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Science and Wellness, Sleep is your superpower

Sleep is your superpower

Thank you very much.

Well, I would like

to start with testicles.

(Laughter)

Men who sleep five hours a night

have significantly smaller testicles

than those who sleep seven hours or more.

(Laughter)

In addition, men who routinely sleep

just four to five hours a night

will have a level of testosterone

which is that of someone

10 years their senior.

So a lack of sleep

will age a man by a decade

in terms of that critical

aspect of wellness.

And we see equivalent impairments

in female reproductive health

caused by a lack of sleep.

This is the best news

that I have for you today.

(Laughter)

From this point, it may only get worse.

Not only will I tell you

about the wonderfully good things

that happen when you get sleep,

but the alarmingly bad things

that happen when you don't get enough,

both for your brain and for your body.

Let me start with the brain

and the functions of learning and memory,

because what we've discovered

over the past 10 or so years

is that you need sleep after learning

to essentially hit the save button

on those new memories

so that you don't forget.

But recently, we discovered

that you also need sleep before learning

to actually prepare your brain,

almost like a dry sponge

ready to initially soak up

new information.

And without sleep,

the memory circuits of the brain

essentially become

waterlogged, as it were,

and you can't absorb new memories.

So let me show you the data.

Here in this study, we decided

to test the hypothesis

that pulling the all-nighter

was a good idea.

So we took a group of individuals

and we assigned them

to one of two experimental groups:

a sleep group

and a sleep deprivation group.

Now the sleep group, they're going to get

a full eight hours of slumber,

but the deprivation group,

we're going to keep them awake

in the laboratory, under full supervision.

There's no naps or caffeine, by the way,

so it's miserable for everyone involved.

And then the next day,

we're going to place those participants

inside an MRI scanner

and we're going to have them

try and learn a whole list of new facts

as we're taking snapshots

of brain activity.

And then we're going to test them

to see how effective

that learning has been.

And that's what you're looking at

here on the vertical axis.

And when you put

those two groups head to head,

what you find is a quite significant,

40-percent deficit

in the ability of the brain

to make new memories without sleep.

I think this should be concerning,

considering what we know

is happening to sleep

in our education populations right now.

In fact, to put that in context,

it would be the difference

in a child acing an exam

versus failing it miserably -- 40 percent.

And we've gone on to discover

what goes wrong within your brain

to produce these types

of learning disabilities.

And there's a structure that sits

on the left and the right side

of your brain, called the hippocampus.

And you can think of the hippocampus

almost like the informational

inbox of your brain.

It's very good at receiving

new memory files

and then holding on to them.

And when you look at this structure

in those people who'd had

a full night of sleep,

we saw lots of healthy

learning-related activity.

Yet in those people

who were sleep-deprived,

we actually couldn't find

any significant signal whatsoever.

So it's almost as though sleep deprivation

had shut down your memory inbox,

and any new incoming files --

they were just being bounced.

You couldn't effectively

commit new experiences to memory.

So that's the bad that can happen

if I were to take sleep away from you,

but let me just come back

to that control group for a second.

Do you remember those folks

that got a full eight hours of sleep?

Well, we can ask

a very different question:

What is it about the physiological

quality of your sleep

when you do get it

that restores and enhances

your memory and learning ability

each and every day?

And by placing electrodes

all over the head,

what we've discovered

is that there are big, powerful brainwaves

that happen during

the very deepest stages of sleep

that have riding on top of them

these spectacular bursts

of electrical activity

that we call sleep spindles.

And it's the combined quality

of these deep-sleep brainwaves

that acts like a file-transfer

mechanism at night,

shifting memories from a short-term

vulnerable reservoir

to a more permanent long-term

storage site within the brain,

and therefore protecting them,

making them safe.

And it is important that we understand

what during sleep actually transacts

these memory benefits,

because there are real medical

and societal implications.

And let me just tell you about one area

that we've moved this work

out into, clinically,

which is the context of aging

and dementia.

Because it's of course no secret

that, as we get older,

our learning and memory abilities

begin to fade and decline.

But what we've also discovered

is that a physiological signature of aging

is that your sleep gets worse,

especially that deep quality of sleep

that I was just discussing.

And only last year,

we finally published evidence

that these two things,

they're not simply co-occurring,

they are significantly interrelated.

And it suggests

that the disruption of deep sleep

is an underappreciated factor

that is contributing

to cognitive decline or memory decline

in aging, and most recently

we've discovered,

in Alzheimer's disease as well.

Now, I know this is remarkably

depressing news.

It's in the mail. It's coming at you.

But there's a potential

silver lining here.

Unlike many of the other factors

that we know are associated with aging,

for example changes

in the physical structure of the brain,

that's fiendishly difficult to treat.

But that sleep is a missing piece

in the explanatory puzzle

of aging and Alzheimer's is exciting

because we may be able

to do something about it.

And one way that we are

approaching this at my sleep center

is not by using

sleeping pills, by the way.

Unfortunately, they are blunt instruments

that do not produce naturalistic sleep.

Instead, we're actually developing

a method based on this.

It's called direct current

brain stimulation.

You insert a small amount

of voltage into the brain,

so small you typically don't feel it,

but it has a measurable impact.

Now if you apply this stimulation

during sleep in young, healthy adults,

as if you're sort of singing in time

with those deep-sleep brainwaves,

not only can you amplify

the size of those deep-sleep brainwaves,

but in doing so, we can almost

double the amount of memory benefit

that you get from sleep.

The question now

is whether we can translate

this same affordable,

potentially portable piece of technology

into older adults and those with dementia.

Can we restore back

some healthy quality of deep sleep,

and in doing so, can we salvage

aspects of their learning

and memory function?

That is my real hope now.

That's one of our moon-shot

goals, as it were.

So that's an example

of sleep for your brain,

but sleep is just

as essential for your body.

We've already spoken about sleep loss

and your reproductive system.

Or I could tell you about sleep loss

and your cardiovascular system,

and that all it takes is one hour.

Because there is a global experiment

performed on 1.6 billion people

across 70 countries twice a year,

and it's called daylight saving time.

Now, in the spring,

when we lose one hour of sleep,

we see a subsequent 24-percent increase

in heart attacks that following day.

In the autumn,

when we gain an hour of sleep,

we see a 21-percent

reduction in heart attacks.

Isn't that incredible?

And you see exactly the same profile

for car crashes, road traffic accidents,

even suicide rates.

But as a deeper dive,

I want to focus on this:

sleep loss and your immune system.

And here, I'll introduce these delightful

blue elements in the image.

They are called natural killer cells,

and you can think of natural killer cells

almost like the secret service agents

of your immune system.

They are very good at identifying

dangerous, unwanted elements

and eliminating them.

In fact, what they're doing here

is destroying a cancerous tumor mass.

So what you wish for

is a virile set of these immune assassins

at all times,

and tragically, that's what you don't have

if you're not sleeping enough.

So here in this experiment,

you're not going to have your sleep

deprived for an entire night,

you're simply going to have your sleep

restricted to four hours

for one single night,

and then we're going to look to see

what's the percent reduction

in immune cell activity that you suffer.

And it's not small -- it's not 10 percent,

it's not 20 percent.

There was a 70-percent drop

in natural killer cell activity.

That's a concerning state

of immune deficiency,

and you can perhaps understand

why we're now finding

significant links between

short sleep duration

and your risk for the development

of numerous forms of cancer.

Currently, that list includes

cancer of the bowel,

cancer of the prostate

and cancer of the breast.

In fact, the link between a lack of sleep

and cancer is now so strong

that the World Health Organization

has classified any form

of nighttime shift work

as a probable carcinogen,

because of a disruption

of your sleep-wake rhythms.

So you may have heard of that old maxim

that you can sleep when you're dead.

Well, I'm being quite serious now --

it is mortally unwise advice.

We know this from epidemiological studies

across millions of individuals.

There's a simple truth:

the shorter your sleep,

the shorter your life.

Short sleep predicts all-cause mortality.

And if increasing your risk

for the development of cancer

or even Alzheimer's disease

were not sufficiently disquieting,

we have since discovered

that a lack of sleep will even erode

the very fabric of biological life itself,

your DNA genetic code.

So here in this study,

they took a group of healthy adults

and they limited them

to six hours of sleep a night

for one week,

and then they measured the change

in their gene activity profile

relative to when those same individuals

were getting a full eight hours

of sleep a night.

And there were two critical findings.

First, a sizable and significant 711 genes

were distorted in their activity,

caused by a lack of sleep.

The second result

was that about half of those genes

were actually increased in their activity.

The other half were decreased.

Now those genes that were switched off

by a lack of sleep

were genes associated

with your immune system,

so once again, you can see

that immune deficiency.

In contrast, those genes

that were actually upregulated

or increased by way of a lack of sleep,

were genes associated

with the promotion of tumors,

genes associated with long-term

chronic inflammation within the body,

and genes associated with stress,

and, as a consequence,

cardiovascular disease.

There is simply no aspect of your wellness

that can retreat at the sign

of sleep deprivation

and get away unscathed.

It's rather like a broken

water pipe in your home.

Sleep loss will leak down

into every nook and cranny

of your physiology,

even tampering with

the very DNA nucleic alphabet

that spells out

your daily health narrative.

And at this point, you may be thinking,

"Oh my goodness,

how do I start to get better sleep?

What are you tips for good sleep?"

Well, beyond avoiding

the damaging and harmful impact

of alcohol and caffeine on sleep,

and if you're struggling

with sleep at night,

avoiding naps during the day,

I have two pieces of advice for you.

The first is regularity.

Go to bed at the same time,

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Sleep is your superpower Restorative slumber||| |||スーパーパワー o sono||| Schlaf ist deine Superkraft Ο ύπνος είναι η υπερδύναμη σας Sleep is your superpower El sueño es tu superpoder Le sommeil est votre super-pouvoir Il sonno è il vostro superpotere 睡眠はあなたのスーパーパワー 수면은 당신의 초능력 Sen to twoja supermoc O sono é o seu superpoder Сон - ваша суперсила Uyku sizin süper gücünüzdür Сон - це ваша суперсила Giấc ngủ là siêu năng lực của bạn 睡眠是你的超能力 睡眠是你的超能力

Thank you very much. |||a lot Obrigado||| Muchas gracias.

Well, I would like ||gostaria| Bem, eu gostaria de Ну, я хотів би

to start with testicles. |||begin with courage |||testículos |||بیضه‌ها |||睪丸 |||Hoden anfangen |||Testislerle başlamak |||고환으로 시작하다 |||以睾丸开始 |||začeti z jajci |||睾丸から始める |||zacząć od jąder para começar pelos testículos. начать с яичек. почнемо з яєчок. 從睪丸開始。

(Laughter) خنده (Rires) (Lachen) (Risada) (Смех.)

Men who sleep five hours a night males|||||| ||||||noite Мужчины, которые спят по пять часов в сутки

have significantly smaller testicles |||testicles têm|significativamente|menor| |||睾丸显著较小 |deutlich|deutlich kleinere|deutlich kleinere Hoden |به طور قابل توجهی|| |著しく||精巣が小さい имеют значительно меньшие яички мають значно менші яєчка có tinh hoàn nhỏ hơn đáng kể

than those who sleep seven hours or more. compared to||||||or more| |||do que aqueles que dormem sete horas ou mais|||| que los que duermen siete horas o más.

(Laughter)

In addition, men who routinely sleep |||||get rest |além|||| ||||定期| |Zusätzlich|||regelmäßig| ||||düzenli olarak| ||||定期的に| ||||rutynowo| Además, los hombres que duermen habitualmente Além disso, os homens que dormem habitualmente Крім того, чоловіки, які регулярно сплять

just four to five hours a night hanya empat sampai lima jam per malam лише чотири-п'ять годин на добу

will have a level of testosterone |||||睾酮 |||Niveau||Testosteronspiegel haben |||||testosteron seviyesi |||||テストステロンのレベル |||||male hormone level akan memiliki tingkat testosteron będzie miał poziom testosteronu матимуть рівень тестостерону sẽ có mức testosterone 會有一定水平的睪丸激素

which is that of someone ||||a person que||que|| que es la de alguien yang merupakan milik seseorang czyli kogoś que é a de alguém який належить комусь 這是某人的

10 years their senior. ||بزرگتر Jahre älter|ihnen gegenüber|10 Jahre älter. ||older than ||mais velho 10 años mayor que ellos. 10 tahun lebih tua dari mereka. 10년 선배입니다. 10 lat starszy. 10 anos mais velho. На 10 років старший за них. 比他們大10歲。

So a lack of sleep ||Mangel an Schlaf|| ||falta|| Por lo tanto, la falta de sueño Por isso, a falta de sono Thế là thiếu ngủ

will age a man by a decade ||||||دهه |um Jahre altern lassen|||||um zehn Jahre |make older||||| |||||を|10年 postarza mężczyznę o dekadę envelhecerá um homem em uma década постарить чоловіка на десять років

in terms of that critical |in Bezug auf|||entscheidend ||||crucial という点で em termos dessa crítica з точки зору цього критичного 就這一關鍵而言

aspect of wellness. |related to|Health and well-being ||bem-estar Aspekt der Wellness||Aspekt des Wohlbefindens ||سلامت 健康の側面||健康の側面 ||Bienestar khía cạnh của sức khỏe. 健康方面。

And we see equivalent impairments ||||Et nous voyons des déficiences équivalentes. |||similar|similar limitations ||||deficiências |||معادل|نقص‌ها |||相等的| |||gleichwertige Beeinträchtigungen|Beeinträchtigungen ||||그리고 우리는 동등한 손상을 봅니다 |我们||等同的|等效损伤 ||||deterioros equivalentes ||||in enake okvare |||同等の|障害 |||odpowiednie upośledzenia|I see the context of "And we see equivalent impairments" as referring to some form of limitations or deficiencies that are comparable in nature. In Polish, this can be translated as: "I widzimy równoważne upośledzenia" Y vemos deterioros equivalentes І ми бачимо еквівалентні знецінення

in female reproductive health ||تولیدی| |weiblich|reproduktive|weibliche reproduktive Gesundheit ||生殖の|健康 ||reprodutiva| ||生殖| у сфері жіночого репродуктивного здоров'я trong sức khỏe sinh sản phụ nữ 在女性生殖健康方面

caused by a lack of sleep. ایجاد شده||||| verursacht durch Schlafmangel|||Mangel an Schlaf|| 睡眠不足による||||| |por|||| |||pomanjkanje spanja|| causada pela falta de sono. спричинені нестачею сну.

This is the best news

that I have for you today. mà tôi dành cho bạn ngày hôm nay.

(Laughter) audible amusement

From this point, it may only get worse. |||||||schlimmer |||||||more difficult |||||apenas|pior|pior A partir de este punto, sólo puede empeorar. A partir deste ponto, a situação só pode piorar.

Not only will I tell you |emphasizing|||| Я не тільки розповім вам

about the wonderfully good things ||wunderbar|| ||extremely|| ||素晴らしく|| ||sobre as coisas maravilhosamente boas|| про дивовижно хороші речі về những điều tốt đẹp tuyệt vời

that happen when you get sleep, |acontece|||quando você dorme| que acontecem quando se dorme, які трапляються, коли ти спиш,

but the alarmingly bad things ||surprisingly|| ||alarmantemente|más notícias| ||erschreckend|| ||به طرز نگران‌کننده‌ای|| ||niepokojąco|| ||驚くほど|| ||sorprendentemente|| але тривожно погані речі

that happen when you don't get enough, ||||não||suficiente que acontecem quando não se recebe o suficiente, які трапляються, коли ти не отримуєш достатньо, điều đó xảy ra khi bạn không có đủ,

both for your brain and for your body. both|||||||physical self ambos|||cérebro||||corpo tanto para o seu cérebro como para o seu corpo. як для мозку, так і для тіла.

Let me start with the brain Deixe|me|||| Дозвольте мені почати з мозку Hãy để tôi bắt đầu với bộ não

and the functions of learning and memory, ||Funktionen||||Gedächtnis та функції навчання і пам'яті,

because what we've discovered ||weil wir entdeckt haben|entdeckt haben ||porque o que descobrimos|

over the past 10 or so years en los últimos 10 años más o menos nos últimos 10 anos, aproximadamente за останні 10 або близько того років trong hơn 10 năm qua

is that you need sleep after learning es que necesitas dormir después de aprender це те, що вам потрібен сон після навчання

to essentially hit the save button |基本上|||| |im Wesentlichen|auf speichern klicken|||Speichern-Taste drücken para básicamente presionar el botón de guardar 를 눌러 저장 버튼을 누릅니다. щоб фактично натиснути кнопку "Зберегти về cơ bản là nhấn nút lưu

on those new memories |||neuen Erinnerungen en esos nuevos recuerdos sobre essas novas memórias на цих нових спогадах

so that you don't forget. para que no lo olvides. para que não te esqueças. щоб ти не забув.

But recently, we discovered |Aber kürzlich|| Pero recientemente descubrimos

that you also need sleep before learning |||||antes| que también necesitas dormir antes de aprender rằng bạn cũng cần ngủ trước khi học

to actually prepare your brain, |um wirklich||| |realmente||| щоб підготувати ваш мозок,

almost like a dry sponge ||||海綿 |||trocken|fast wie ein Schwamm ||||スポンジ ||||Esponja seca ||||skoraj kot goba quase como uma esponja seca майже як суха губка gần giống như một miếng bọt biển khô

ready to initially soak up |||absorb| ||inicialmente|absorver| |||浸泡| bereit aufzunehmen||anfangs|aufsaugen| |||empaparse| ||sprva|vpiti| |||浸す| ||początkowo|| ready to initially soak up listo para absorber inicialmente готові до початкового вбирання sẵn sàng để bắt đầu

new information.

And without sleep, |E sem| Và không ngủ,

the memory circuits of the brain ||pathways||| ||circuitos de memória||| ||電路||| ||Gedächtnisschaltkreise|||Gehirn ||脳の記憶回路||| ||obwody pamięci mózgu||| os circuitos de memória do cérebro ланцюги пам'яті мозку mạch trí nhớ của não

essentially become 基本上| im Wesentlichen geworden| basicamente se tornam по суті, стають về cơ bản trở thành

waterlogged, as it were, gorgé d'eau||| Saturated with water||| encharcado||| 浸水的||| "durchnässt, sozusagen"|wie||"sozusagen" Inzuppato, per così dire||| 水浸的||| przemoczony, że aż||| prepojen z vodo||| 水浸しのように||| Empapado, por así decirlo.||| gewissermaßen mit Wasser vollgelaufen, encharcado, por así decirlo, 물에 잠겼습니다, saturados de água, por assim dizer, перезволожений, так би мовити,

and you can't absorb new memories. |||aufnehmen||Erinnerungen |||吸収する|| |||||lembranças

So let me show you the data. ||||||dados Дозвольте показати вам дані. Vậy hãy để tôi cho bạn xem dữ liệu.

Here in this study, we decided |||Hier in dieser Studie||entschieden У цьому дослідженні ми вирішили Ở đây trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi quyết định

to test the hypothesis |||proposed explanation |||testar a hipótese |||假設 |Hypothese testen||Hypothese testen |||假设 |||仮説を検証する |||hipoteza для перевірки гіпотези để kiểm tra giả thuyết 檢驗假設

that pulling the all-nighter |durchmachen||die ganze Nacht|die ganze Nacht ||||staying up late |trasnochar|||trasnochar nessa (fazendo a noite inteira)|passando a noite em claro||nessa maratona de estudo a noite toda|virada (de noite) |徹夜する|その|すべて|徹夜 que pasar la noche en vela que le fait de passer une nuit blanche 밤을 새워가며 que fazer a noite toda що тягнути всеношну 熬夜

was a good idea. era uma boa ideia. 是個好主意。

So we took a group of individuals ||||||Einzelpersonen ||||||個人たち ||||||indivíduos Por isso, pegámos num grupo de indivíduos Тож ми взяли групу людей

and we assigned them ||zugewiesen| and we||| ||asignamos a ellos| ||atribuímos| ||割り当てた| і ми призначили їх và chúng tôi đã giao cho họ

to one of two experimental groups: |||||Gruppen ||||実験的な| |||||para um dos dois grupos experimentais:

a sleep group un grupo de sueño

and a sleep deprivation group. |||lack of sleep| |||e um grupo de privação de sono.| |||剝奪組| |||Schlafentzug| ||수면 부족 그룹|수면 부족| |||grupa pozbawiona snu| |||睡眠不足| |||grupo de privación de sueño| і група депривації сну. và một nhóm thiếu ngủ.

Now the sleep group, they're going to get ||||||agora o grupo do sono, eles vão receber|vão Agora o grupo do sono, eles vão receber Тепер група сну, вони отримають

a full eight hours of slumber, |||||huit heures de sommeil |||||eight hours sleep |||||oito horas completas de sono |||||睡眠 |||||acht Stunden Schlaf |||||8시간의 숙면 |||||otto ore di sonno |||||整整八小时的睡眠 |||||8時間の睡眠 |||||ocho horas de sueño ocho horas completas de sueño, oito horas completas de sono,

but the deprivation group, ||Entzugsgruppe| ||剥奪群|

we're going to keep them awake |||||wach |||||起きている vamos mantê-los acordados ми не дамо їм заснути.

in the laboratory, under full supervision. |||||全程監督 ||im Labor|||Überwachung ||実験室|||監督下で |||sob|em| no laboratório, sob controlo total.

There's no naps or caffeine, by the way, ||Nickerchen||Koffein||| ||pisolini||||| ||昼寝||カフェイン||| Por cierto, no hay siestas ni cafeína, Il n'y a pas de sieste ni de caféine, d'ailleurs, До речі, тут немає ні сну, ні кофеїну,

so it's miserable for everyone involved. ||elend|||beteiligt ||고통스러운||| ||悲惨な||| ||nieszczęśliwe dla wszystkich||| por isso é miserável para todos os envolvidos. тож це нещастя для всіх учасників. vì vậy thật là khốn khổ cho tất cả mọi người liên quan.

And then the next day,

we're going to place those participants |||platzieren||Teilnehmer platzieren |||||参加者 ми розмістимо цих учасників

inside an MRI scanner ||MRT|MRT-Scanner ||MRIスキャナー内|スキャナー dentro||ressonância magnética| dentro de um scanner de ressonância magnética

and we're going to have them ||||teremos| і ми їх отримаємо. và chúng ta sẽ có chúng

try and learn a whole list of new facts tentar aprender uma lista completa de factos novos спробувати дізнатися цілий список нових фактів cố gắng tìm hiểu toàn bộ danh sách các sự kiện mới

as we're taking snapshots |||des photos ||tirando|enquanto estamos tirando fotografias |||快照 |||Aufnahmen machen |||scattando foto |||robimy zdjęcia |||スナップショット |||tomando fotos коли ми робимо знімки

of brain activity. ||活動 мозкової активності.

And then we're going to test them А потім ми їх протестуємо

to see how effective |||um wie effektiv щоб побачити, наскільки ефективно

that learning has been. що навчання було. việc học đó đã được.

And that's what you're looking at E é para isso que está a olhar І це те, на що ви дивитеся

here on the vertical axis. |||垂直|軸 ||||Achse, hier auf der vertikalen Achse. |||vertical axis| |||縦軸上|軸 aqui no eixo vertical. тут, на вертикальній осі. đây trên trục tung.

And when you put Y cuando pones Và khi bạn đặt

those two groups head to head, |||frente a frente|| esos dos grupos frente a frente, ці дві групи йдуть віч-на-віч,

what you find is a quite significant, ||||||bedeutend ||||||かなり重要な |||||bastante| o que se encontra é bastante significativo, те, що ви знайдете, є досить значним,

40-percent deficit |赤字 40-Prozent-Defizit|40-prozentiges Defizit |40퍼센트 적자 |40パーセントの赤字 |shortfall of 40% 40-відсотковий дефіцит

in the ability of the brain ||Fähigkeit des Gehirns|||

to make new memories without sleep. |||Erinnerungen|| ||||sem| para criar novas memórias sem dormir. створювати нові спогади без сну. để tạo ra những kỷ niệm mới mà không cần ngủ.

I think this should be concerning, |||||besorgniserregend Creo que esto debería ser preocupante, これは気にすべきだと思う、 Я думаю, що це повинно викликати занепокоєння,

considering what we know In Anbetracht|||

is happening to sleep |passiert beim Schlafen|| відбувається зі сном

in our education populations right now. ||Bildung|Bevölkerungen|| |||教育の集団|| 今、私たちの教育現場では в наших освітніх групах зараз. trong cộng đồng giáo dục của chúng ta ngay bây giờ.

In fact, to put that in context, ||||||im Zusammenhang |fato||||| De facto, para contextualizar, Насправді, якщо поставити це в контекст,

it would be the difference

in a child acing an exam |||réussir brillamment|| |||excelling in|| |||se saindo muito bem|| |||表現優異|| |||eine Prüfung bestehen||Prüfung |||zdanie egzaminu celująco|| |||優秀に合格|| |||sobresaliendo|| en un niño que aprueba un examen numa criança que faz um exame у дитини, яка успішно склала іспит

versus failing it miserably -- 40 percent. 對比|||| gegenüber dem Scheitern|||kläglich| 対して|失敗||ひどく失敗して| проти провалу - 40%. so với việc thất bại thảm hại -- 40 phần trăm.

And we've gone on to discover ||weitergemacht||| |||||発見する ||hemos llegado||| Et nous avons découvert І ми пішли далі, щоб виявити Và chúng tôi tiếp tục khám phá

what goes wrong within your brain o que está errado no seu cérebro що відбувається у вашому мозку

to produce these types |||diese Arten produzieren для виробництва таких типів

of learning disabilities. ||學習障礙 ||Lernbehinderungen ||zaburzenia uczenia się ||discapacidades de aprendizaje ||学習障害 з труднощами у навчанні. của khuyết tật học tập.

And there's a structure that sits |||Struktur|| |||構造|| І є структура, яка сидить

on the left and the right side ở bên trái và bên phải

of your brain, called the hippocampus. |||||海马体 |||||Hippocampus Ihres Gehirns ||脳|||脳の海馬 |||||hipokamp mózgu |||||海馬體 của não bạn, được gọi là hồi hải mã.

And you can think of the hippocampus |||consider|||

almost like the informational |||informativ |||情報的な quase como o informativo майже як інформаційний

inbox of your brain. boîte de réception||| Posteingang deines Gehirns||| hộp thư đến của bộ não của bạn.

It's very good at receiving ||||empfangen Він дуже добре приймає

new memory files ||fichiers de mémoire ||neue Speicherdateien

and then holding on to them. ||e então segurando-os.||| e depois agarrar-se a eles. а потім триматися за них.

And when you look at this structure І коли ви подивитеся на цю структуру Và khi bạn nhìn vào cấu trúc này

in those people who'd had |||die gehabt hatten| |||nas pessoas que tinham| bei den Menschen, die eine у тих людей, які мали

a full night of sleep, uma noite inteira de sono, một đêm ngủ trọn vẹn,

we saw lots of healthy ||||gesund

learning-related activity. |lernbezogene| діяльність, пов'язана з навчанням.

Yet in those people Doch||| Sin embargo, en esas personas Але в цих людях Thế nhưng ở những người đó

who were sleep-deprived, |||lacking sleep |que estavam privados de sono,|| |||缺乏睡眠 |||schlafentzug leidend |||睡眠不足の |||pozbawieni snu які були позбавлені сну,

we actually couldn't find ||konnten nicht|

any significant signal whatsoever. |||aucun signal significatif |meaningful||at all |||qualquer sinal significativo de forma alguma |||任何的 |||überhaupt kein Signal |重要な||いかなる信号 |||żaden znaczący sygnał ninguna señal significativa. жодного значущого сигналу.

So it's almost as though sleep deprivation ||||||睡眠剝 ||ほとんど||||睡眠不足 ||||como se|| Así que es casi como si la privación del sueño Тож це майже як депривація сну Vì vậy gần như là thiếu ngủ

had shut down your memory inbox, |hat geschlossen|||| |閉じた|||| |||||skrzynka odbiorcza pamięci закрив твою поштову скриньку в пам'яті,

and any new incoming files -- |||eingehende|

they were just being bounced. ||||ballottés ||||moved around forcefully |||sendo| ||||被彈回 ||||herumgeschubst ||||跳ね返された ||||odbijać się sólo estaban siendo rebotados. їх просто вигнали. họ vừa bị trả lại.

You couldn't effectively ||nicht effektiv Ви не могли ефективно

commit new experiences to memory. 將|||| mémoriser|||| speichern|||| 記憶に定||||記憶 закарбовувати в пам'яті нові враження. ghi lại những trải nghiệm mới vào trí nhớ.

So that's the bad that can happen Vậy đó là điều tồi tệ có thể xảy ra

if I were to take sleep away from you, ||se eu tirasse o sono de você,|||||| gdybym miał odebrać ci sen, якби я забрала у тебе сон, nếu tôi làm mất đi giấc ngủ của bạn,

but let me just come back ale pozwól mi wrócić але дозвольте мені повернутися. nhưng hãy để tôi quay lại

to that control group for a second. ||Kontroll-|||| do tej grupy kontrolnej na sekundę. para esse grupo de controlo por um segundo. до контрольної групи на секунду. với nhóm kiểm soát đó trong một giây.

Do you remember those folks ||||ces gens-là ||||Erinnerst du dich an diese Leute? ||||Czy pamiętasz tych ludzi? ||||pessoas ||||あの人たち Ти пам'ятаєш тих людей Bạn có nhớ những người đó không?

that got a full eight hours of sleep? que dormiu oito horas completas? який спав цілих вісім годин?

Well, we can ask

a very different question:

What is it about the physiological |||||生理的 |||||physiologisch |||||bodily functions ¿Qué tiene de fisiológico Nó có gì về mặt sinh lý

quality of your sleep Schlafqualität||| якість вашого сну chất lượng giấc ngủ của bạn

when you do get it kiedy to zrobisz коли ти його отримаєш

that restores and enhances |||améliore |restaura||que restaura e aprimora |恢復|| |wiederherstellt und verbessert||verbessert |回復し強化する||向上させる |przywraca i poprawia||wzmacnia który przywraca i wzmacnia що відновлює та покращує

your memory and learning ability pamięć i zdolność uczenia się trí nhớ và khả năng học tập của bạn

each and every day? cada||| każdego dnia? todos os dias? кожен день?

And by placing electrodes |||conductive sensors |e|colocando|eletrodos |||電極 ||Platzieren|Elektroden anbringen |||电极 ||電極を置く|電極を配置して I poprzez umieszczenie elektrod А розмістивши електроди

all over the head, por toda a cabeça|por toda a cabeça|| na całej głowie, em toda a cabeça, по всій голові,

what we've discovered ||発見したこと |descobrimos| що ми виявили.

is that there are big, powerful brainwaves ||||||ondes cérébrales puissantes |||||mächtig|Gehirnwellen ||||||ondas cerebrales poderosas ||||||ondas cerebrais ||||||脳波 це те, що існують великі, потужні мозкові хвилі là có những sóng não lớn và mạnh mẽ

that happen during que ocorrem durante які трапляються під час

the very deepest stages of sleep |||die tiefsten Schlafphasen|| ||最も深い|段階|| найглибші стадії сну

that have riding on top of them ||darauf reiten|||| ||que têm equitação em cima deles|||| que han montado encima que têm um cavalo em cima deles на яких їздять верхи.

these spectacular bursts ||éclats spectaculaires ||explosions ||explosões ||爆發 |spektakulären|diese spektakulären Ausbrüche ||estallidos espectaculares |壮大な|これらの壮大な爆発 ||te spektakularne wybuchy ці вражаючі спалахи những vụ nổ ngoạn mục này

of electrical activity |elektrisch| |電気的な| електричної активності

that we call sleep spindles. ||||fuseaux de sommeil ||||brief brain waves ||||fusos ||||紡錘 ||||Schlafspindeln ||||睡眠纺锤体 ||||wrzeciona snu ||||睡眠紡錘体 ||||husos del sueño que llamamos husos de sueño. які ми називаємо сонними веретенами.

And it's the combined quality |||kombinierte| І це комбінована якість

of these deep-sleep brainwaves цих мозкових хвиль глибокого сну

that acts like a file-transfer |fungiert als|||Datei übertragen|Dateiübertragung |||||転送 que funciona como uma transferência de ficheiros який діє як передача файлів

mechanism at night, 夜間の仕組み||

shifting memories from a short-term transfert||||| verschieben|||||Erinnerungen verschieben 短期記憶の移行||||| |memórias|||| przesuwanie wspomnień z krótkotrwałego зміщення спогадів з короткострокової перспективи

vulnerable reservoir |réservoir vulnérable Easily affected reservoir|fragile water source 脆弱的|水庫 anfälliges Reservoir|anfälliges Reservoir |Embalse vulnerable 脆弱な貯水池|脆弱な貯水池 wrażliwy zbiornik|wrażliwy zbiornik wrażliwy zbiornik вразливий резервуар

to a more permanent long-term |||永久的|| |||dauerhaft|| |||lasting|| |||永続的な|| to a more permanent long-term a una más permanente a largo plazo do bardziej trwałego długoterminowego до більш постійного довгострокового

storage site within the brain, site de stockage|site de stockage||| Speicherort im Gehirn|Speicherort im Gehirn||| 記憶の|||| |local||| sitio de almacenamiento dentro del cerebro, miejsce przechowywania w mózgu, local de armazenamento no cérebro, місце зберігання в мозку,

and therefore protecting them, ||schützen| |as a result|| ||保護する| |portanto|| а отже, і захищати їх,

making them safe. ||sicher machen щоб вони були в безпеці.

And it is important that we understand І важливо, щоб ми розуміли

what during sleep actually transacts ||||se passe ||||進行交易 |||eigentlich|geschieht ||||일어나는 일 ||||起こること ||||dzieje się що під час сну насправді відбувається

these memory benefits, ||diese Gedächtnisvorteile ці переваги пам'яті,

because there are real medical тому що існують справжні медичні

and societal implications. ||社會影響 |gesellschaftliche|und gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen |social and cultural|social consequences |社会的|社会的影響 |społeczne|implikacje społeczne e implicações sociais. та суспільні наслідки. 和社會影響。

And let me just tell you about one area ||||||||Bereich І дозвольте мені розповісти вам про одну область

that we've moved this work

out into, clinically, ||臨床上 ||klinisch ||objectively and unemotionally ||臨床的に ||clínicamente

which is the context of aging |||||老化的 |||||Alterung |||||老化の文 que é o contexto do envelhecimento

and dementia. |癡呆症 |und Demenz |치매 및 |および認知症

Because it's of course no secret

that, as we get older,

our learning and memory abilities ||||Lern- und Gedächtnisfähigkeiten ||||zdolności uczenia się

begin to fade and decline. ||verblassen||verblassen und schwinden ||薄れ始める||衰退し始める comienzan a desvanecerse y a declinar.

But what we've also discovered

is that a physiological signature of aging |||生理的||| ||||biological marker|| ||||assinatura|| czy jest to fizjologiczna sygnatura starzenia się?

is that your sleep gets worse, jest to, że twój sen się pogarsza, é que o seu sono piora,

especially that deep quality of sleep besonders||||| szczególnie ta głęboka jakość snu

that I was just discussing. ||||besprochen o którym właśnie mówiłem.

And only last year, I to tylko w zeszłym roku,

we finally published evidence ||veröffentlicht|Beweise veröffentlicht |||証拠 |||evidencia w końcu opublikowaliśmy dowody

that these two things,

they're not simply co-occurring, ||||se produisant |||together with| ||||gleichzeitig auftreten ||||共に発生して |||współ-|występujące razem nie są po prostu współwystępujące,

they are significantly interrelated. |||相互關聯 |||étroitement liés |||closely connected |||sie sind eng verbunden ||大いに|密接に関連している están significativamente interrelacionados. są one ze sobą znacząco powiązane.

And it suggests ||schlägt vor I sugeruje

that the disruption of deep sleep ||perturbation du sommeil||| ||interruption||| ||干擾||| ||Störung des Tiefschlafs||| ||深い眠りの妨害||| ||zakłócenie||| że zakłócenie głębokiego snu derin uykunun bozulmasının

is an underappreciated factor ||not fully valued| ||被低估的| ||unterschätzter Faktor| ||과소평가된 요소| ||過小評価された|要因 ||factor poco apreciado| jest niedocenianym czynnikiem az takdir edilen bir faktördür

that is contributing ||貢獻的 ||dazu beiträgt ||寄与している który przyczynia się do

to cognitive decline or memory decline |認知的|||| |kognitiv|kognitiver Abbau||| |認知の|||| |poznawczy|pogorszenie funkcji poznawczych||| do pogorszenia funkcji poznawczych lub pamięci bilişsel gerileme veya hafıza zayıflamasına

in aging, and most recently w starzeniu się, a ostatnio

we've discovered, |発見しました descobrimos| odkryliśmy,

in Alzheimer's disease as well. |bei Alzheimer-Krankheit|Krankheit|| ||||bem również w chorobie Alzheimera.

Now, I know this is remarkably |||||extremely |||||Niezwykle |||||notável |||||驚くほど Wiem, że jest to niezwykle

depressing news. 令人沮喪| deprimierende Nachrichten| 憂鬱なニュース| przygnębiająca wiadomość.

It's in the mail. |||C'est envoyé. |||Es ist unterwegs. Está en el correo. Jest na poczcie. 它在郵件中。 It's coming at you. Zbliża się do ciebie. 它正在向你襲來。

But there's a potential |||Aber es gibt Potenzial. Istnieje jednak potencjał

silver lining here. |Silberstreif am Horizont| Positive aspect|| 銀|希望の光| un resquicio de esperanza. Srebrna podszewka.

Unlike many of the other factors Im Gegensatz zu|||||Faktoren W przeciwieństwie do wielu innych czynników Ao contrário de muitos dos outros factores

that we know are associated with aging, ||||verbunden mit|| ||||関連する|| o których wiemy, że są związane ze starzeniem się,

for example changes na przykład zmiany

in the physical structure of the brain, ||körperlich|||| w fizycznej strukturze mózgu,

that's fiendishly difficult to treat. |diaboliquement||| |extremely, devilishly||| |extremamente||| |非常困難|||治療 |teuflisch schwierig|||behandeln |악마같이||| |非常に|||治療する |diabelnie||| que es diabólicamente difícil de tratar. która jest diabelnie trudna do wyleczenia.

But that sleep is a missing piece |||||fehlendes Stück|fehlendes Stück mas|||||| Ale ten sen jest brakującym elementem Mas esse sono é uma peça que falta

in the explanatory puzzle ||explicatif| ||clarifying| ||erklärendes|erklärendes Rätsel ||説明用の|パズル ||wyjaśniająca| w zagadce wyjaśniającej 在解釋謎題中

of aging and Alzheimer's is exciting |||||fascinating |||||興味深い starzenia się i choroby Alzheimera jest ekscytująca

because we may be able ponieważ możemy być w stanie

to do something about it. coś z tym zrobić.

And one way that we are A jednym ze sposobów, w jaki jesteśmy

approaching this at my sleep center sich nähern|||||Schlafzentrum podejście do tego w moim centrum snu с этим сталкиваются в моем центре сна

is not by using nie jest przy użyciu

sleeping pills, by the way. Schlaftabletten übrigens.|Schlaftabletten übrigens||| |薬||| |comprimidos||| ところで、睡眠薬だ。 pigułki nasenne, tak przy okazji. снотворное, между прочим.

Unfortunately, they are blunt instruments |||mal affûtés| |||not precise tools|crude tools |||embotados| Leider|||stumpf|Leider sind sie stumpfe Werkzeuge. |||鈍い道具|鈍器 |||desafilados| Niestety, są to tępe narzędzia Infelizmente, são instrumentos rombos 不幸的是,它們是鈍器

that do not produce naturalistic sleep. ||||natürlichen| ||||realistic| ||||自然な|

Instead, we're actually developing |||entwickeln Em vez disso, estamos a desenvolver

a method based on this. |Methode|basiert auf|| metoda oparta na tym.

It's called direct current ||gleichgerichtet|Gleichstrom |||corrente ||stały|

brain stimulation. |Hirnstimulation |刺激

You insert a small amount |einfügen|||kleine Menge

of voltage into the brain, |Spannung||| |electrical potential difference||| |電圧|||

so small you typically don't feel it, |||typischerweise|||

but it has a measurable impact. ||||messbaren|Auswirkung ||||quantifiable| ||||測定可能な|

Now if you apply this stimulation |||anwenden||

during sleep in young, healthy adults, |||||Erwachsene durante o sono em adultos jovens e saudáveis,

as if you're sort of singing in time |||||<singend>|| |||||歌っているように|| como se estivesses a cantar no tempo ніби ти співаєш у такт

with those deep-sleep brainwaves, 深い眠りの脳波で、 з тими мозковими хвилями глибокого сну,

not only can you amplify ||||verstärken ||||増幅することができる ||||wzmocnić ви можете не тільки посилити

the size of those deep-sleep brainwaves, o tamanho das ondas cerebrais do sono profundo, розмір цих мозкових хвиль глибокого сну,

but in doing so, we can almost mas, ao fazê-lo, podemos quase але при цьому ми можемо майже

double the amount of memory benefit |||||doppelter Speichervorteil подвоєння обсягу пам'яті

that you get from sleep.

The question now

is whether we can translate ||||übersetzen |se|||

this same affordable, ||dieselbe erschwingliche ||reasonably priced ||この手頃な ||acessível

potentially portable piece of technology potenziell|potenziell tragbar|||Tragbare Technologie |携帯可能な||| 携帯可能な技術

into older adults and those with dementia.

Can we restore back ||rétablir| ||bring back| ||wiederherstellen| ||przywrócić|

some healthy quality of deep sleep, uma qualidade saudável de sono profundo,

and in doing so, can we salvage ||||||récupérer ||||||save or recover ||||||salvar ||||||retten ||||||구조할 수 ||||||救い出すことができる ||||||uratować

aspects of their learning Aspekte ihres Lernens||| 学習の側面|||

and memory function? ||Funktion und Gedächtnisfunktion?

That is my real hope now. É essa a minha verdadeira esperança agora.

That's one of our moon-shot ||||Mond-Projekt| ||||ambitious goal| ||||księżycowy strzał| これがムーンショットだ Esta é uma das nossas fotos da lua Це один з наших знімків з Місяця.

goals, as it were. Ziele, sozusagen.|||

So that's an example

of sleep for your brain,

but sleep is just

as essential for your body. |wesentlich|||

We've already spoken about sleep loss |||||Schlafmangel Já falámos da perda de sono

and your reproductive system. ||生殖の|

Or I could tell you about sleep loss

and your cardiovascular system, ||心血管系统| ||kardiovaskuläres System| ||heart and blood| ||心血管系| ||sercowo-naczyniowy|

and that all it takes is one hour.

Because there is a global experiment ||||globalen|globales Experiment |||||世界的な実験のため

performed on 1.6 billion people durchgeführt||1,6 Milliarden|

across 70 countries twice a year, ||duas vezes||

and it's called daylight saving time. |||Sommerzeit|Sommerzeit| e chama-se horário de verão.

Now, in the spring, |||Jetzt im Frühling |||agora, na primavera,

when we lose one hour of sleep,

we see a subsequent 24-percent increase |||subséquent|| |||nachfolgend||Anstieg von 24 Prozent |||following|| |||その後の||24パーセント増加 |||następny||

in heart attacks that following day. ||Herzinfarkte||| em ataques cardíacos no dia seguinte.

In the autumn, ||Im Herbst

when we gain an hour of sleep, ||gewinnen||||

we see a 21-percent

reduction in heart attacks. Reduktion||| 心臓発作の減少|||

Isn't that incredible? ||unglaublich ||それはすごいですね

And you see exactly the same profile ||||||profile E vê-se exatamente o mesmo perfil

for car crashes, road traffic accidents, ||incidenti||traffico|incidenti

even suicide rates. |suicidio|tassi ||taxas

But as a deeper dive, ||||analyse approfondie |||più profondo|dive ||||mergulho Pero como una inmersión más profunda, Mas como um mergulho mais profundo,

I want to focus on this: |||concentrarmi||

sleep loss and your immune system. ||||immune| ||||odpornościowy| pérdida de sueño y su sistema inmunitario. a perda de sono e o sistema imunitário.

And here, I'll introduce these delightful |||||délicieux |||||charming |||||delightful |||||素晴らしい ||eu vou|apresentar||encantadores

blue elements in the image. |elements|||immagine

They are called natural killer cells, ||||killer|cellule |||||細胞 (さいぼう) São as chamadas células assassinas naturais,

and you can think of natural killer cells

almost like the secret service agents ||||service|agents

of your immune system.

They are very good at identifying |||||identifying = identifying |||||特定するのが上手

dangerous, unwanted elements pericolosi|unwanted|elements |indesejados|

and eliminating them. |eliminando|

In fact, what they're doing here

is destroying a cancerous tumor mass. |destroying||cancerous = cancerous|tumor|mass ||||cancerous growth| niszczy masę guza nowotworowego.

So what you wish for |||deseja|

is a virile set of these immune assassins ||virils||||| ||strong and vigorous|||||cells ||virile|||||assassins ||강력한||||| |||||||杀手细胞 ||mocny zestaw zabójców||||| ||力強い||||| ||viril|||||asesinos inmunes viriles jest męskim zestawem tych zabójców odpornościowych é um conjunto viril destes assassinos imunitários

at all times, em todos os momentos,

and tragically, that's what you don't have |tragically|||||

if you're not sleeping enough.

So here in this experiment,

you're not going to have your sleep

deprived for an entire night, privé|||| deprived|||entera| |||一晩中| privados durante uma noite inteira,

you're simply going to have your sleep

restricted to four hours to four hours||| 4時間制限

for one single night, たった一晩のために、

and then we're going to look to see

what's the percent reduction what is||| |||減少率は何パーセント

in immune cell activity that you suffer. ||cellula||||suffer ||||||sofre

And it's not small -- it's not 10 percent,

it's not 20 percent.

There was a 70-percent drop ||||queda

in natural killer cell activity.

That's a concerning state ||心配な| ||preocupante| それは気になる状態だ To niepokojący stan Це викликає занепокоєння

of immune deficiency, ||deficiency ||lack of protection 免疫不全の、 niedoboru odporności, імунодефіциту,

and you can perhaps understand і, можливо, ви зможете зрозуміти

why we're now finding porque estamos agora a descobrir чому ми зараз знаходимо

significant links between |links| |重要なつながり|

short sleep duration ||睡眠時間 curta duração do sono

and your risk for the development ||risk|||development = the process of developing

of numerous forms of cancer. ||forms||cancer de numerosas formas de cancro.

Currently, that list includes Currently|||includes |||含まれています

cancer of the bowel, |||cancer de l'intestin |||intestine |||intestino |||intestine |||장 |||rak jelita |||cáncer de intestino

cancer of the prostate |||prostate |||전립선 |||prostate gland

and cancer of the breast. ||||breast ||||유방암 ||||e câncer de mama. ||||breast tissue

In fact, the link between a lack of sleep |||enlace|||||

and cancer is now so strong ||||tão| e o cancro é agora tão forte

that the World Health Organization ||||Organizzazione

has classified any form |has classified|| |分類した||

of nighttime shift work |travail de nuit|| |night|shift| |Turno nocturno|| |noturno|de| de trabalho por turnos noturnos

as a probable carcinogen, |||cancer-causing agent |||carcinogen |||발암 가능성 물질 |||可能致癌物 |||発がん性物質の可能性 ||prawdopodobny|prawdopodobny czynnik rakotwórczy 発がん性物質である可能性が高い、

because of a disruption |||disruption |||中断のため |||devido a uma interrupção

of your sleep-wake rhythms. ||||rhythms ||||睡眠覚醒リズム |||dos seus ritmos de sono-vigília|

So you may have heard of that old maxim ||||||||saying ||||||||wise saying Já devem ter ouvido falar daquela velha máxima

that you can sleep when you're dead. що ти зможеш спати, коли помреш.

Well, I'm being quite serious now --

it is mortally unwise advice. |||conseil imprudent mortel| ||extremely unwise advice|extremely foolish| |||imprudentes| ||mortally = to a fatal degree|not wise|advice ||致命的に|致命的に愚かな| ||śmiertelnie|| é um conselho mortalmente insensato.

We know this from epidemiological studies ||||流行病学的| ||||relating to the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence distribution and control of diseases|studies ||||disease-related|

across millions of individuals. |millions||

There's a simple truth: |||truth

the shorter your sleep,

the shorter your life. |sua vida mais curta||

Short sleep predicts all-cause mortality. ||predicts = it predicts|||mortality |||||death rate ||予測する||| O sono curto prediz a mortalidade por todas as causas.

And if increasing your risk ||increasing|| E se aumentar o seu risco

for the development of cancer

or even Alzheimer's disease |||doença (ou até doença de Alzheimer)

were not sufficiently disquieting, |||pas suffisamment inquiétants |||troubling enough |||inquietantes ||sufficiently|disquieting |||충분히 불안하지 |||niepokojące

we have since discovered desde entonces hemos descubierto

that a lack of sleep will even erode |||||||détériorer |||||||wear away |||||||to wear away |||||||침식시키다 |||||||niszczyć |||||||侵食する |||||||desgastar que a falta de sono pode até corroer

the very fabric of biological life itself, ||tessuto||biological|| ||fundamental structure||living organisms'|| ||struktura|||| 生物生命本身的結構,

your DNA genetic code. |DNA|genetico|in your DNA genetic code

So here in this study,

they took a group of healthy adults |pegaram|||||

and they limited them ||limited| |||e eles os limitaram e limitaram-nos

to six hours of sleep a night

for one week,

and then they measured the change |||measured = hanno misurato||

in their gene activity profile ||||perfil

relative to when those same individuals when those same individuals||||| względem tego, kiedy|||||

were getting a full eight hours

of sleep a night.

And there were two critical findings. |||||findings

First, a sizable and significant 711 genes ||sizable = considerable|||genes ||large and important||| ||かなりの||重要な|遺伝子 ||considerável||| 首先,相當大且重要的711個基因

were distorted in their activity, |déformés||| |altered||| |distorti = distorted||| |歪んだ||| |zniekształcone||| 他們的活動被扭曲,

caused by a lack of sleep. 睡眠不足による|||||

The second result

was that about half of those genes |||metade|||

were actually increased in their activity. foram|||||

The other half were decreased. ||||decreased

Now those genes that were switched off |||||disabled| |||||wyłączone| |||||agora aqueles genes que foram desligados| 現在那些被關閉的基因

by a lack of sleep

were genes associated ||associated

with your immune system,

so once again, you can see

that immune deficiency. ||lack |免疫|

In contrast, those genes |contrast||

that were actually upregulated |||régulés à la hausse |||increased in activity |||upregulated |||zwiększone w aktywności |||aumentadas

or increased by way of a lack of sleep, |増加した|||||||

were genes associated |遺伝子|関連した

with the promotion of tumors, ||promotion||tumori ||||腫瘍 ||||guzów dengan promosi tumor,

genes associated with long-term

chronic inflammation within the body, |만성 염증||| chronic|inflammation||| persistent|persistent irritation||| 體內的慢性炎症,

and genes associated with stress, ||||stress

and, as a consequence, |||consequence

cardiovascular disease. Heart and blood| 心血管|病気

There is simply no aspect of your wellness |||||||bien-être Po prostu nie ma żadnego aspektu dobrego samopoczucia Просто не існує жодного аспекту вашого здоров'я 您的健康根本沒有任何方面

that can retreat at the sign ||reculer||| ||retreat||| |||||indication ||wycofać się||| ||retirarse||| que puede retirarse a la señal que pode retirar-se ao sinal які можуть відступити за знаком 可以在標誌處撤退

of sleep deprivation ||deprivation недосипання 睡眠不足

and get away unscathed. |||et s'en sortir indemne |||without harm |||ilesos |||illeso |||무사히 벗어나다 |||毫发无损 |||i wyjść bez szwanku |||無傷で逃れる |||sin un rasguño 並毫髮無傷地逃脫。

It's rather like a broken é|bastante|||quebrado

water pipe in your home. |パイプ||| tubo de água em sua casa||||

Sleep loss will leak down |||leak| |||trickle down| |||漏れ出す| La pérdida de sueño se filtrará A perda de sono vai diminuir

into every nook and cranny ||recoin||dans les moindres recoins ||hidden corner||small hidden space ||em cada canto e recanto||em cada canto e fresta ||nook||cranny ||||구석구석 ||角落||角落缝隙 ||zakamarek||zakamarek ||||隅々まで ||rincón||Rincón y grieta em todos os cantos e recantos

of your physiology, ||of your physiology ||body functions

even tampering with |manipuler| |manipolazione| |조작하는 것| |manipulowanie przy| |Altering without permission| até mesmo a adulteração de

the very DNA nucleic alphabet |||nucleic|alphabet |||genetic material code| |||核酸の| まさにDNAの核文字

that spells out |spells| |Indicates| |説明する| |que soletra|que soletra que deletrea それは que diz

your daily health narrative. |||narrative |||日々の健康記録 |||Twoja codzienna historia zdrowia あなたの毎日の健康物語。

And at this point, you may be thinking,

"Oh my goodness, ||goodness 「なんてことだ、

how do I start to get better sleep?

What are you tips for good sleep?" |||tips|||

Well, beyond avoiding |Eh bien, au-delà| To start with|| ||to avoid ||避けること以外 ||beyond evitando Ну, окрім уникнення 好吧,除了避免

the damaging and harmful impact |damaging||dannoso| |||有害な影響| el impacto perjudicial y dañino o impacto prejudicial e nocivo

of alcohol and caffeine on sleep, |of alcohol|||| do álcool e da cafeína no sono,

and if you're struggling |||struggling e se está a ter dificuldades

with sleep at night,

avoiding naps during the day,

I have two pieces of advice for you. |||pieces|||| |||pedaços||||

The first is regularity. |||regularity |||Regularność |||regularidade |||規則性

Go to bed at the same time,