutsal| |||||||||sagrada| Diese Gruppen betrachteten den Tabak als heilig, als heilig und これらのグループは、タバコを神聖なもの、聖なるものと考え Эти группы считали табак священным, святым и

used it in ceremonies, for prayer, and for medicinal purposes. использовали его в обрядах, молитвах и в лечебных целях.

Many indigenous communities still use tobacco this way, though not nearly as much as they once did. ||||||||embora||quase|||||| Viele indigene Gemeinschaften konsumieren immer noch Tabak auf diese Weise, wenn auch nicht mehr in dem Maße wie früher. Многие коренные общины до сих пор используют табак таким образом, хотя и не так часто, как раньше. Багато корінних громад досі вживають тютюн у такий спосіб, хоча й не так багато, як колись. 许多原住民社区仍在以这种方式使用烟草,尽管使用量已大不如前。

The turning point in tobacco's history, however — at least as far ||||tütünün|||||| O ponto de viragem na história do tabaco, no entanto - pelo menos até ao Однако поворотным моментом в истории табака - по крайней мере, в том, что касается 然而,烟草史上的转折点——至少到目前为止

as the rest of the world is concerned — happened in 1492, when the was den Rest der Welt betrifft - geschah im Jahr 1492, als die همانطور که بقیه جهان نگران است - در سال 1492 اتفاق افتاد، زمانی که como o resto do mundo - aconteceu em 1492, quando o в том, что касается остального мира, - произошло в 1492 году, когда як і решта світу - сталася в 1492 році, коли 就世界其他地方而言——发生在 1492 年,当时

Italian explorer Christopher Columbus arrived on the island of Cuba. |kaşif|||||||| ||Krzysztof|Kolumb||||||Kuba Итальянский исследователь Христофор Колумб прибыл на остров Куба. 意大利探险家克里斯托弗-哥伦布抵达古巴岛。

As you probably know, he actually thought he had arrived Как вы, вероятно, знаете, он действительно думал, что прибыл.

in China, but that's a story for another episode.

In Cuba, Columbus encountered members of the island's native population, and |||a întâlnit||||||| |||||||adadın||| |||napotkał||||||| На Кубе Колумб столкнулся с представителями коренного населения острова и

observed something rather curious; they had rolled some leaves into tubes, ||bastante|||||||| Sie hatten einige Blätter zu Röhrchen gerollt und dabei etwas Merkwürdiges beobachtet,

had set fire to one end of them, and they were breathing in the smoke. が、その一端に火をつけて、煙を吸っていた。

When Columbus tried smoking these mysterious leaves

himself, he found that he rather liked how it made him feel. |||||hatta|||||| |ele|||||||||| Er stellte fest, dass ihm das Gefühl, das er dabei hatte, sehr gefiel. mismo, descubrió que le gustaba cómo lo hacía sentir. というのも、彼は、この感覚はむしろ好きなのだ。 он обнаружил, что ему очень нравится то, что он чувствует. 他发现自己非常喜欢这种感觉。

Smoking on the whole was new to Columbus and his men, as almost nobody in Europe smoked at the time. Fumar en general era nuevo para Colón y sus hombres, ya que casi nadie en Europa fumaba en ese momento. 当時、ヨーロッパでタバコを吸う人はほとんどいなかったので、コロンブスたちにとってもタバコは新鮮だったようです。 Курение в целом было в новинку для Колумба и его людей, поскольку в то время в Европе почти никто не курил. 对哥伦布和他的部下来说,吸烟是一件新鲜事,因为当时欧洲几乎没有人吸烟。

The leaves were tobacco — or ‘cohíba' in the indigenous Taíno language. |||||cohíba||||Taíno| |||||cohíba|||rdzennych|Taíno| その葉はタバコで、先住民のタイノ語で「コヒバ」と呼ばれる。 Это были листья табака, или "кохиба" на языке коренного народа таино. 这些叶子是烟草,在土著塔伊诺语中称为 "cohíba"。

Columbus, however, heard the Taíno word ‘tabako' — a word which actually referred to ||||||tütün|||||| ||||||liść tytoniu|||||| Колумб, однако, услышал от тайно слово "табако" - слово, которое на самом деле обозначало 然而,哥伦布听到了塔伊诺语中的 "tabako"--这个词实际上指的是

those rolled tubes the locals were smoking, not the plant itself — anyhow the name stuck. ||||||||||||||流传开来 |||||||||||oricum|||a rămas |||||||||||her neyse||| |||||||||||de qualquer forma|||ficou die gerollten Röhren, die die Einheimischen rauchten, nicht die Pflanze selbst - jedenfalls blieb der Name hängen. это трубки, которые курили местные жители, а не само растение - так или иначе, название прижилось. згорнуті трубки, які курили місцеві жителі, а не сам завод - так чи інакше, назва прижилася. 当地人抽的是卷筒,而不是植物本身--总之,这个名字就这么沿用下来了。

Although this was the first time Columbus had puffed on a cigarette, ||||||||fumat||| ||||||||içmiş||| ||||||||apesar de isso ter sido a primeira vez que Colombo deu uma tragada em um cigarro,||| Хотя это был первый раз, когда Колумб затянулся сигаретой, 虽然这是哥伦布第一次吸香烟、

it wasn't actually the first time he had encountered tobacco. ||||||||karşılaşmış| ||||||||napotkał| На самом деле это был не первый раз, когда он сталкивался с табаком. 实际上,这并不是他第一次遇到烟草。

Before landing in Cuba, on the Bahamian island known today as San ||||||Bahamalar'a ait||||| ||||||Bahamskiej||||| |antes de pousar|||||||||| 在古巴登陆之前,在今天被称为圣岛的巴哈马群岛上

Salvador, he had been given tobacco leaves as a gift by the natives. Salvador|||||||||||| Salvadorowi||||||||||||rdzenni mieszkańcy Salvador, hatte er von den Eingeborenen Tabakblätter geschenkt bekommen. Сальвадор, он получил в подарок от местных жителей листья табака. 在萨尔瓦多,当地人送给他烟叶作为礼物。

But he didn't know what they were, or what to do with them, so he 但他不知道它们是什么,也不知道怎么处理它们,所以他

simply threw them overboard, he threw them into the water off his ship. |||za burtę||||||||| 単に海に投げ捨てただけだ。 просто выбросил их за борт, он бросил их в воду со своего корабля. 他干脆把他们扔下了船,扔到了船外的水里。

Columbus brought tobacco leaves and seeds back with him to Spain, he taught |||||sementes||||||| Kolumbus brachte Tabakblätter und -samen mit nach Spanien, er lehrte 哥伦布将烟叶和烟草种子带回西班牙,他教人如何种植烟草。

people how to smoke them, and the habit caught on amongst the Spanish. ||||||||||între|| ||||||||||arasında|| Die Spanier lernten, wie man sie raucht, und die Gewohnheit verbreitete sich unter den Spaniern. 于是,西班牙人也养成了吸烟的习惯。

Portuguese sailors brought tobacco, and the pastime of smoking, back to their country too. ||||||obicei||||||| ||||||rozrywka palenia||||||| Portugalski pomorščaki so v svojo državo prinesli tudi tobak in zabavo kajenja.

And Tobacco continued to spread rapidly throughout the continent. |||||hızla||| |||||szybko||| 烟草继续在非洲大陆迅速蔓延。

In the late 16th century, the French diplomat Jean Nicot encountered a |||||||||尼科特|| ||||||||||a întâlnit| |||||||||Nicot|karşılaştı| |||||||||Nicot|napotkał| В конце XVI века французский дипломат Жан Нико столкнулся с

tobacco plant in Lisbon, in Portugal, while on a trip from his native France. |||Lizbon|||||||||| |||Lizbona|||||||||| Tabakfabrik in Lissabon, Portugal, während einer Reise aus seinem Heimatland Frankreich. табачной фабрики в Лиссабоне (Португалия) во время поездки из родной Франции. 葡萄牙里斯本的烟草厂,当时他正从家乡法国旅行。

Nicot, who had learned of tobacco's supposed curative properties, sent some tobacco seeds |||||||治疗的||||| ||||||presupuse|||||| |||||||şifalı||||| ||||||rzekome|lecznicze||wysłał||| Никот, который узнал о предполагаемых лечебных свойствах табака, послал несколько семян табака. Nicot, ki je izvedel za domnevne zdravilne lastnosti tobaka, je poslal nekaj tobačnih semen 尼科特得知烟草具有治疗作用后,将一些烟草种子

to the then-queen of France, Catherine de Médici, who suffered badly from headaches. ||||||||Médici ailesi||||| ||||||||Médici||||| an die damalige Königin von Frankreich, Catherine de Médici, die stark unter Kopfschmerzen litt. тогдашней королеве Франции Екатерине де Медичи, которая страдала от головных болей. 当时的法国王后凯瑟琳-德-梅迪奇(Catherine de Médici)患有严重的头痛。

The tobacco seeds he sent came with instructions. 他寄来的烟草种子附有说明书。

She was to crush the seeds into powder and inhale it, to breathe it up into her nose. |||măcina|||||||||||||| |||ezmek||||||nefes almak|||||||| Sie sollte die Samen zu Pulver zerstoßen und inhalieren, also in die Nase einatmen. Она должна была растолочь семена в порошок и вдыхать его, вдыхать в нос. 她要把种子碾成粉末吸入鼻中。

This apparently proved successful, and the practice of inhaling ||||||||nefes alma По-видимому, это оказалось успешным, и практика вдыхания 这显然是成功的,吸入的做法

ground tobacco seeds — a preparation known as ‘snuff' — caught on. |||||||snuff|| |||||||toz tütün|| |||||||snus|| Gemahlene Tabaksamen - eine Zubereitung, die als "Schnupftabak" bekannt ist - setzten sich durch. молотые семена табака - препарат, известный как "нюхательный табак" - прижился. 磨碎的烟草种子--一种被称为 "鼻烟 "的制剂--开始流行起来。

Snuff-taking, as it was called, took hold in France, Der so genannte Schnupftabakkonsum setzte sich in Frankreich durch, Табакокурение, как его называли, прижилось во Франции, 吸食鼻烟在法国兴起、

quickly spreading to England and the rest of Europe. быстро распространилась в Англии и других странах Европы. 迅速蔓延到英国和欧洲其他国家。

Pipe smoking became popular during this time as well. |||||||olarak|de iyi cachimbo|||||||| В это время также стало популярным курение трубки. 烟斗在这一时期也开始流行起来。

As with Catherine de Médici, tobacco was used as a Как и в случае с Екатериной де Медичи, табак использовался в качестве 与凯瑟琳-德-梅迪奇(Catherine de Médici)一样,烟草被用作

treatment for all sorts of health problems, even cancer. Behandlung aller Arten von Gesundheitsproblemen, sogar von Krebs. лечение всех видов заболеваний, вплоть до онкологических. 治疗各种健康问题,甚至癌症。

The claims about its medicinal properties were, of course, dubious at best. |afirmațiile||||||||dubitabile|| |iddialar||||||||şüpheli|| |||||||||duvidosas|| Die Behauptungen über seine medizinischen Eigenschaften waren natürlich bestenfalls zweifelhaft. Заявления о его лечебных свойствах, конечно, в лучшем случае были сомнительными. Твердження про його лікувальні властивості були, звісно, в кращому випадку сумнівними. 当然,关于它的药用价值的说法充其量也是令人怀疑的。

Tobacco's global expansion had truly started, and smoking became a popular ||yayılması|||||||| ||||verdadeiramente|||||| Глобальная экспансия табака действительно началась, и курение стало популярным 烟草的全球扩张真正开始,吸烟成为一种流行的生活方式。

activity all across Europe, north Africa, the Middle East, and China. Aktivitäten in ganz Europa, Nordafrika, dem Nahen Osten und China. деятельность по всей Европе, Северной Африке, Ближнему Востоку и Китаю. 活动遍及欧洲、北非、中东和中国。

The centre for global production was in the harsh slave plantations of the southern ||||||||||种植园||| ||||||||sert||||| ||||||||cruéis||||| Das Zentrum der weltweiten Produktion lag in den rauen Sklavenplantagen des Südens. Центр мирового производства находился на суровых рабовладельческих плантациях юга 全球生产的中心是南部严酷的奴隶种植园。

United States, but it was also being grown in places like India, China, and West Africa. 但在印度、中国和西非等地也有种植。

Now, while cigarettes are thought to have been invented as far back as the 1600s, by Man geht davon aus, dass Zigaretten bereits im 16. Jahrhundert von Bettlern erfunden wurden. Agora, enquanto se pensa que os cigarros foram inventados já em 1600, por mendigos Считается, что сигареты были изобретены еще в 1600-х годах нищими. 现在,虽然香烟被认为早在 1600 年代就已经发明,但到了

beggars in Seville,the pre-rolled cigarette didn't really take hold until the 19th century. ||塞维利亚|||||||||||| dilenciler||Sevilla|||||||||||| żebracy||Sewilla|||||||||||| Die vorgedrehte Zigarette wurde erst im 19. Jahrhundert von Bettlern in Sevilla eingeführt. em Sevilha, na Espanha, o cigarro pré-enrolado realmente não se consolidou até o século XIX. Сигареты, скрученные в рулон, появились в Севилье только в XIX веке. У Севільї згорнута сигарета не набула поширення до 19 століття, коли її почали використовувати жебраки. 直到 19 世纪,预卷烟才真正流行起来。

This was mainly because, prior to that point, they were made almost entirely by hand. ||esas olarak||önce||||||||tamamen|| Das lag vor allem daran, dass sie bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt fast ausschließlich von Hand hergestellt wurden. Principalmente porque, antes disso, eram feitos quase inteiramente à mão. Это произошло в основном потому, что до этого момента они изготавливались почти полностью вручную. Це було пов'язано з тим, що до цього моменту вони виготовлялися майже повністю вручну. 这主要是因为在此之前,它们几乎完全是手工制作的。

There were some machines that existed, but they simply weren't very efficient. |||||||||||wydajne Existiam algumas máquinas, mas elas simplesmente não eram muito eficientes. Такие машины существовали, но они просто не были очень эффективными. 虽然有一些机器,但它们的效率并不高。

This made the pre-rolled cigarette a relatively high-end luxury item, one which the average |||||||relativ de||||articol|||| Dies machte die vorgerollte Zigarette zu einem relativ hochwertigen Luxusartikel, den der durchschnittliche Isso tornou o cigarro pré-enrolado um item de luxo relativamente sofisticado, que a média Это сделало предварительно скрученную сигарету относительно дорогим предметом роскоши, который средний 这使得预装卷烟成为一种相对高端的奢侈品,一般人

person couldn't really afford — a far cry from the packs of pre-rolled cigarettes sold nowadays. |||stać na|||||||||||| |||pagar|||||||||||| Das ist ein großer Unterschied zu den heutzutage verkauften Packungen mit vorgedrehten Zigaretten. pessoa realmente não podia pagar - muito longe dos maços de cigarros pré-enrolados vendidos hoje em dia. человек не мог себе позволить - это далеко от пачек сигарет, продаваемых в наши дни. людина не могла собі дозволити — це дуже далеко від пачок готових сигарет, які продаються сьогодні. 这与现在出售的一包包预先卷好的香烟大相径庭。

The one thing that made a huge impact on the industry Единственная вещь, которая оказала огромное влияние на отрасль 对行业产生巨大影响的一件事

was a little invention called the Bonsack Machine. ||||||Bonsack| ||||||Bonsack Makinesi| ||||||maszyna Bonsacka| было небольшое изобретение под названием Bonsack Machine.

In 1880, a man named James Bonsack invented a machine that could roll up to 210 cigarettes a minute.

This was a huge deal, to say the least. ||||negócio|||| Das war, gelinde gesagt, eine große Sache. 控えめに言っても、これは大変なことだった。 Это была огромная сделка, если не сказать больше.

Bonsack went into business with a man named James Buchanan Duke, and |||||||||Buchanan|| |||||||||Buchanan|| Бонсак вступил в дело с человеком по имени Джеймс Бьюкенен Дьюк, и

by the late 1880s, the men were making 4 million cigarettes daily.

Cigarettes could now be mass-produced, which reduced the cost, and made them available to almost Сигареты теперь можно было производить массово, что снижало их стоимость и делало их доступными практически

anyone, and as any smoker knows, it's far more convenient to not have to roll your own cigarettes. ||||sigara içen||||||||||||| |||||||||wygodne|||||||| Und wie jeder Raucher weiß, ist es viel bequemer, wenn man seine Zigaretten nicht selbst drehen muss. любой человек, и, как известно любому курильщику, гораздо удобнее не сворачивать сигареты самостоятельно. Кожен курець знає, що набагато зручніше не скручувати сигарети самостійно.

Cigarettes were even famously included in soldiers' ration packs during World War |||||||paylaşım|||| |||||||racjonowanie|||| Сигареты даже были включены в пайки солдат во время мировой войны. Med svetovno vojno so bile cigarete celo znano vključene v obroke vojakov 在世界大战期间,士兵们的口粮包中甚至包括了香烟。

I, as a way for them to cope with both boredom and the stresses of trench warfare. |||||||a face față|||plictiseală|||||tranșee|război ||||||||||sıkıntı|||||siper|savaş ||||||||||nuda|||||okopy|wojna |||||||lidar|||o tédio|||||| I, como una forma de lidiar con el aburrimiento y el estrés de la guerra de trincheras. I, как способ справиться со скукой и стрессами окопной войны. Jaz, kot način, da se spopadejo z dolgčasom in stresom bojevanja v jarkih.

Sales of cigarettes also boomed during World War II. Во время Второй мировой войны продажи сигарет также переживали бум. 第二次世界大战期间,香烟的销售也十分火爆。

As a result, by 1950, around half of the adult В результате к 1950 году около половины взрослого населения 因此,到 1950 年,约有一半的成人

population in the industrialised world smoked cigarettes. |||工业化的||| |||sanayileşmiş||| населения индустриально развитых стран курят сигареты. 在工业化国家中,吸烟人口占总人口的一半以上。

Now, most people today are at least somewhat aware of the dangers of |||||||w pewnym stopniu||||| Сегодня большинство людей хотя бы в некоторой степени осведомлены об опасностях, связанных с 现在,大多数人至少在一定程度上都意识到了 "鸦片 "的危险。

smoking, and whether or not you are a smoker you don't need me to tell курение, и независимо от того, курите вы или нет, вам не нужно, чтобы я говорил

you that smoking is not a very good idea from a health point of view. 从健康的角度来看,吸烟并不是一个好主意。

But back in, say, the 1940s or 50s, people just didn't have the information we have today. 但在 20 世纪 40 年代或 50 年代,人们还没有今天这样的信息。

There were rumours that smoking led to a higher rate of certain diseases, and ||谣言||||||||||| ||zvonuri||||||||||| ||şayalar||||||||||| |||||levava||||taxa|||| Es gab Gerüchte, dass das Rauchen zu einer höheren Rate an bestimmten Krankheiten führt, und 有传言说,吸烟会导致某些疾病的发病率升高。

smokers tended to cough more and have trouble breathing compared to non-smokers, sigara içenler|||||||||||| Raucher neigen im Vergleich zu Nichtrauchern eher zu Husten und Atembeschwerden, 与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者往往咳嗽更多,呼吸困难、

but there wasn't hard, scientific evidence about the dangers of smoking. но не было убедительных научных данных о вреде курения. 但并没有确凿的科学证据证明吸烟的危害。

On January 12th, 1964, however, the New York Times 然而,1964 年 1 月 12 日,《纽约时报

published a story that erased that doubt altogether. a publicat||||a șters|||complet |||||||completamente ||||wymazał|||całkowicie опубликовал статью, которая полностью развеяла эти сомнения. опублікував історію, яка повністю розвіяла ці сумніви. 发表的一篇报道彻底消除了这种疑虑。

The headline, printed on the newspaper's front page in |||||gazetenin||| |nagłówek||||||| 报纸头版的标题是

big, bold letters, read: ‘Cigarettes Peril Health, U.S. |||||Pericol||| |||||Tehlike||| |||||zagrożenie||| |||||Perigo||| большими жирными буквами было написано: "Сигареты угрожают здоровью, США. 粗体大字写着:"香烟危害健康,美国"。

Report Concludes.' |sonuçlanır 报告结束。

Peril, by the way, means harm, causes danger to. |||||dano||| niebezpieczeństwo|||||||| Gefahr bedeutet übrigens Schaden, Gefahr für. Опасность, кстати, означает вред, причинение опасности. 顺便说一下,"危险 "的意思是伤害,造成危险。

Cigarette smoking, the article stated, contributed so substantially to the U.S death rate ||||a afirmat||||||||| |||||||önemli ölçüde|||||| ||||stwierdzono|||znacząco|||||| Das Zigarettenrauchen, so hieß es in dem Artikel, trug so wesentlich zur Sterblichkeitsrate in den USA bei Курение сигарет, говорится в статье, внесло столь существенный вклад в смертность в США 文章指出,吸烟在很大程度上增加了美国的死亡率

that immediate action would need to be taken to prevent further harm. |||||||||önlemek||zarar |||||||||||dano |natychmiastowy|||||||||| уровень смертности, при котором необходимо принять срочные меры для предотвращения дальнейшего вреда. 必须立即采取行动,防止进一步的伤害。

These days, it's common knowledge that cigarettes can lead В наши дни общеизвестно, что сигареты могут привести 如今,众所周知,香烟会导致

to lung cancer, heart disease, and other serious illnesses. 肺癌、心脏病和其他严重疾病。

There are graphic adverts and public service announcements that Существуют графические рекламные ролики и социальная реклама, которые 有一些图文广告和公益广告,它们

show just how bad the effects of smoking can be on our health. 说明吸烟对我们的健康影响有多大。

Yet when Surgeon General Luther Terry released his report ||||Luther|Terry||| Тем не менее, когда генеральный хирург Лютер Терри опубликовал свой доклад 然而,当外科医生卢瑟-特里发布报告时

during a January 11th press conference, it was a bombshell. |||||||||爆炸性新闻 |||||||||bombă |||||||||şok edici haber |||||||||sensacja |||||||||bomba 在 1 月 11 日的新闻发布会上,这无疑是一颗重磅炸弹。

So, why exactly did the report have such a huge effect on people? Почему же именно этот доклад произвел такое сильное впечатление на людей? 那么,这份报告究竟为什么会对人们产生如此巨大的影响呢?

Well, prior to the report's release, doctors were unable to prove |önce|||raporun|||||| |||||lançamento||||| До выхода отчета врачи не смогли доказать. 那么,在报告发布之前,医生们无法证明

that there was a definitive link between smoking and cancer. ||||definitywna||||| 吸烟与癌症之间存在着明确的联系。

Yes, people certainly felt some of the effects, from 是的,人们确实感受到了一些影响,从

throat irritation, to coughing, to shortness of breath. |||||lipsa|| |||||nefes darlığı|| раздражение горла, кашель, одышка. 喉咙不适、咳嗽、气短。

And doctors were also starting to notice that people who Кроме того, врачи стали замечать, что люди, которые 医生们也开始注意到,那些

smoked were often more likely to develop certain diseases. ||||provavelmente|||| У курящих часто повышалась вероятность развития определенных заболеваний. 被熏烤的人往往更容易患上某些疾病。

Yet, no one knew exactly how bad the risks were. Однако никто точно не знал, насколько велики риски.

To understand just how disturbing this news must have been, it's useful ||||rahatsız edici||||||| ||||niepokojące||||||| Чтобы понять, насколько тревожным было это известие, полезно 要了解这一消息有多令人不安,以下内容很有用

to remember quite how important smoking was in many peoples' daily lives. вспомнить, какое значение имело курение в повседневной жизни многих людей. 吸烟在许多人的日常生活中是多么重要。

Tobacco is, of course, an addictive substance. Табак, безусловно, является веществом, вызывающим привыкание. 当然,烟草是一种令人上瘾的物质。

It contains the chemical compound of nicotine, which is a stimulant. ||||||nikotin|||| Он содержит химическое соединение никотин, которое является стимулятором.

Simply put, nicotine makes you feel good, and it was that feeling Einfach ausgedrückt: Nikotin gibt einem ein gutes Gefühl, und dieses Gefühl war es auch, das Проще говоря, никотин вызывает приятные ощущения, и именно это ощущение 简而言之,尼古丁让人感觉良好,而正是这种感觉

that Christopher Columbus enjoyed so much on his trip to Cuba. 克里斯托弗-哥伦布在古巴之行中非常喜欢这里。

But tobacco isn't just physically addictive; it's a major part Но табак вызывает не только физическую зависимость, он является одной из основных составляющих 但是,烟草不仅会让人上瘾,它还是以下因素的主要组成部分

of many people's daily routine, particularly their social lives. в повседневной жизни многих людей, особенно в социальной. 是许多人日常生活的一部分,尤其是社交生活。

Whether it is with the morning coffee, at a break at work or over a drink at a pub 无论是在早晨喝咖啡时、工作休息时,还是在酒吧喝酒时

after work, as any smoker knows, the cigarette is often a fundamental part of social 任何吸烟者都知道,工作之余,香烟往往是社交活动的基本组成部分。

life, and this was especially so during the years before the Surgeon General's warning. ||||||||||||Cerrah Genel'in| ||||||||||||generals| Это было особенно актуально в годы, предшествовавшие предупреждению Генерального хирурга. 在卫生总监发出警告之前的几年里,情况尤其如此。

Now this, as it turns out, the fact that the cigarette Wie sich nun herausstellt, ist die Tatsache, dass die Zigarette Ora isto, como se vê, o facto de o cigarro Вот это, оказывается, и есть тот факт, что сигарета 现在,事实证明,香烟

was an integral part of life, was not entirely accidental. ||bütünleyici bir parça||||||| ||nieodłączna część||||||| была неотъемлемой частью жизни, не совсем случайной. 这并不完全是偶然的。

Cigarette companies were, and to some extent still are, masters at advertising. ||||||ölçü||||| |||||||||mestres|| Сигаретные компании были и в какой-то степени остаются мастерами рекламы. 香烟公司曾经是,而且在某种程度上现在仍然是广告高手。

From around the 1920s onward, adverts for cigarettes were colourful ||||ilerleyen|ilanlar|||| ||||a partir de||||| Начиная примерно с 1920-х годов реклама сигарет была красочной 大约从 20 世纪 20 年代开始,香烟的广告色彩缤纷

and elaborate, and companies spared no expense in their design. |精心设计|||不惜代价||||| |açıklamak|||||||| ||||poupado||||| и тщательно продуманные, компании не жалели средств на их разработку. 公司在设计时不惜工本。

Tobacco companies knew that they were all selling the same end product, dried tobacco Табачные компании знали, что все они продают один и тот же конечный продукт - высушенный табак 烟草公司知道,他们都在销售同一种最终产品--干烟草

leaves wrapped in paper, but they needed to persuade people that their product was unique. |împachetate||||||||||||| 但他们需要说服人们,他们的产品是独一无二的。

Cigarettes started to show up in a number of Hollywood films, smoked by some of the |||||||||Hollywood|||||| Сигареты стали появляться в ряде голливудских фильмов, их курили некоторые из

most glamourous actors and actresses of the time, from James Dean to Audrey Hepburn. |最有魅力的|||||||||||| ||||||||||||Audrey Hepburn|Hepburn ||||||||||||Audrey Hepburn|Hepburn 从詹姆斯-迪恩(James Dean)到奥黛丽-赫本(Audrey Hepburn)等当时最迷人的演员。

They were also advertised in magazines, on the television and on the radio.

The messages were not subtle. ||||含蓄 Послания не были тонкими. 这些信息并不含蓄。

Adverts for companies like Camel, Marlboro, and Lucky Strike portrayed smoking in an ||||deve|Marlboro||||||| |||||Marlboro||||||| Die Werbung für Unternehmen wie Camel, Marlboro und Lucky Strike stellte das Rauchen in einem 骆驼牌、万宝路牌和 Lucky Strike 牌等公司的广告将吸烟描绘成一种

aspirational light, with photos of beautiful women, ruggedly handsome men, and happy couples. 理想化的|||||||||||| istekli|||||||sert bir şekilde||||| |||||||męski urok||||| mit Fotos von schönen Frauen, gut aussehenden Männern und glücklichen Paaren. в притягательном свете, с фотографиями красивых женщин, мужественных мужчин и счастливых пар. 照片上有美丽的女性、粗犷的帅哥和幸福的情侣。

Smoking was cool, it was something done by the beautiful, the rich and the famous. 吸烟很酷,是美女、富人和名人的专利。

Much like adverts for things like cars, clothing, and cologne, |||||||||香水 |||||||||parfüm |||||||||colônia Подобно рекламе автомобилей, одежды и одеколона, 就像汽车、服装和古龙水的广告一样、

cigarette adverts promoted a lifestyle, not just a product. 香烟广告倡导的是一种生活方式,而不仅仅是一种产品。

And many of these adverts even claimed that their cigarettes were 许多广告甚至声称他们的香烟是

healthier than the others; one 1946 print advert for the brand Camel 比其他品牌更健康;1946 年的一个骆驼品牌印刷广告

claimed that “More Doctors Smoke Camel Than Any Other Cigarette.” утверждает, что "больше врачей курят Camel, чем любые другие сигареты". 声称 "吸骆驼烟的医生比吸其他任何烟的医生都多"。

Some even claimed that their cigarettes were safe for pregnant women.

There were also ‘light' and ‘mild' cigarettes, which were marketed as a healthier choice. |||||hafif|||||||| Также существовали "легкие" и "мягкие" сигареты, которые рекламировались как более здоровый выбор. 此外,还有 "淡味 "和 "温和 "香烟,在市场上被宣传为更健康的选择。

Nowadays, these claims seem rather suspect. |||||可疑 Heutzutage erscheinen diese Behauptungen eher zweifelhaft. Сегодня эти утверждения кажутся весьма подозрительными. Сьогодні ці заяви виглядають досить підозрілими. 如今看来,这些说法颇为可疑。

But, back then, of course the information about smoking's health risks ||||||||sigara içmenin|| Но в те времена, конечно, информация о вреде курения для здоровья 但是,当时关于吸烟有害健康的信息当然是

just wasn't as widespread; people had no reason to believe any differently. |||yaygın|||||||| просто не была так широко распространена, у людей не было причин считать иначе. 只是没有那么普遍;人们没有理由相信有什么不同。

But despite the best efforts of the tobacco industry, it was 但是,尽管烟草业做出了最大的努力,它还是

fighting a losing battle against the scientific evidence. ведет проигрышную борьбу с научными данными. 在与科学证据的较量中败下阵来。

In fact, by 1958, 44 percent of Americans already believed smoking caused cancer, and a Действительно, к 1958 году 44% американцев уже считали, что курение вызывает рак, а

number of medical associations warned that tobacco use could cause lung and heart disease. |||stowarzyszenia medyczne|||||||||| Mehrere medizinische Fachverbände warnten davor, dass Tabakkonsum Lungen- und Herzkrankheiten verursachen kann. ряд медицинских ассоциаций предупредили, что употребление табака может вызвать заболевания легких и сердца. 一些医学协会警告说,吸烟可导致肺病和心脏病。

To counter, to fight this growing belief in the ill effects of tobacco, in 1958 |对抗|||||||||||| |a combate|||||||||||| |karşı koymak|||||||||||| Чтобы противостоять этому растущему убеждению в вредном воздействии табака, в 1958 г. 为了抵制这种对烟草不良影响日益增长的信念,1958 年

some of the largest American tobacco companies formed the Tobacco Institute, an 一些美国最大的烟草公司成立了烟草研究所,这是一个

organisation which aimed to undermine the research that linked smoking with disease. ||amaçlayan||zayıflatmak||||||| организация, целью которой было подорвать исследования, связывающие курение с заболеваниями. організація, яка мала на меті підірвати дослідження, які пов’язували куріння з хворобою. 该组织旨在破坏将吸烟与疾病联系起来的研究。