Class 8. Early Jews of Modern Ukraine (3) Klasse 8: Frühe Juden der modernen Ukraine (3) Classe 8. Les premiers Juifs de l'Ukraine moderne (3) Klas 8. Vroege Joden in het moderne Oekraïne (3) Aula 8. Judeus primitivos da Ucrânia moderna (3) Занятие 8. Ранние евреи современной Украины (3)

and they start to develop

these extensive instruments of autonomy ||工具||自主權 |comprehensive|instruments||self-governance

to the point where

when there are disputes between communities, |||爭議||社群 |||disputes||

they develop regional councils, ||地區性|議會

and then, a real game changer ||||遊戲改變者|改變者

is when the crown basically says, |||王冠||

"Okay, we just want a lump sum from you," you know? |||||一筆總額||||| |||||Pauschalbetrag||||| |||||single payment|total amount|||| ||||||一括払い|||| "好吧，我們只想要你給我們一筆總額，"你知道嗎？

"Forget about the individual communities collecting taxes. "忘掉各個社區收稅的事情了。

"Give us one lump sum," "給我們一筆總額，"

and then the Grand Duchy of Lithuania says the same thing, 然後立陶宛大公國說了相同的話，

and that's when developing out of that 而這時發展出來的就是四地議會，

is the Council of Four Lands, 就是四地議會，

which is kind of like functioning 這有點像是運作

as not just a supreme IRS, a supreme tax collector, |||||國稅局|||| |||||IRS|||| |||||国税庁|||| 不僅僅是一個最高的國稅局，一個最高的稅收徵收者，

but a supreme court 而是一個最高法院

that's adjudicating disputes between communities, |裁决||| |resolving|conflicts or disagreements|| |紛争を裁定する||| 那是在判斷社區之間的爭端，

that deals with, really, you call them national problems, 這涉及到，實際上，你稱之為國家問題，

a blood libel accusation, a ritual murder accusation, ||血腥誣陷|指控||儀式|| |Blut|Blutverleumd||||| ||false accusation|accusation||ritual|| ||血の中傷||||| 血腥誣陷的指控，儀式謀殺的指控，

the accusation that Jews have killed a Christian child 猶太人謀殺基督教孩子的指控

and used their blood for their, 並將他們的血用於他們的，

used the blood for their rituals, |||||儀式 用血來進行他們的儀式，

which never happened, I should emphasize, 我應該強調，這從來沒有發生過，

but it was kind of like the rumor that refused to go away |それは||||||||||| 但這有點像那個無法消失的謠言

because it symbolically reenacts the crucifixion, |||重現|| |||stellt nach|| |||replicates||crucifixion |それは||再現する|| |||reencena|| 因為它象徵性地重現了釘十字架的情景，

and it has a lot of resonance that way, ||||||resonance|| ||||||共鳴が大きい|| 這樣有很多共鳴，

so, you know, this Council of Four Lands 所以，你知道，這個四地理事會

would have somebody intervene |||step in 會有人介入

and try to prevent, you know, and|||||

this thing from getting out of control.

They would negotiate the taxes,

and they would serve as a supreme court in secular matters. |||||||||secular|

Now, each kahal also had a rabbinical court, ||congregation||||| 現在，每個卡哈爾都有一個拉比法庭，

so the entire Jewish community is known as the kehila. |||||||||community so the entire Jewish community is known as the kehila. 所以整個猶太社區被稱為 kehila。

It's run by the kahal, 它由卡哈爾管理，

but they also have rabbis ||||拉比 but they also have rabbis

who are sort of separate from everything.

That Council of Four Lands is mainly merchants,

is mainly wealthy merchants and leaseholders, okay?

The rabbis meet separately,

and they tend to judge religious matters,

which makes a lot of sense

until you try to figure out what a religious matter is.

It's not so clear.

Murder seems to be a religious matter.

Theft, kind of, but it's also a business matter,

so there's a lot of, like, jurisdictional disputes going on ||||||legal authority||| ||||||管轄権の|||

between rabbinical courts and lay courts, ||||secular|

but by and large, you know, |by|||| しかし全体的には|||||

when things are functioning smoothly,

they support each other,

and there's a actual power

to excommunicate members |remove from membership| |破門する|

that's never really used,

but the threat of excommunication, called the herem, ||||Exkommunikation||| |||||||ヘーレム

is enough to scare people |||Frighten|

into obeying the authority of these various courts |dem Gehorsam|||||| |submitting to||||||

because being excommunicated would really be truly horrible.

You know, you would really have no place to go

in Christian society, in Jewish society,

and it's like social death, |||social|

and a really devastating condition to be in.

It's never used

until the rise of the false messianic movement ||||||messianischen| |||||false|savior-related| ||||||偽救世主運動|偽メシア運動 直到假彌賽亞運動的興起

of Shabbetai Tzvi, which happens later on. Shabbetai Tzvi，這發生在稍後。

We'll maybe touch upon at the very end.

Now, a shtadlan is a very important function. ||advocate or intermediary||||| ||Now, a shtadlan is a very important function. 今、シュタドランは非常に重要な役割です。|||||

The shtadlan is a lobbyist, |Lobbyist||| ||||advocate for interests

and every community would have one.

He speaks the language of the land.

He knows the laws really well.

He's charming

and has somewhat of a secular education,

so a lot of times doctors would serve this purpose,

and he basically is the go-between. |||||go|

You know, he'll talk to the authorities

when something goes wrong,

and this is kind of like,

you know, Jewish foreign policy, you could call it.

You know, this is how they defend their communities,

through lobbying, yes, through giving of bribes. ||||||bribes ||||||賄賂を渡すこと

I mean, this was actually totally on the books, Ich meine, das war eigentlich völlig legal,

out in the open. 外に出て|||

It was a normal way of doing business.

You bribed the secular officials to protect your community, |bestechtest||||||| 你贿赂世俗官员来保护你的社区，

and no one seemed to see anything wrong with that.

Now, with this extensive autonomy,

really, the most extensive autonomy since antiquity, ||||||der Antike ||||||antiquity |||||以来で|

you also have the development of vibrant religious life ||||||vibrant||

and the wooden synagogues. ||made of wood| |その||木造のシナゴーグ

Here's one in Khodoriv in the Ukrainian territories. |||Khodoriv location||||

They can develop very ornate, beautiful artwork ||||verzierte|| ||||intricate and decorative||

even though they're wooden synagogues, ||||places of worship

which suggests less wealth. ||より少ない|より少ない富

Beautiful ceiling paintings.

Down in the corner there, I put an image of this guy,

who's chained to the synagogue wall outside |bound|||place of worship||

by his neck.

Any idea what he did wrong?

He broke the Sabbath, |||Sabbatstag |||Sabbath |||安息日を破った

so this is actually called the kuna, ||||||Kuna ||||||kuna (currency) ||||||クナ

and I put it there to remind us not to get too nostalgic ||||||||||||nostalgic ||||||||||||懐かしむ

about this flourishing religious life ||繁栄する||

'cause there's a lot of religious compulsion involved too. ||||||Zwang|| ||||||pressure|| ||||||宗教的な強制||

You know, keeping the Sabbath was not a choice,

at least not throughout this period of time,

and if you go to the town of Czestochowa in Poland,

you can actually see one of these on the synagogue wall. |||||||||synagogue|

It's pretty interesting.

Most people could pay a fine and get out of it, you know, |||||monetary penalty|||||||

and they would prefer to pay the fine

than be publicly humiliated in this way,

but it was there.

Now, Jews are able to move into cities,

but again, you come into direct conflict |||||direct|

with the Christian townspeople,

and economics is something that's perceived

in an ethnic way, right?

There are groups against groups, Christians against Jews,

and the Christians manage to exact |||||obtain und die Christen schaffen es, die

a lot of money and payment from Jewish merchants,

so it becomes very expensive to do business in cities,

and that's where your leaseholding comes in,

and the official word for lease is arenda. |||||||Mietvertrag |||||||lease |||||||賃貸契約

You may see it in your readings.

The arenda can be a lease on everything we've talked about |arrendamento|||||||||

and some things we didn't talk about: tolls on roads, ponds. ||||||||||Teiche |||||||road fees|||

You can lease the tax, ||||tax benefits

and then you get to keep anything

over the amount that you collect.

You can lease entire villages, taverns, and distilleries.

This is an absolute boon ||||blessing

to Jews, economically,

but let's just say it's not good to be a serf ||||||||||peasant laborer ||||||||||農奴

in this situation,

and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth comes to be known, ||||||||知られるようになる

as I don't know if you've heard this before,

heaven for the nobles, paradise for the Jews,

and hell for the serfs.

The reason is this is an arrangement

that is not only economically debilitating for the serfs |||||crippling||| |||||経済的に苦しめる|||

who have to continually work, |||constantly|

you know, the nobleman's land for free

along with whatever land they're able to work of their own,

which is very small.

They have to, you know,

pay the Jewish tavernkeeper.

They have to pay the Jewish miller. ||||||ユダヤ人の粉屋

There are even rumors that Jews lease the churches |||speculations|||||

and held keys to the churches,

which would be really humiliating, ||||embarrassing and degrading

but some historians have said that's actually not the case, 但一些歷史學家說事實並非如此，

but that is something

that made its way up through Ukrainian lore |||||||Überlieferung |||found a place|throughout|||traditional stories それが|||||||伝承 烏克蘭的傳說

is that you even had to beg to use your own church,

you know, so it's a really humiliating situation,

whether that last thing is true or not,

and that's the reason for the volatility, ||||||price fluctuations ||||||変動性の理由

but nobody's going to attack the Jewish leaseholder |||||||tenant

for the simple reason

that he's under the protection of the nobleman.

Nobles own the vast majority of land.

They're increasingly more powerful than the king,

who becomes an elected monarch,

and they really, I would say,

they own their own towns,

and those are increasingly attractive to Jews to settle in.

It's a system of patronage, really. ||||Patronage-System| ||||support or influence| ||||後援制度|

Now, inside the tavern, |||inside the pub

you have that integration that I was talking about, 你有我所說的那種整合，

but it's really more of an interaction,

and here you have Jewish musicians,

non-Jews who are dancing,

and you have the Jewish tavernkeepers over on that side, |||||酒場の主人||||

and notice that the wife of the tavernkeeper

is pouring the liquor. |einschenken||

I'm not sure whose child that is in the corner there,

but children were very much present

in these taverns as well.

This was where people would spend their leisure time. |||||||Freizeit|

These were also, effectively, news venues, ||||Nachrichtenorte|Veranstaltungsorte |||||news outlets

entertainment venues, banks, country stores,

especially in the smaller,

you know, rural areas or small towns.

They were the hub of everything,

competing, really, with the church, rivaling||||

you know, because after the wedding,

you would, you know, proceed from the church to the tavern, ||||move on||||||

where you'd be met by the tavernkeeper,

who's kind of like the antipriest, |||||antipriest |||||反司祭のような

but what I want to emphasize is gender

because women worked in the society, in Jewish society, 因為婦女在社會工作，在猶太社會工作，

and it was expected.

It wasn't something that women fought for as a right.

It was absolutely expected.

Your value on the marriage market was determined

by what business promise you could bring to the marriage.

That would often be linguistic, ||||言語的なこと

like, how well you speak Polish or Ukrainian or whatever,

how well you know arithmetic, ||||Arithmetik

and these marriages were really business partnerships.

Usually, the husband would be dealing with the suppliers. ||||||||vendors

He might drive a taxi,

you know, a horse and cart during the week. |||Pferd||Wagen|||

The woman would be, the wife would be serving the customers,

and it's a pretty rough lifestyle, ||||difficult|

but why that's important is

the Jewish familial unit |jüdisch||

presents a kind of double-barrel threat economically ||||doppelte||| |||||dual||

because both the husband and wife are working,

and this is absolutely the norm. |||||普通のこと

Occasionally, you have the situation

where an extremely learned and accomplished rabbi

would study all day long

and the wife would work in the marketplace

or in the tavern, whatever,

but that was a pretty rare occurrence, okay. ||||||Ereignis| ||||||event|

Now, one arenda dispute ||lease|

that I went through pretty extensively

illustrates the problem with authority,

the way things stand,

and the importance of the development

of the Council of Four Lands, that supreme court.

I just wanna go through this really quickly

because what happens in this situation of leases,

and this is probably a tavern that's being leased,

is competition between Jews, okay?

In this case, Simeon leases a liquor arenda.

Reuben attempts to purchase it for the next three years ルーベン|||||||||

before his term is up, so he's the encroacher, ||||||||Eindringling ||||||||Premature successor voordat zijn termijn erop zit, dus hij is de indringer,

and then, Simeon goes and negotiates

with the local nobleman, successfully, who gives it to him.

Reuben, in this case, goes all the way to the queen

and gets her scribe to support his side, |||Schreiberin|||| |||writing assistant||||

and he tells the town council to award the lease to Reuben.

The towns council agree,

town council agrees, but for a bribe.

Reuben pays the bribe.

Simeon bribes the nobleman,

so lots of bribes going on here,

and offers an even higher price,

and the nobleman orders the town council

to withdraw it from Reuben,

and then the queen steps in and supports Reuben,

so you have, like,

these conflicting secular authorities that get involved,

which leads me to think it's much more than a tavern.

It could be, you know, an entire right to distill, |||||||||蒸留する権利

which is called (speaks in foreign language),

but it's something that is pretty lucrative, ||||||profitable

so they actually don't stop with the authorities,

not even the queen.

They now go to the rabbis,

and the rabbis are extremely prominent in this society,

which is a, you know, community of believers.

Some of these rabbis have their own yeshivas, |||||||Jewish schools |||||||イェシーバを持つ

these Talmudic academies, |related to Talmud|

where they teach the Talmud all day long, ||||Talmud||| ||||Talmud study|||

but when disputes occur

that have to do with some aspect of Jewish law, halakha, ||||||||||Jewish law

they will often send questions to the most prominent rabbis, |||||||||Jewish scholars

and this is what happens in this case,

so Rabbi Isaac Ben Bezalel of Volodymyr,

he argues in favor of Simeon,

and he quotes a medieval German source

to basically say, "Do not encroach," okay? |||||Trespass or intrude| |||||invadir|

So he's basically anti-Reuben, anti-encroachment, ||||||intrusion ||||||侵害反対

but then they go to a more prominent rabbi,

Isaac Luria, who's young, but he's kind of a rising star,

and he actually rules in favor of Reuben

and says that the laws of encroachment don't apply ||||||Trespassing||

'cause this is only a potential purchase, right?

The lease term hadn't begun yet, so it's a potential,

it's like the next three years of the term,

and he says, "It's known in the entire kingdom

"that we buy the right to farm taxes and liquor 「我們購買農業稅和酒的權利

"and other rights in the town with an arenda contract," “以及簽訂阿倫達合約後在該鎮的其他權利，”

and they're also accustomed to sell the arenda

before the term for the first holder of the arenda expires, prior to||||||||||

and they sell it to a second person, so Reuben's okay.

He's allowed to encroach, okay?

Now, Luria's young.

He may be brilliant and a rising star, but he's young,