Inizia a seguire questa lezione ora

Inter-War Period (between WW 1 and II), Sex, Drugs, and the Right to Vote I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1920 Part 4 of 4 - YouTube (1)

Sex, Drugs, and the Right to Vote I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1920 Part 4 of 4 - YouTube (1)

In 1918, when the men from the frontlines of the World War began returning home

they've brought with them some troubling stowaway passengers: venereal decease and drug addiction.

When they arrived home, they found a new generation of women, vocally proclaiming their expectation

of a gender equality in a way that most women would not have dared to only four years earlier.

And all those three things would, rather bizarrely, come together and change the world.

Welcome to "Between 2 Wars", a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all facets of life:

the uncertainty, hedonism and euphoria, and ultimately the humanity's descent

into the darkness of the Second World War. I'm Indy Nydell.

This year, 1920, The 19th Amendment to the US Constitution is ratified August 19th.

Giving women their... the vote.

Now, in Great Britain some women were given the vote two years earlier, Germany introduces universal suffrage

immediately after the war, during The German Revolution, and many other nations are about to,

or have already followed suit. There is literally a tsunami of change,

rolling over at least the Western World and some parts of the Middle East.

This isn't a sudden development, though. Women have been fighting for the votes for many decades

at this point, but before 1914 in most parts of the world this was still a movement facing formidable opposition,

not only from men, but also from many women.

In the last 100 years, both women and men have gained access to better education

and a foreseeable and natural desire to have a say in the world has grown.

The 1850 sees a massive awakening of political awareness among women in many parts of the world.

At the turn of the century in Egypt the women's liberation movement has become

an essential part of the nationalist independence movement as we saw in our previous episode.

In England and the US the suffragettes are not only fighting for the votes,

but for more rights in all aspects of society.

In Sweden and Norway the battle for women's rights becomes an integral part of the socialist movement

and so on.

Sure, there are places like New Zealand, Australia and Finland where women could vote

in national elections before the war, and actually the Pitcairn Islands had women suffrage since 1838,

and you have to go look up why after watching this episode, because it's cool.

But, until the WWI, the suffragettes for the most part only make limited progress

and face almost impossible resistance. For instance, the 19th Amendment was introduced to the US Congress

already in 1878 by senator Aaron A. Sargent, but there's so much resistance to women having the vote

that it takes 41 years before they get enough votes to get it apprised.

But with mounting pressure arising during and after the World War, 1919, it's finally passed,

and sent to the individual states for ratification; one year later it's adopted.

The struggle for the vote goes through similar hardships all over the world,

and in many places it will still take time before it happens. But why is this such a big deal?

The simple answer would be to say that women are viewed as less mentally capable than men,

it's certainly one of the arguments often given by the opponents to women suffrage at the time.

However, there are other, more significant reasons, and they have a lot to do with sex.

Not sex as in gender, but sex as in... intimate relations between women and men.

Now, bear with me here, while I deviate briefly into sex-ed from a historical perspective.

Some of this might seem obvious, but it is important to the topic.

As most of you hopefully know, two possible side effects of having sex are pregnancy and venereal

decease. While the latter is universally undesirable, the former is often very welcome, but not always.

The future of humanity depends on having sex, and we have been endowed by nature to enjoy it,

so that we do it - to the point that most of us have a hard time not doing it, right?

Now, think of what that means for women who have no access to contraception,

or perhaps feel that it's wrong to use contraception. It means having babies,

and not getting A baby, but MANY babies, which is great for the survival of the species

when infant mortality is high, but for women as individuals throughout history it hasn't been so great.

Either they were pregnant, or nursing, or both, effectively excluding them,

at least part of the time, from fully participating in society.

Ingeniously, we worked out pretty early on how to use contraceptives, and alleviated the situation somewhat,

but it won't be until the pill is introduced in the 1960s

that there is a truly effective way of preventing conception.

Before that there is a big chance that even if you don't want to, even if you do use contraception

you'll get a baby, a trial that needs to be taken care of, nourished and raised for years.

Our solution to that is pretty much built-in in our general nature of pairing up with the opposite sex

which has been formalized in the family structures.

And there you have the root reason for oppression of women in the XIX and XX centuries.

Some people - many people actually - see women's liberation as a threat to the core family, which by their

argument would lead to a world full of children without fathers - or maybe even mothers - to raise them.

And it's not just the ballot that they think will threaten the delicate human balance in matrimony.

Contraceptives could as well. The argument is that when women and men can just have

as much sex as they want to without worrying about pregnancy, they will,

and this will break up marriages and again lead to a bunch of kids without anyone to raise them.

So no contraceptives it is!

Now, they believe this fixes that second problem as well.

When men and women only have sex within marriage, they won't get the clap,

especially not if they abstain from sex before marriage - ideally.

And remember, that before Pasteur and others discover how contagious deceases work,

there is not even any knowledge for how to prevent catching something - anything!

As a result, venereal decease has long been a scourge of humanity, with,

for instance, syphilis infecting hundreds of millions of people over centuries,

until the cure is finally discovered in 1905.

By the mid XIX century there is no cure, but at least they've worked out how it could be prevented,

and it is now clear that a condom is a good way not only to prevent pregnancy,

but also to stop the spread of venereal decease.

OK, contraception, whether effective or not, has been practiced since antiquity,

and linen or animal product condoms in use for a couple of centuries,

but not widely, being unaffordable or unavailable to the masses.

And not especially effective, since they often had holes, broke or came off,

until the introduction of vulcanized rubber.

But condom use would still be a problem for those opposed to more relaxed sexual behavior and society.

And let's be clear here - it's not just about saving marriages, there's a whole bunch of

ideological, religious and erroneous medical arguments in place, some of which are an issue to this day.

However, before the XVIII century these issues are not only not fully understood, they're also pretty immaterial.

At the beginning of the XVIII century, 60% of all children born in England will die

before they reach reproductive age. So, the survival of the species depends on having many babies.

Now, this starts to change, especially in Europe, by the end of 1700s

when infant mortality is dropping, as healthcare and standards of living increase.

By the end of the XIX century, infant mortality in England will have dropped to 20% -

by comparison, in 2018 it's 1.2%.

Also, urbanization is bringing more and more people together, creating greater opportunities

for more and more people for sexual encounters of the non-marriage kind.

This does not go unnoticed by the thinkers of the time. The controversial English cleric and scholar

Thomas Robert Malthus is tremendously worried about overpopulation.

He foresees a catastrophic population increase that will lead to a global collapse of society

as food runs out and resources become scarce some time in the first half of the XIX century.

Luckily for humanity, his calculations are way off the mark, and fail to take full account

of technological advances in agriculture and manufacturing, but that's another story.

In any case, in his 1798 publication: "An Essay on the Principle of Population"

he proposes that birth control should be one of the solutions to avoid the pending disaster.

Malthus not only proposes contraception as a solution, he even goes so far

as advocating research into safer abortions to allow women the right of choice both before and after sex.

Alas, he also proposes celibacy, monogamy and abstention,

increasing food production, preventing wars and much more.

It's sort of a whole toolshed full of weapons to combat overpopulation.

In any case, many other scholars have similar ideas around the same time,

and this sets off a controversial discussion that is still going on to this day:

the right for women to choose pregnancy and even terminate it.

And there we have it: the movement for women's liberation is closely linked

to the right to choose and to sex education.

During the XIX century this becomes an organized movement in the US, Britain, Scandinavia

and many other parts of Western Europe, especially focused on lower income families,

that suffer from higher birth rates leading to children they can not afford to bring up.

On the way it becomes clear, that to see change in these areas

the very people that are most affected - women - need to have a say in society.

You see, the protective measures to stop people from having sex outside of marriage

have been codified into law, prohibiting abortions, the sale of contraceptives, and even sex education.

In many places breaking these laws won't just give you a fine - you go to prison.

That is exactly what happens to Margaret Sanger, one of the pioneers

of sex-ed and birth control in the United States.

Inspired by a visit to Holland, she opens a family planning and birth control clinic in New York in 1915.

It lasts 9 days before she is arrested. She is sentenced to 30 days in a correctional facility,

but when released, she carries on. Repeated arrests follow, and at her conviction, the judge concludes that

women do not have "the right to copulate with a feeling of security that there will be no resulting conception".

But Sanger prevails, and on appeal her conviction is overturned, and this opens the way

for the prescription of contraceptives in the US as of 1918.

It's probably no coincidence that this decision comes in 1918:

the war has radically overturned the concept of gender roles and the views on contraception.

As men fight at the front, women step in and take over what were...

previously unthinkable jobs for a woman, like soldering, construction, trucking...

A return to the pre-war gender segregated society is not an option

but the war also brings changes in the area of sex, which brings us back to venereal decease.

There is this idea, that many young man left for the war died on the battlefield as virgins.

Nothing could be further from the truth: if they were virgins when they left,

they most probably were not by the time they arrived at the front.

If you didn't have the luck to meet a local girl the... normal way, there were plenty of other options.

On all of the fronts and on all sides, brothels were not only tolerated, but systematically organized

and in some cases regulated by the armies to keep them as clean and healthy as possible.

Sex, Drugs, and the Right to Vote I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1920 Part 4 of 4 - YouTube (1) 性别||||||||||||| |||||||||війнах||||YouTube Sexo||||||||||||| Sex, Drogen und das Wahlrecht I ZWISCHEN 2 KRIEGEN I 1920 Teil 4 von 4 - YouTube (1) Sexo, drogas y derecho al voto I ENTRE 2 GUERRAS I 1920 Parte 4 de 4 - YouTube (1) Sesso, droga e diritto di voto I TRA 2 GUERRE I 1920 Parte 4 di 4 - YouTube (1) セックス、ドラッグ、そして選挙権 I 1920年「2つの戦争の間」 - YouTube (1) 섹스, 마약, 그리고 투표권 1920년 2차 세계대전 중 4부 - YouTube (1) Seks, narkotyki i prawo do głosowania I MIĘDZY 2 WOJNAMI I 1920 Część 4 z 4 - YouTube (1) Sexo, drogas e o direito de voto I ENTRE 2 GUERRAS I 1920 Parte 4 de 4 - YouTube (1) Секс, наркотики и право голоса I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1920 Часть 4 из 4 - YouTube (1) Seks, Uyuşturucu ve Oy Hakkı I 2 SAVAŞ ARASINDA I 1920 Bölüm 4 / 4 - YouTube (1) Секс, наркотики та право голосу між двома війнами 1920 р. Частина 4 з 4 - YouTube (1) 性、毒品和投票权 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1920 第 4 部分（共 4 部分） - YouTube (1) 性、毒品和投票權 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1920 第 4 部分（共 4 部分） - YouTube (1)

In 1918, when the men from the frontlines of the World War began returning home ||||||前线||||||| ||||||du front||||||| ||||||фронту|||||||

they've brought with them some troubling stowaway passengers: venereal decease and drug addiction. |||||令人担忧的|隐形乘客||性病|性病|||毒瘾 ||||||passagers clandestins||vénérienne|maladie||| |||||preocupantes|passageiros||venérea|doença||| |||||тривожні|нелегальний пасажир||венеричні|хвороба|||залежність

When they arrived home, they found a new generation of women, vocally proclaiming their expectation ||到达|||发现了|||一代人||女性们|大声地|宣告||期望 |||||||||||vocalmente|proclamando|| |||||||||||голосно|проголошуючи|| Коли вони повернулися додому, вони виявили нове покоління жінок, голосно проголошуючи свої сподівання

of a gender equality in a way that most women would not have dared to only four years earlier. ||||||||||||敢于|敢于|||四年前||更早前 |||||||||||||ousariam||||| |||рівності||||||||||||||| на гендерну рівність так, як більшість жінок не наважилися б зробити це лише чотири роки тому.

And all those three things would, rather bizarrely, come together and change the world. |||||||奇怪地|||||| |||||||дивно|||||| |||||veriam|bastante|bizarramente|||||| E todas essas três coisas iriam, de forma bastante bizarra, juntar-se e mudar o mundo. І всі ці три речі, досить дивно, сконсолідувалися і змінили світ.

Welcome to "Between 2 Wars", a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all facets of life: |||||||||||||各个方面|| |||||||||||||facettes|| |||||||||||||аспекти|| Ласкаво просимо до "Між двома війнами", хронологічного підсумку міжвоєнних років, що охоплює всі аспекти життя:

the uncertainty, hedonism and euphoria, and ultimately the humanity's descent ||享乐主义||||||| ||||||врешті-решт||людства| невизначеність, гедонізм і ейфорія, а врешті-решт занурення людства

into the darkness of the Second World War. I'm Indy Nydell. ||||||||||Nydell ||||||||||Найдell у темряву Другої світової війни. Я - Інді Ніддел.

This year, 1920, The 19th Amendment to the US Constitution is ratified August 19th. ||||修正案||||||于8月19日通过|| ||||Emenda||||Constituição||ratificada|| ||||Поправка||||Конституція||ратифіковано||

Giving women their... the vote.

Now, in Great Britain some women were given the vote two years earlier, Germany introduces universal suffrage ||||||||||||||||普选权 ||||||||||||||introduz||sufrágio тепер|||||||||||||||універсальне|виборче право Тепер, у Великій Британії деяким жінкам дали право голосу на два роки раніше, Німеччина запроваджує загальне виборче право

immediately after the war, during The German Revolution, and many other nations are about to, негайно|||||||Революція||||||| відразу після війни, під час Німецької революції, і багато інших націй намагаються,

or have already followed suit. There is literally a tsunami of change, |||||||||海啸||变化 ||||exemplo||||||| чи|||||||буквально||цунамі|| або вже наслідують це. Є буквально цунамі змін,

rolling over at least the Western World and some parts of the Middle East. поширюється||||||||||||| переворот щонайменше в Західному світі та деяких частинах Близького Сходу.

This isn't a sudden development, though. Women have been fighting for the votes for many decades |||||embora|||||||||| Однак це не раптовий розвиток. Жінки боролися за голоси протягом багатьох десятиліть

at this point, but before 1914 in most parts of the world this was still a movement facing formidable opposition, |||||||||||||||||强大的| |||||||||||||||||formidável| ||моменті|||||||||||||рух||сильного| на цьому етапі, але до 1914 року в більшості частин світу це все ще був рух, який стикався з величезною опозицією,

not only from men, but also from many women.

In the last 100 years, both women and men have gained access to better education протягом||останніх|||||||||||

and a foreseeable and natural desire to have a say in the world has grown. 并||可预见的|||||||发言权||||| ||prévisible|||||||||||| ||previsível|||desejo||||||||| і||передбачуване|||бажання||||||||| і передбачуване та природне бажання мати слово у світі зросло.

The 1850 sees a massive awakening of political awareness among women in many parts of the world. ||||despertar||||||||||| 1850 рік бачить масове пробудження політичної свідомості серед жінок у багатьох частинах світу.

At the turn of the century in Egypt the women's liberation movement has become ||||||||的||||| |||||||||a libertação|||| на||||||||||визволення||| На зламі століть в Єгипті рух за звільнення жінок став

an essential part of the nationalist independence movement as we saw in our previous episode. |||||націоналістичний||руху|||||||

In England and the US the suffragettes are not only fighting for the votes, ||||||女权运动者||||||| ||||||sufragistas||||||| ||||||суфражистки|||||||

but for more rights in all aspects of society.

In Sweden and Norway the battle for women's rights becomes an integral part of the socialist movement |||||||||||不可或缺的||||| |||||||||||||||соціалістичного| |||Noruega|||||||||||||

and so on.

Sure, there are places like New Zealand, Australia and Finland where women could vote

in national elections before the war, and actually the Pitcairn Islands had women suffrage since 1838, |||||||||皮特凯恩||||| |||||||||Pitcairn||||| |||||||||Піткэрн|||||

and you have to go look up why after watching this episode, because it's cool. і|||||||||||||| і вам потрібно буде дізнатися, чому після перегляду цього епізоду, тому що це круто.

But, until the WWI, the suffragettes for the most part only make limited progress |||Першої світової війни|||||||||| Але до Першої світової війни суфражистки в основному досягли лише обмеженого прогресу

and face almost impossible resistance. For instance, the 19th Amendment was introduced to the US Congress і|||неможливий|опір||наприклад|||||||||Конгрес і стикаються з майже неможливим опором. Наприклад, 19-та поправка була внесена до Конгресу США

already in 1878 by senator Aaron A. Sargent, but there's so much resistance to women having the vote |||参议员|||参议员|||||||||| |||senador|Aaron||Sargent|||||||||| вже||||Аарон||Сарджент|||||||||| вже в 1878 році сенатором Аароном А. Сарджентом, але існує така сильна опозиція до голосування жінок

that it takes 41 years before they get enough votes to get it apprised. ||||||||||||获得批准 ||||||||||||approuvé ||||||||||||informado ||||||||||||відомо що знадобиться 41 рік, перш ніж вони отримають достатню кількість голосів, щоб це було схвалено.

But with mounting pressure arising during and after the World War, 1919, it's finally passed, ||||surgindo||||||||| ||зростаючого||що виникає||||||||| Але з наростаючим тиском під час і після Першої світової війни, 1919 року, це нарешті прийнято,

and sent to the individual states for ratification; one year later it's adopted. |||||||批准||||| |||||||ratificação||||| |||||||ратифікації|||||прийнято

The struggle for the vote goes through similar hardships all over the world, ||||||||difficultés|||| ||||||через|||||| |luta|||||||dificuldades||||

and in many places it will still take time before it happens. But why is this such a big deal?

The simple answer would be to say that women are viewed as less mentally capable than men, |||||||||||||心理上|能力|| |||||||||||||mentalmente||| ||||||||жінки|||||розумово|здатними||

it's certainly one of the arguments often given by the opponents to women suffrage at the time. |||||||||反对者||||||| ||||||||||oponentes|||||| |||||аргументів|||||||||||

However, there are other, more significant reasons, and they have a lot to do with sex.

Not sex as in gender, but sex as in... intimate relations between women and men. |||||||||інтимні|||||

Now, bear with me here, while I deviate briefly into sex-ed from a historical perspective. |||||||偏离|||性别|性教育||||历史视角 |soyez|||||||||||||| |suporte||||||desvio||||||||perspectiva тепер|||||||відхилюся|||||||| Agora, tenham paciência comigo, enquanto me desvio brevemente para a educação sexual numa perspetiva histórica. Тепер, будь ласка, потерпіть мене, поки я коротко відхиляюся в сторону сексуальної освіти з історичної перспективи.

Some of this might seem obvious, but it is important to the topic. |||||очевидним||||важливо||| Деякі з цього можуть здаватися очевидними, але це важливо для теми.

As most of you hopefully know, two possible side effects of having sex are pregnancy and venereal ||||||||||||||||性病的 ||||||||||||||вагітність|| Як більшість з вас, сподіваюся, знає, двома можливими побічними ефектами статевих зносин є вагітність та венеричні

decease. While the latter is universally undesirable, the former is often very welcome, but not always. |||后者|||||||||||| |||||universalmente|indesejável||||||||| |хоча||остання||всесвітньо|небажаний||||||||| смерть. У той час як остання є універсально небажаною, перша часто є дуже бажаною, але не завжди.

The future of humanity depends on having sex, and we have been endowed by nature to enjoy it, ||||||||||||赋予||||| ||||||||||||doté||||| ||||||||||||dotada||||| |||людства|||||||||наділені||||| Майбутнє людства залежить від статевих стосунків, і природа наділила нас можливістю насолоджуватися цим,

so that we do it - to the point that most of us have a hard time not doing it, right? щоб ми це робили - до того рівня, що більшості з нас важко не робити цього, чи не так?

Now, think of what that means for women who have no access to contraception, |||||||||||||避孕措施 |||||||||||||contracepção

or perhaps feel that it's wrong to use contraception. It means having babies, ||||||||||||bebés |||||||||це|означає|| або, можливо, вважають, що використання контрацепції є неправильним. Це означає народжувати дітей,

and not getting A baby, but MANY babies, which is great for the survival of the species а|||||||||||||||| і не одну дитину, а БАГАТО дітей, що чудово для виживання виду,

when infant mortality is high, but for women as individuals throughout history it hasn't been so great. |o infante|||||||||ao longo de|||||| коли|дитина|смертність||||||||протягом|||||| коли дитяча смертність висока, але для жінок як індивідів протягом історії це не було так чудово.

Either they were pregnant, or nursing, or both, effectively excluding them, |||||哺乳||||排除| |||||amamentando||||| або|||||||||виключаючи| Або вони були вагітні, або годували груддю, або і те, і інше, фактично виключаючи їх,

at least part of the time, from fully participating in society. ||||||||participando|| принаймні частину часу, з повноцінної участі в суспільстві.

Ingeniously, we worked out pretty early on how to use contraceptives, and alleviated the situation somewhat, 巧妙地||||||||||||缓解了||| ||||||||||||a alléger||| ingeniosamente||||||||||os contraceptivos||aliviamos|||um pouco досить винахідливо|ми|вирахували||||||||||||| Досить рішуче ми змогли досить рано зрозуміти, як використовувати контрацепцію, і дещо полегшили ситуацію,

but it won't be until the pill is introduced in the 1960s ||||||pílula||||| ||||||таблетка|||||

that there is a truly effective way of preventing conception. ||||||||预防|怀孕 ||||||||запобігання|

Before that there is a big chance that even if you don't want to, even if you do use contraception

you'll get a baby, a trial that needs to be taken care of, nourished and raised for years. |||||试验品||||||||抚养|||| |||||||||||||nutrido|||| |||||випробування||||||||дбати||виховання||

Our solution to that is pretty much built-in in our general nature of pairing up with the opposite sex ||||||||||||||配对|配对|||| ||||||||||||||a combinação||||| наше||||||||||||||партнерства||||| Наше рішення цього питання, в основному, вбудоване в нашу загальну природу з'єднання з протилежною статтю

which has been formalized in the family structures. |||正式化|||| |||formalizada|||| що було формалізовано в сімейних структурах.

And there you have the root reason for oppression of women in the XIX and XX centuries. ||||||||对女性的压迫||女性|||||| |||||||||||||dezenove||séculos| |||||корінь||||||||||| І ось ви маєте корінну причину пригнічення жінок у XIX і XX століттях.

Some people - many people actually - see women's liberation as a threat to the core family, which by their |||||||||||||核となる|||| ||||||||||загроза|||основної||||

argument would lead to a world full of children without fathers - or maybe even mothers - to raise them. |||||世界|||||||||||| ||||||||||pais||||||| аргумент||приведе|||||||||||||||

And it's not just the ballot that they think will threaten the delicate human balance in matrimony. ||并非|||投票|||||||微妙的人类平衡||||婚姻 |||||bulletin||||||||||| |||||投票用紙|||||||||||結婚生活 |||||voto|||||ameaçar||||||matrimônio |||||документ для голосування|||||погрожувати||делікатну||||шлюбі

Contraceptives could as well. The argument is that when women and men can just have |||||||||as mulheres|||||

as much sex as they want to without worrying about pregnancy, they will,

and this will break up marriages and again lead to a bunch of kids without anyone to raise them. |||||casamentos||||||||||||| |||||шлюби|||||||||||||

So no contraceptives it is!

Now, they believe this fixes that second problem as well. ||||вирішує|||||

When men and women only have sex within marriage, they won't get the clap, |||||||||||得病||淋病 |||||||||||||blennorragie |||||||||||||gonorreia |||||||||||||淋病 ||||||||шлюб|||||гонорею

especially not if they abstain from sex before marriage - ideally. ||||禁欲||||| |||||||||理想的には ||||abstiverem|||||

And remember, that before Pasteur and others discover how contagious deceases work, ||||巴斯德|||||传染性|疾病| |||||||||contagiosas|as doenças|

there is not even any knowledge for how to prevent catching something - anything! |||||знання|||||||

As a result, venereal decease has long been a scourge of humanity, with, |||||||||祸害||| |||||||||fléau||| |||||||||flagelo||| як|||||||||порада||| В результаті венеричні захворювання вже давно є прокляттям людства, з,

for instance, syphilis infecting hundreds of millions of people over centuries, ||梅毒|||||||| ||梅毒|||||||| ||sífilis|infectou||||||| |||інфікування||||||| наприклад, сифілісом, який заражав сотні мільйонів людей протягом століть,

until the cure is finally discovered in 1905. ||cura|||| поки ліки нарешті не було відкрито в 1905 році.

By the mid XIX century there is no cure, but at least they've worked out how it could be prevented, |||||||||||||||||||попереджено

and it is now clear that a condom is a good way not only to prevent pregnancy, |||||||避孕套||||||||| |||||||preservativo||||||||| |||||||презерватив|||||||||

but also to stop the spread of venereal decease.

OK, contraception, whether effective or not, has been practiced since antiquity, ||||||||||古代から ||se||||||||a antiguidade

and linen or animal product condoms in use for a couple of centuries, |亚麻||||避孕套||||||| |linho||||preservativos||||||| |лляні||||презервативи|||||||

but not widely, being unaffordable or unavailable to the masses. ||||inacessível||||| ||||недоступний||недоступний|||

And not especially effective, since they often had holes, broke or came off, а|||||||||||| І не особливо ефективні, оскільки вони часто мали дірки, ламалися або відходили.

until the introduction of vulcanized rubber. ||||硫化的| ||||加硫された| ||||vulcanizada|borracha ||||вулканізованого| до впровадження вулканізованої гуми.

But condom use would still be a problem for those opposed to more relaxed sexual behavior and society. |||seria|||||||||||||| Але використання презервативів все ще буде проблемою для тих, хто проти більш розслабленої сексуальної поведінки та суспільства.

And let's be clear here - it's not just about saving marriages, there's a whole bunch of ||||||||||||||um monte|

ideological, religious and erroneous medical arguments in place, some of which are an issue to this day. |||错误的||||||||||||| |||誤った||||||||||||| |||errónea|||||||||||||

However, before the XVIII century these issues are not only not fully understood, they're also pretty immaterial. ||||||||||||||||无关紧要 ||||||||||||||||重要でない |||dezoito|||||||||||||imateriais ||||||||||||||||неважливими

At the beginning of the XVIII century, 60% of all children born in England will die |||||||の|||||||

before they reach reproductive age. So, the survival of the species depends on having many babies. |||生殖の|||||||||||| |||репродуктивного|||||||виду|||||

Now, this starts to change, especially in Europe, by the end of 1700s

when infant mortality is dropping, as healthcare and standards of living increase. ||||||saúde||||| ||||||医療ケア||||| коли|||||||||||

By the end of the XIX century, infant mortality in England will have dropped to 20% -

by comparison, in 2018 it's 1.2%. |порівнянні||

Also, urbanization is bringing more and more people together, creating greater opportunities |都市化|||||||||| |урбанізація||||||||створюючи||

for more and more people for sexual encounters of the non-marriage kind. |||||||性的な出会い||||| |||||||зустрічей|||||

This does not go unnoticed by the thinkers of the time. The controversial English cleric and scholar ||||||||||||||神职人员|| ||||||||||||||clerc|| ||||||||||||controverso||clérigo||erudito |||||||мислителі|||||||священик||вчений ||||||||||||||聖職者||

Thomas Robert Malthus is tremendously worried about overpopulation. |||||||人口过剩 ||Malthus||tremendamente|||a superpopulação Томас||Мальтус|||||перенаселення ||||非常に|||

He foresees a catastrophic population increase that will lead to a global collapse of society |予見する||||||||||||| |prevê||||||||||||| |передбачає|||||||||||||

as food runs out and resources become scarce some time in the first half of the XIX century. |||||||rares||||||||||

Luckily for humanity, his calculations are way off the mark, and fail to take full account на щастя||||розрахунки|||||||fail|||| Felizmente para a humanidade, os seus cálculos estão muito longe da realidade e não têm em conta

of technological advances in agriculture and manufacturing, but that's another story. ||||||fabricação|||| |технологічних|досягнень||||виробництво||||

In any case, in his 1798 publication: "An Essay on the Principle of Population" |||||publicação|||||||

he proposes that birth control should be one of the solutions to avoid the pending disaster. ||||||||||||||即将到来的| ||||||||||||||pendente|

Malthus not only proposes contraception as a solution, he even goes so far

as advocating research into safer abortions to allow women the right of choice both before and after sex. |||||堕胎|||||||||||| |plaider|||||||||||||||| |提唱する|||||||||||||||| |defendendo||||aborto|||||||||||| |підтримуючи||||аборти||||||||||||

Alas, he also proposes celibacy, monogamy and abstention, ||||独身主义|一夫一妻制||禁欲残念ながら||||禁欲|一夫一妻制||禁欲 ai||||celibato|monogamia||abstenção на жаль||||целібат|моногія||утримання

increasing food production, preventing wars and much more. |||запобігання||||

It's sort of a whole toolshed full of weapons to combat overpopulation. |||||工具棚|||||| |||||abri à outils|||||| |||||道具小屋|||||| |||||galpão de ferramentas|||||| |||||сарай для інструментів|||зброї||боротьби| É uma espécie de caixa de ferramentas cheia de armas para combater a sobrepopulação.

In any case, many other scholars have similar ideas around the same time,

and this sets off a controversial discussion that is still going on to this day:

the right for women to choose pregnancy and even terminate it. |||||||||interromper|

And there we have it: the movement for women's liberation is closely linked а||||||||||||пов'язане І ось ми маємо це: рух за звільнення жінок тісно пов'язаний

to the right to choose and to sex education. з правом вибору та секс-освітою.

During the XIX century this becomes an organized movement in the US, Britain, Scandinavia |||||||організований|||||| В XIX столітті це стає організованим рухом у США, Британії, Скандинавії

and many other parts of Western Europe, especially focused on lower income families, ||||||||||нижчими||

that suffer from higher birth rates leading to children they can not afford to bring up. |||вищих|||||дітей|||||||

On the way it becomes clear, that to see change in these areas на|||||||||||| На шляху стає зрозуміло, що для того, щоб побачити зміни в цих сферах

the very people that are most affected - women - need to have a say in society. ||||||||||avoir|||| саме ті люди, які найбільше постраждали - жінки - повинні мати голос у суспільстві.

You see, the protective measures to stop people from having sex outside of marriage ти||||||||||||| Ви бачите, захисні заходи, щоб заборонити людям займатися сексом поза шлюбом

have been codified into law, prohibiting abortions, the sale of contraceptives, and even sex education. ||法典化||||堕胎|||||||| ||成文化された|||||||||||| ||codificadas|||proibindo||||||||| ||||закон|заборона|||||||||

In many places breaking these laws won't just give you a fine - you go to prison. |||||||||||||||prisão

That is exactly what happens to Margaret Sanger, one of the pioneers ||||||Margaret|Sanger||||pioneiras

of sex-ed and birth control in the United States. |секс||||||||

Inspired by a visit to Holland, she opens a family planning and birth control clinic in New York in 1915. ||||||||||||出産|||||| надихнувшись||||||||||||||||||

It lasts 9 days before she is arrested. She is sentenced to 30 days in a correctional facility, ||||||||||||||矫正设施|矫正机构 |||||||||приговорена|||||виправному|заклад ||||||presa|||condenada|||||correcional|instituição ||||||||||||||矯正施設|矯正施設

but when released, she carries on. Repeated arrests follow, and at her conviction, the judge concludes that ||||||||||||定罪|||| ||||prossegue|||prisões|||||veredicto|||conclui| ||випущена||продовжує||повторні|арешти|||||судовому вироку||суддя|| ||||||||||||有罪判決||||

women do not have "the right to copulate with a feeling of security that there will be no resulting conception". |||||||交配||一种|||||||||| |||||||性交する|||||||||||| |||||||copular|||||||||||| |||||||копулювати|||||||||||результуючого|

But Sanger prevails, and on appeal her conviction is overturned, and this opens the way |||||||||推翻||||| ||previent|||||condamnation||annulée||||| ||勝利する|||||||||||| ||prevalece|||||||anulada||||| ||перемає|||апеляції||||скасовано||||| Mais Sanger l'emporte, et en appel sa condamnation est annulée, et cela ouvre la voie

for the prescription of contraceptives in the US as of 1918. ||处方||||||| ||避妊薬の処方||||||| ||prescrição||||||| ||рецепт||||||| à la prescription de contraceptifs aux États-Unis à partir de 1918.

It's probably no coincidence that this decision comes in 1918: |||巧合||||| |||спадковість||||| Ce n'est probablement pas un hasard si cette décision intervient en 1918 :

the war has radically overturned the concept of gender roles and the views on contraception. |||彻底地||||||||||| |||радикально||||||ролі|||||

As men fight at the front, women step in and take over what were...

previously unthinkable jobs for a woman, like soldering, construction, trucking... |||||||焊接||卡车运输 |||||||souder|| |impensáveis||||||soldadura||caminhão |немислимі||||||паяти|будівництво|вантажоперевезення |||||||はんだ付け||

A return to the pre-war gender segregated society is not an option |||||||性别隔离的||||| |||||||ségrégué||||| |||||||segregada||||| |||||||сегрегованого|||||

but the war also brings changes in the area of sex, which brings us back to venereal decease. |||||||||||这使我们||||||

There is this idea, that many young man left for the war died on the battlefield as virgins. |||||||||||||||||处女 |||||||||||||||||vierges |||||||||||||||||virgens |||||||||||||||||дівчат

Nothing could be further from the truth: if they were virgins when they left, ||||||||||处女||| нічого|||||||||||||

they most probably were not by the time they arrived at the front.

If you didn't have the luck to meet a local girl the... normal way, there were plenty of other options. |||||運がなかった||||||||||||||

On all of the fronts and on all sides, brothels were not only tolerated, but systematically organized |||||||||妓院||||||| |||||||||les bordels||||||| ||||frentes|||||os bordéis||||tolerados||sistematicamente| ||||фронтах|||||борделі||||терпілі||систематично| |||||||||売春宿||||容認された||| На всіх фронтах і з усіх боків борделі не лише терпілися, але й систематично організовувалися

and in some cases regulated by the armies to keep them as clean and healthy as possible. |||випадках|регулюється|||||||||||| а в деяких випадках регулювалися арміями, щоб підтримувати їх якомога чистішими та здоровішими.