×

Utilizziamo i cookies per contribuire a migliorare LingQ. Visitando il sito, acconsenti alla nostra politica dei cookie.

image

Crash Course: World History, Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols #20

Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols #20

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're gonna talk

about Russia, which means we get to talk about this guy again! We haven't talked about

Russia much so far because one, it's complicated, and two, ya actually gavaryu pa ruski a little bit,

because I had some Russian in college, and that makes it difficult to mispronounce things, which is my thing!

Mr. Green, Mr. Green! Why'd you take Russian?

Well, because I had this big crush on a Russian major. But, anyway, I'm sure I'll still mispronounce everything.

[theme music]

So, today we're going to talk about persistent stereotypes about Russia, and how Russia came

to take its current shape, a turn of events we owe largely to the Mongols.

But before we discuss the Mongol conquest of Russia, let's discuss exactly what got

conquered. So before there was a Russian empire, or even a Russian kingdom, there was the Kievan

Rus. We know Kiev was a powerful city-state, but who exactly founded it is a subject of

debate. Most historians now believe that the settlers of Kiev were Slavic people who migrated

from around the Black Sea. But there's an older theory that the settlers of Kiev were

actually, like, Vikings. That theory goes that Vikings came down to Kiev from rivers

like the Dnieper and founded a trading outpost similar to ones they'd founded in Iceland

and Greenland. Which is an awesome idea and everything, but Russian, the language that

developed from what the Rus spoke, sounds a lot more Slavic than it sounds, you know,

Swedish. To illustrate, here is a Swede fighting with a Russian over who founded Kiev.

Right, okay, so trade was hugely important to Kiev. Almost all of their wars ended with

trade concession treaties, and their law codes were unusually devoted to the subject of commerce.

The Rus traded raw materials like fur, wax, and also slaves — We're not gonna venture

into the astonishingly intense etymological debate over whether the word ''Slav'' derives

from the Latin word for slave because there's nothing more terrifying and verbose than an

etymologist flame war. But, yeah, the Rus traded slaves. They also relied on agriculture

— and your relationships to the land determined both your social status and your tax burden.

And if you fell into tax debt, which a lot of peasants did, then you became bonded to

the land you farmed for the rest of your life. I guess that slave-like dynamic is okay as

a model for social organization, but if you step on the proletariat for too long, you

might end up with a Communist revolution.

But I'm getting way ahead of myself. Couple more things about Kiev: First, the ruler of

Kiev was called the Grand Prince, and he became the model for future Russian Kings. Also,

the early grand princes made a fateful decision: They became Byzantine Christians. According

to legend, prince Vladimir chose to convert the Rus to Byzantine Christianity in the 11th

century. He purportedly chose Christianity over Islam because of Islam's prohibition

on alcohol saying: “Drink is the joy of the Russian.”

Anyway, the Kievan Rus eventually fell in 1240 when these guys showed up and replaced

them. By that time the Rus had been at war with pastoral nomads for centuries; from the

Khazars to the Pechenegs to the Cumans, and they were tired. Which made them easy targets.

The period of Mongol “rule” over Russia is also known as Appanage Russia. An Appanage

is princedom, and this period basically featured a bunch of Russian princes vying for control

over territory, which is not a recipe for political stability or economic growth, another

theme that will re-emerge in Russian history.

By the way, I'm describing all of this as Russia even though if you did that in the

13th century, people would look at you funny. They'd be like, “What do you mean, Russia?

Also, where'd you get those pants? And all those teeth?” “MMMM…YOU SMELL PRETTY.”

Right. So, to discuss how important the Mongols were to Russia, let's go to the Thought Bubble.

The Mongols did set up the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia, but it didn't leave

much lasting impact on the institutions of the region, which had already been set up

by the Kievans. But they did bring about a population shift — away from the South,

where Kiev was, toward the Northeast. This was partly to get away from the Mongols and

their massacring, but that noted, the Mongols were comparatively light rulers: They were

happy to live in their yurts and collect tribute from the ever-bickering Russian princes. And

all the princes had to do in exchange for their relative freedom was recognize the Mongol

khans as their rulers and allow the Mongols to pick the Grand Prince from among the Russians.

Perhaps most importantly, Mongol rule cut the Russians off from the Byzantines and further

isolated them from Europe, leaving Russia not Byzantine, not European, and not really

Mongol either, since they hated the Mongols and generally believed the Mongols were a

scourge sent from God to punish them for their sinfulness and everything.

But the Mongols did help propel Moscow to prominence and in doing so, created the idea

that this was Russia. And as an aside, they also did what Napoleon, Hitler, and many others

couldn't: The Mongols successfully conquered Russia in the winter. Thanks, Thought Bubble.

So how did the Mongols help catapult Moscow and its princes to prominence? Well, first,

they named Muscovite princes The Grand Prince on more than one occasion. More importantly,

the Muscovite princes won — that is to say purchased — the right to collect tribute

on behalf of the Khan from other princes. That's a good gig because it's easy to

skim a little bit off the top before you send it down the line to the Mongols. Which is

precisely what the Muscovites did to enrich themselves. One prince who was particularly

good at this was known as Ivan Kalita. Using my Russian, I can tell you that that translates

to “Johnny Moneybags.” As my Russian professor would tell you, I'm a “creative” translator.

All this loot helped Moscow expand their influence and buy principalities. The Mongols also helped

them more directly by attacking their enemies. Plus Moscow was at the headwaters of four

rivers which made it well-positioned for trade. And because they were kind of the allies of

the Mongols, the Mongols rarely attacked them – which meant that lots of people went to

Moscow because it was relatively safe. Including churchy people. In fact, Moscow also became

the seat of the Eastern Orthodox church in 1325, when the Metropolitan Peter moved there.

So you might think that the Muscovites would be grateful for all this help from the Mongols,

but you would be wrong. As the Mongols' position weakened in Russia in the latter

half of the 14th century, one of Moscow's princes Dmitry Donskoy made war on them and

inflicted the first major defeat of Mongols in Russia at battle of Kulikovo Field. This

showed that the Mongols weren't invincible, which is always really bad for an imperial

force. Plus it made Moscow look like the hero of the Russians. And that helped strengthen

the idea of a unified Russia, just as you'll remember the Persians helped unify the Greeks

a long time ago. Aiding this growth was stability, which Moscow owed largely to luck: Muscovite

princes usually had sons which allowed them to have successors. In fact, there was only

one major succession struggle and it was between two blind guys named Basil. That's not a

joke by the way. Oh, it's time for the Open Letter?

An Open Letter to Basil and Basil.

But first, let's see in the Secret Compartment. Oh, it's Grizzlor! Yeah, I guess that is

kind of how the Russians saw the Mongols.

Dear Basils, The 15th century Muscovite civil war was insanely

complicated, but it culminated with you guys essentially blinding each other. First, Basil

II, the eventual winner of the civil war, had Basil the cross-eyed blinded. Because

being cross-eyed wan't bad enough. And that was seen as the end of the political career

of Basil the Cross-Eyed. But then Basil the Cross-Eyed's brother tracked down Basil

II and he was like “Imma blind you back!” And of course, everybody thought that would

end Basil II's political career, but they were wrong. It turns out you can rule Russia

like a Boss even if you're blind. Best wishes, John Green

After Basil the Blind came the real man who expanded Moscow's power, Ivan III, later

known as Ivan the Great. First, he asserted Russian independence from the Mongols and

stopped paying tribute to the khan-- after the khan had named him Grand Prince, of course.

Then, Ivan purchased, negotiated for or conquered multiple appanages, thus expanding Muscovite

power even more. Ivan later declared himself sovereign of all Russians and then married

the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, thus giving him even more legitimacy. And he took

titles autocrat and tsar, which means Caesar. Basically, Ivan created the first centralized

Russian state and for doing that he probably deserves title “the Great.”

And that would be a good place to stop, except then we won't see the type of absolute rule

that characterized Russia for most of the rest of its history, even unto Putin. OH GOD.

JUST KIDDING PUTIN! YOU'D NEVER RIG AN ELECTION.. N-NO…PLEASE DON'T PUT ME IN JAIL!

While Ivan III consolidated Muscovite power, the undeniable brutal streak in Russian governance

comes not from the Mongols, but from Ivan IV, better known as Ivan the Terrible. Ivan

IV ruled from 1533 to 1584, taking the throne at age 16, yet more evidence that adolescents

should not be trusted with emerging empires. Ivan the Terrible's reign represents the

end of princely power and the beginning of the autocracy that Russia is famous for. But

in the beginning, he was really an innovative leader. As a young king, he worked with a

group of advisers called the Chosen Council, which certainly sounds like a good thing.

He also called the very first meeting of the zemsky sobor, a grand council of representatives

similar to the estates general that would become so important in France two hundred

years later. And also reformed the army, emphasizing the new technology of muskets.

But in the second part of his reign, Ivan earned his nickname, the Terrible — which

can mean either bad or just awe-inspiring, depending on your perspective. Psychological

historians will point out that things started go terribly wrong with Ivan after the death

of his beloved wife, Anastasia Romanov. Or they might point to the fact that he enjoyed

torturing animals when he was a kid.

Regardless, Ivan set out to break the power of the nobility-- the former princes and landowners

called the boyars. They were the last link to princely rule. And after an odd episode

that saw him briefly “abdicate,” Ivan returned to Moscow and declared he had the

right to punish all traitors and evildoers. To help him in this effort, Ivan created the

oprichniki, a corps of secret police who rode around on black horses, wearing all black,

whose job it was to hunt down and destroy any enemies of the tsar. See also: Nazgûl

and Dementors. So this was the first of Russia's purges. And over the latter half of Ivan's

reign, whole towns were destroyed. It was, in effect, a civil war, except with no resistance.

One historian called it a civil massacre. In the end, Ivan IV established absolute control

of the tsar over all the Russian people, but he also set the precedent of accomplishing

this through terror, secret police, and the suspension of law. And that would echo through

the ages of Russian history… I mean, until Vladimir Putin heroically put an end to it.

His little eyes. They're scary…

So, hence the stereotype of Russian brutality and barbarism, but here's the truth; the

rest of Europe also knew a lot about brutality and secret police forces. But for centuries,

Russia was seen by western Europe as both European and not, an “Other” that was

to be doubly feared because it was not fully Other. And when we think of all these historical

stereotypes about Russia, it's worth remembering that what you see as barbaric about others

is often what they see as barbaric about you. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next week.

Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson.

The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our graphics

team is Thought Bubble, Last week's Phrase of the Week was: "Nobody's business but the

Turks" If you want to suggest future phrases of the week or guess at this week's you

can do so in comments where you can also ask questions related to today's video that will

be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown,

Don't Forget To Be Awesome.

Learn languages from TV shows, movies, news, articles and more! Try LingQ for FREE

Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols #20 Россия|||||| ||russe de Kiev|Rus de Kiev|||les Mongols Rusia, la Rus de Kiev y los mongoles #20 La Russia, la Rus' di Kiev e i Mongoli #20 ロシア、キエフ・ルスとモンゴル #20 러시아, 키예프 루스, 몽골 #20 Rússia, Rus de Kiev e os mongóis #20 Rusya, Kiev Rusyası ve Moğollar #20 俄罗斯、基辅罗斯和蒙古人#20

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're gonna talk Olá, sou o John Green, este é o Crash Course World History, e hoje vamos falar

about Russia, which means we get to talk about this guy again! We haven't talked about ||||||||||||||parlé| sobre a Rússia, o que significa que podemos falar sobre esse cara novamente! Nós não conversamos sobre

Russia much so far because one, it's complicated, and two, ya actually gavaryu pa ruski a little bit, ||||||||||||ich spreche|ich spreche|auf Russisch||| ロシアはこれまでのところ、1つは複雑で、2つは、実際にはgavaryu pa ruskiであるため、 A Rússia até agora porque um, é complicado, e dois, você realmente gavaryu pa ruski um pouco,

because I had some Russian in college, and that makes it difficult to mispronounce things, which is my thing! ||||||à l'université|||||||||||| porque tive um pouco de russo na faculdade, e isso torna difícil pronunciar mal as coisas, que é o meu forte!

Mr. Green, Mr. Green! Why'd you take Russian? Sr. Green, Sr. Green! Por que é que levou o russo?

Well, because I had this big crush on a Russian major. But, anyway, I'm sure I'll still mispronounce everything. ||||||||||||de toute façon|||je vais||| Bem, porque eu tinha uma grande paixoneta por um estudante russo. Mas, de qualquer forma, tenho a certeza que vou continuar a pronunciar tudo mal.

[theme music] [música tema]

So, today we're going to talk about persistent stereotypes about Russia, and how Russia came |||||||persistants(1)|stéréotypes|||||| Então, hoje vamos falar sobre estereótipos persistentes sobre a Rússia e como a Rússia surgiu

to take its current shape, a turn of events we owe largely to the Mongols. ||||forme|||||||||| ||||||||||verdanken|||| para assumir a sua forma atual, uma reviravolta que devemos em grande parte aos mongóis.

But before we discuss the Mongol conquest of Russia, let's discuss exactly what got ||||||Eroberung||||||| Mas antes de falarmos sobre a conquista da Rússia pelos mongóis, vamos discutir exatamente o que é que aconteceu.

conquered. So before there was a Russian empire, or even a Russian kingdom, there was the Kievan conquistado. Portanto, antes de haver um império russo, ou mesmo um reino russo, havia o Kievan

Rus. We know Kiev was a powerful city-state, but who exactly founded it is a subject of ルーシ族。私たちはキエフが強力な都市国家であったことを知っていますが、それを正確に創設したのは Rus. Sabemos que Kiev era uma poderosa cidade-estado, mas quem a fundou exatamente é assunto para

debate. Most historians now believe that the settlers of Kiev were Slavic people who migrated 議論。現在、ほとんどの歴史家は、キエフの入植者は移住したスラブ人であると信じています debate. A maioria dos historiadores agora acredita que os colonos de Kiev eram eslavos que migraram

from around the Black Sea. But there's an older theory that the settlers of Kiev were de perto do Mar Negro. Mas há uma teoria mais antiga de que os colonos de Kiev eram

actually, like, Vikings. That theory goes that Vikings came down to Kiev from rivers na verdade, como os Vikings. Essa teoria diz que os vikings vieram para Kiev a partir de rios

like the Dnieper and founded a trading outpost similar to ones they'd founded in Iceland |||||||Handelsstützpunkt||||||| como o Dnieper e fundaram um entreposto comercial semelhante aos que haviam fundado na Islândia

and Greenland. Which is an awesome idea and everything, but Russian, the language that e a Gronelândia. O que é uma ideia espetacular e tudo, mas o russo, a língua que

developed from what the Rus spoke, sounds a lot more Slavic than it sounds, you know, desenvolvido a partir do que o Rus falou, soa muito mais eslavo do que parece, sabe,

Swedish. To illustrate, here is a Swede fighting with a Russian over who founded Kiev. Sueco. Para ilustrar, aqui está um sueco a discutir com um russo sobre quem fundou Kiev.

Right, okay, so trade was hugely important to Kiev. Almost all of their wars ended with Certo, ok, então o comércio era extremamente importante para Kiev. Quase todas as suas guerras terminaram com

trade concession treaties, and their law codes were unusually devoted to the subject of commerce. |||||||||widmeten||||| tratados de concessão comercial, e os seus códigos legais eram invulgarmente dedicados ao tema do comércio.

The Rus traded raw materials like fur, wax, and also slaves — We're not gonna venture Os Rus comercializavam matérias-primas como peles, cera e também escravos - Não vamos nos aventurar

into the astonishingly intense etymological debate over whether the word ''Slav'' derives ||||||||||Slawen| no espantoso e intenso debate etimológico sobre se a palavra "eslavo" deriva de

from the Latin word for slave because there's nothing more terrifying and verbose than an ||||||||||||wortreich|| 奴隷を意味するラテン語から da palavra latina para escravo, porque não há nada mais aterrador e verboso do que um

etymologist flame war. But, yeah, the Rus traded slaves. They also relied on agriculture Etymologe||||||||||||| 語源学者の炎上戦争。しかし、ええ、ルーシ族は奴隷を取引しました。彼らはまた農業に依存していました guerra de etimologistas. Mas, sim, os Rus negociavam escravos. Também se baseavam na agricultura

— and your relationships to the land determined both your social status and your tax burden. - e as suas relações com a terra determinavam tanto o seu estatuto social como a sua carga fiscal.

And if you fell into tax debt, which a lot of peasants did, then you became bonded to |||||||||||Bauern|||||verpflichtet| E se você caísse em dívida fiscal, o que aconteceu com muitos camponeses, então você se tornava obrigado a

the land you farmed for the rest of your life. I guess that slave-like dynamic is okay as a terra que cultivavas para o resto da tua vida. Acho que essa dinâmica de escravatura não tem mal nenhum.

a model for social organization, but if you step on the proletariat for too long, you |||||||||||Proletariat|||| um modelo de organização social, mas se pisar o proletariado durante muito tempo, o

might end up with a Communist revolution. pode acabar numa revolução comunista.

But I'm getting way ahead of myself. Couple more things about Kiev: First, the ruler of Mas estou a adiantar-me muito. Mais algumas coisas sobre Kiev: Primeiro, o governante de

Kiev was called the Grand Prince, and he became the model for future Russian Kings. Also, Kiev foi chamado o Grande Príncipe e tornou-se o modelo para os futuros reis russos. Também,

the early grand princes made a fateful decision: They became Byzantine Christians. According os primeiros grandes príncipes tomaram uma decisão fatídica: Tornaram-se cristãos bizantinos. Segundo

to legend, prince Vladimir chose to convert the Rus to Byzantine Christianity in the 11th Segundo a lenda, o príncipe Vladimir optou por converter a Rus ao cristianismo bizantino no século XI.

century. He purportedly chose Christianity over Islam because of Islam's prohibition século. Alegadamente, escolheu o Cristianismo em vez do Islão devido à proibição deste último

on alcohol saying: “Drink is the joy of the Russian.” sobre o álcool, dizendo: "A bebida é a alegria do russo".

Anyway, the Kievan Rus eventually fell in 1240 when these guys showed up and replaced De qualquer forma, a Rus de Kiev acabou por cair em 1240, quando estes tipos apareceram e substituíram

them. By that time the Rus had been at war with pastoral nomads for centuries; from the os. Nessa altura, os russos já estavam em guerra com os nómadas pastoris há séculos.

Khazars to the Pechenegs to the Cumans, and they were tired. Which made them easy targets. Chasaren|||Pechenegen|||Kumanen||||||||| Os Khazares, os Pechenegues, os Cumanos, e estavam cansados. O que os tornava alvos fáceis.

The period of Mongol “rule” over Russia is also known as Appanage Russia. An Appanage |||||||||||Appanage Russland||| O período de “governo” mongol sobre a Rússia também é conhecido como Appanage Russia. um apanágio

is princedom, and this period basically featured a bunch of Russian princes vying for control |Fürstentum||||||||||||| é um principado, e esse período basicamente contou com um bando de príncipes russos competindo pelo controle

over territory, which is not a recipe for political stability or economic growth, another território, o que não é uma receita para a estabilidade política ou o crescimento económico, outro

theme that will re-emerge in Russian history. tema que voltará a surgir na história da Rússia.

By the way, I'm describing all of this as Russia even though if you did that in the A propósito, estou a descrever tudo isto como Rússia, embora se o fizesse no

13th century, people would look at you funny. They'd be like, “What do you mean, Russia? No século XIII, as pessoas olhariam para nós de forma estranha. Diriam: "O que queres dizer com isso, Rússia?

Also, where'd you get those pants? And all those teeth?” “MMMM…YOU SMELL PRETTY.” Além disso, onde é que arranjaste essas calças? E todos esses dentes?" "MMMM... CHEIRAS BEM."

Right. So, to discuss how important the Mongols were to Russia, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Pois é. Então, para discutir a importância dos mongóis para a Rússia, vamos ao Balão do Pensamento.

The Mongols did set up the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia, but it didn't leave Os mongóis criaram o canato da Horda Dourada na Rússia, mas não deixaram

much lasting impact on the institutions of the region, which had already been set up um impacto muito duradouro nas instituições da região, que já tinham sido criadas

by the Kievans. But they did bring about a population shift — away from the South, ||Kiewer|||||||||||| pelos Kievanos. Mas provocaram uma deslocação da população - para o Sul,

where Kiev was, toward the Northeast. This was partly to get away from the Mongols and onde estava Kiev, em direção ao Nordeste. Isto foi em parte para se afastar dos mongóis e dos

their massacring, but that noted, the Mongols were comparatively light rulers: They were |Massaker||||||||||| os mongóis eram governantes relativamente leves: Eles eram

happy to live in their yurts and collect tribute from the ever-bickering Russian princes. And |||||Jurten|||||||||| felizes por viverem nos seus yurts e cobrarem o tributo aos príncipes russos, sempre em conflito. E

all the princes had to do in exchange for their relative freedom was recognize the Mongol tudo o que os príncipes tinham de fazer em troca da sua relativa liberdade era reconhecer o domínio mongol

khans as their rulers and allow the Mongols to pick the Grand Prince from among the Russians. Khane|||||||||||||||| khans como seus governantes e permitir que os mongóis escolhessem o Grão-Príncipe de entre os russos.

Perhaps most importantly, Mongol rule cut the Russians off from the Byzantines and further Talvez o mais importante seja o facto de o domínio mongol ter separado os russos dos bizantinos e

isolated them from Europe, leaving Russia not Byzantine, not European, and not really isolou-os da Europa, deixando a Rússia não bizantina, não europeia e não verdadeiramente

Mongol either, since they hated the Mongols and generally believed the Mongols were a Mongol também não, uma vez que odiavam os mongóis e geralmente acreditavam que os mongóis eram uma

scourge sent from God to punish them for their sinfulness and everything. |||||||||Sündhaftigkeit|| flagelo enviado por Deus para os castigar pela sua pecaminosidade e tudo o mais.

But the Mongols did help propel Moscow to prominence and in doing so, created the idea Mas os mongóis ajudaram a impulsionar Moscovo para a proeminência e, ao fazê-lo, criaram a ideia de

that this was Russia. And as an aside, they also did what Napoleon, Hitler, and many others que esta era a Rússia. E, como um aparte, eles também fizeram o que Napoleão, Hitler e muitos outros

couldn't: The Mongols successfully conquered Russia in the winter. Thanks, Thought Bubble. não podia: Os Mongóis conquistaram com sucesso a Rússia no inverno. Obrigado, Bolha de Pensamento.

So how did the Mongols help catapult Moscow and its princes to prominence? Well, first, ||||||katapultieren|||||||| Então, como é que os mongóis ajudaram a catapultar Moscovo e os seus príncipes para a proeminência? Bem, primeiro,

they named Muscovite princes The Grand Prince on more than one occasion. More importantly, ||Moskauer||||||||||| em mais do que uma ocasião, deram o nome de "Grande Príncipe" aos príncipes moscovitas. Mais importante ainda,

the Muscovite princes won — that is to say purchased — the right to collect tribute os príncipes moscovitas ganharam - ou seja, compraram - o direito de cobrar o tributo

on behalf of the Khan from other princes. That's a good gig because it's easy to em nome do Khan de outros príncipes. É um bom trabalho porque é fácil

skim a little bit off the top before you send it down the line to the Mongols. Which is e tirar um bocadinho do topo antes de o enviar para os mongóis. O que é

precisely what the Muscovites did to enrich themselves. One prince who was particularly |||Moskauer||||||||| precisamente o que os moscovitas faziam para se enriquecerem. Um príncipe que era particularmente

good at this was known as Ivan Kalita. Using my Russian, I can tell you that that translates |||||||Kalita|||||||||| O bom nisso era conhecido como Ivan Kalita. Usando o meu russo, posso dizer-vos que isso se traduz em

to “Johnny Moneybags.” As my Russian professor would tell you, I'm a “creative” translator. ||Geldsäcke||||||||||| para "Johnny Moneybags". Como diria o meu professor de russo, sou um tradutor "criativo".

All this loot helped Moscow expand their influence and buy principalities. The Mongols also helped Todos estes saques ajudaram Moscovo a expandir a sua influência e a comprar principados. Os mongóis também ajudaram

them more directly by attacking their enemies. Plus Moscow was at the headwaters of four ||||||||||||Quellgebieten|| mais diretamente, atacando os seus inimigos. Além disso, Moscovo estava nas cabeceiras de quatro

rivers which made it well-positioned for trade. And because they were kind of the allies of rios que a tornavam bem posicionada para o comércio. E porque eram uma espécie de aliados de

the Mongols, the Mongols rarely attacked them – which meant that lots of people went to os mongóis, os mongóis raramente os atacavam - o que significava que muitas pessoas iam para

Moscow because it was relatively safe. Including churchy people. In fact, Moscow also became |||||||religiöse|||||| Moscovo porque era relativamente seguro. Incluindo as pessoas da igreja. De facto, Moscovo também se tornou

the seat of the Eastern Orthodox church in 1325, when the Metropolitan Peter moved there. a sede da Igreja Ortodoxa Oriental em 1325, quando o Metropolita Pedro se mudou para lá.

So you might think that the Muscovites would be grateful for all this help from the Mongols, Por isso, poder-se-ia pensar que os moscovitas ficariam gratos por toda esta ajuda dos mongóis,

but you would be wrong. As the Mongols' position weakened in Russia in the latter |||||||||schwächte|||||letzteren mas estarias enganado. Como a posição dos mongóis enfraqueceu na Rússia nos últimos

half of the 14th century, one of Moscow's princes Dmitry Donskoy made war on them and ||||||||||Dmitri Donskoi||||| metade do século XIV, um dos príncipes de Moscovo, Dmitry Donskoy, fez-lhes guerra e

inflicted the first major defeat of Mongols in Russia at battle of Kulikovo Field. This ||||||||||||Kulikovo-Feld|| infligiu a primeira grande derrota dos mongóis na Rússia na batalha do Campo de Kulikovo. Esta

showed that the Mongols weren't invincible, which is always really bad for an imperial mostrou que os mongóis não eram invencíveis, o que é sempre muito mau para um império

force. Plus it made Moscow look like the hero of the Russians. And that helped strengthen força. Além disso, fez com que Moscovo parecesse o herói dos russos. E isso ajudou a fortalecer

the idea of a unified Russia, just as you'll remember the Persians helped unify the Greeks a ideia de uma Rússia unificada, tal como se lembrarão que os persas ajudaram a unificar os gregos

a long time ago. Aiding this growth was stability, which Moscow owed largely to luck: Muscovite há muito tempo. A estabilidade, que Moscovo deveu em grande parte à sorte, contribuiu para este crescimento: os moscovitas

princes usually had sons which allowed them to have successors. In fact, there was only os príncipes tinham geralmente filhos, o que lhes permitia ter sucessores. De facto, só havia

one major succession struggle and it was between two blind guys named Basil. That's not a uma grande luta pela sucessão e foi entre dois cegos chamados Basil. Isso não é uma

joke by the way. Oh, it's time for the Open Letter? piada, já agora. Oh, está na altura da Carta Aberta?

An Open Letter to Basil and Basil. Uma Carta Aberta a Basílio e Basílio.

But first, let's see in the Secret Compartment. Oh, it's Grizzlor! Yeah, I guess that is ||||||||||Grizzlor(1)||||| Mas primeiro, vamos ver no compartimento secreto. Oh, é o Grizzlor! Sim, acho que é

kind of how the Russians saw the Mongols. mais ou menos como os russos viam os mongóis.

Dear Basils, The 15th century Muscovite civil war was insanely |Basils|||||||| Beste Basils, De 15e-eeuwse Moskovische burgeroorlog was waanzinnig Caro Basils, A guerra civil moscovita do século XV foi insanamente

complicated, but it culminated with you guys essentially blinding each other. First, Basil mas culminou com o facto de vocês se terem cegado um ao outro. Primeiro, o Basílio

II, the eventual winner of the civil war, had Basil the cross-eyed blinded. Because II, o eventual vencedor da guerra civil, mandou cegar o Basílio vesgo. Porque

being cross-eyed wan't bad enough. And that was seen as the end of the political career |||war nicht||||||||||||| ser vesgo não era suficientemente mau. E isso era visto como o fim da carreira política

of Basil the Cross-Eyed. But then Basil the Cross-Eyed's brother tracked down Basil ||||||||||Augen|||| de Basílio, o Vesgo. Mas depois o irmão de Basílio Vesgo localizou Basílio

II and he was like “Imma blind you back!” And of course, everybody thought that would |||||Ich werde|||||||||| II e ele disse: "Vou cegar-te de volta!" E, claro, toda a gente pensou que isso iria

end Basil II's political career, but they were wrong. It turns out you can rule Russia ||Basil II||||||||||||| e acabar com a carreira política de Basílio II, mas estavam enganados. Afinal, é possível governar a Rússia

like a Boss even if you're blind. Best wishes, John Green como um chefe, mesmo se fores cego. Felicidades, John Green

After Basil the Blind came the real man who expanded Moscow's power, Ivan III, later Depois de Basílio, o Cego, veio o verdadeiro homem que expandiu o poder de Moscovo, Ivan III, mais tarde

known as Ivan the Great. First, he asserted Russian independence from the Mongols and conhecido como Ivan, o Grande. Primeiro, afirmou a independência da Rússia dos mongóis e dos

stopped paying tribute to the khan-- after the khan had named him Grand Prince, of course. deixou de prestar homenagem ao cã... depois de o cã o ter nomeado Grande Príncipe, claro.

Then, Ivan purchased, negotiated for or conquered multiple appanages, thus expanding Muscovite ||||||||Lehen||| Depois, Ivan comprou, negociou ou conquistou vários appanages, expandindo assim o território moscovita

power even more. Ivan later declared himself sovereign of all Russians and then married poder ainda mais. Mais tarde, Ivan declarou-se soberano de todos os russos e casou-se com

the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, thus giving him even more legitimacy. And he took a sobrinha do último imperador bizantino, o que lhe conferia ainda mais legitimidade. E tomou

titles autocrat and tsar, which means Caesar. Basically, Ivan created the first centralized títulos autocrata e czar, que significa César. Basicamente, Ivan criou o primeiro governo centralizado

Russian state and for doing that he probably deserves title “the Great.” Estado russo e, por isso, merece provavelmente o título de "o Grande".

And that would be a good place to stop, except then we won't see the type of absolute rule E esse seria um bom lugar para parar, exceto que então não veremos o tipo de regra absoluta

that characterized Russia for most of the rest of its history, even unto Putin. OH GOD. que caracterizou a Rússia durante a maior parte do resto da sua história, mesmo até Putin. OH, DEUS.

JUST KIDDING PUTIN! YOU'D NEVER RIG AN ELECTION.. N-NO…PLEASE DON'T PUT ME IN JAIL! ESTOU A BRINCAR, PUTIN! TU NUNCA MANIPULARIAS UMA ELEIÇÃO... N-NÃO... POR FAVOR NÃO ME PONHAM NA CADEIA!

While Ivan III consolidated Muscovite power, the undeniable brutal streak in Russian governance Enquanto Ivan III consolidava o poder moscovita, a inegável tendência brutal da governação russa

comes not from the Mongols, but from Ivan IV, better known as Ivan the Terrible. Ivan não vem dos mongóis, mas de Ivan IV, mais conhecido como Ivan, o Terrível. Ivan

IV ruled from 1533 to 1584, taking the throne at age 16, yet more evidence that adolescents IV governou de 1533 a 1584, assumindo o trono aos 16 anos, o que constitui mais uma prova de que os adolescentes

should not be trusted with emerging empires. Ivan the Terrible's reign represents the |||||||||Schrecklichen||| não devem ser confiados a impérios emergentes. O reinado de Ivan, o Terrível, representa o

end of princely power and the beginning of the autocracy that Russia is famous for. But |||||||||Autokratie|||||| fim do poder principesco e o início da autocracia pela qual a Rússia é famosa. Mas

in the beginning, he was really an innovative leader. As a young king, he worked with a No início, era de facto um líder inovador. Quando era um jovem rei, trabalhou com um

group of advisers called the Chosen Council, which certainly sounds like a good thing. grupo de conselheiros chamado Conselho dos Escolhidos, o que parece certamente uma coisa boa.

He also called the very first meeting of the zemsky sobor, a grand council of representatives Convocou também a primeira reunião do zemsky sobor, um grande conselho de representantes

similar to the estates general that would become so important in France two hundred semelhante às propriedades gerais que se tornariam tão importantes em França duzentos

years later. And also reformed the army, emphasizing the new technology of muskets. anos mais tarde. E também reformou o exército, dando ênfase à nova tecnologia dos mosquetes.

But in the second part of his reign, Ivan earned his nickname, the Terrible — which Mas na segunda parte do seu reinado, Ivan ganhou a sua alcunha, o Terrível - que

can mean either bad or just awe-inspiring, depending on your perspective. Psychological pode significar mau ou simplesmente inspirador, dependendo da sua perspetiva. Psicológico

historians will point out that things started go terribly wrong with Ivan after the death Os historiadores recordarão que as coisas começaram a correr terrivelmente mal com Ivan após a morte

of his beloved wife, Anastasia Romanov. Or they might point to the fact that he enjoyed ||||Anastasia Romanow|Romanow|||||||||| da sua amada esposa, Anastasia Romanov. Ou podem apontar para o facto de ele gostar

torturing animals when he was a kid. torturar animais quando era miúdo.

Regardless, Ivan set out to break the power of the nobility-- the former princes and landowners Ungeachtet dessen||||||||||||||| Apesar disso, Ivan decidiu quebrar o poder da nobreza - os antigos príncipes e proprietários de terras

called the boyars. They were the last link to princely rule. And after an odd episode chamados boiardos. Eram o último elo do domínio principesco. E depois de um episódio estranho

that saw him briefly “abdicate,” Ivan returned to Moscow and declared he had the que o viu "abdicar" brevemente, Ivan regressou a Moscovo e declarou que tinha o

right to punish all traitors and evildoers. To help him in this effort, Ivan created the direito de punir todos os traidores e malfeitores. Para o ajudar neste esforço, Ivan criou a

oprichniki, a corps of secret police who rode around on black horses, wearing all black, oprichniki, um corpo de polícias secretos que se deslocava em cavalos pretos, vestidos de preto,

whose job it was to hunt down and destroy any enemies of the tsar. See also: Nazgûl cuja função era perseguir e destruir os inimigos do czar. Ver também: Nazgûl

and Dementors. So this was the first of Russia's purges. And over the latter half of Ivan's e Dementors. Esta foi a primeira das purgas da Rússia. E durante a segunda metade do reinado de Ivan

reign, whole towns were destroyed. It was, in effect, a civil war, except with no resistance. No reinado, cidades inteiras foram destruídas. Foi, de facto, uma guerra civil, só que sem resistência.

One historian called it a civil massacre. In the end, Ivan IV established absolute control Um historiador chamou-lhe um massacre civil. No final, Ivan IV estabeleceu o controlo absoluto

of the tsar over all the Russian people, but he also set the precedent of accomplishing do czar sobre todo o povo russo, mas também abriu o precedente de realizar

this through terror, secret police, and the suspension of law. And that would echo through através do terror, da polícia secreta e da suspensão da lei. E isso ecoaria através de

the ages of Russian history… I mean, until Vladimir Putin heroically put an end to it. até Vladimir Putin lhe pôr heroicamente termo.

His little eyes. They're scary… Os seus olhinhos. São assustadores...

So, hence the stereotype of Russian brutality and barbarism, but here's the truth; the Portanto, daí o estereótipo da brutalidade e da barbárie russas, mas a verdade é esta: os

rest of Europe also knew a lot about brutality and secret police forces. But for centuries, O resto da Europa também sabia muito sobre brutalidade e forças policiais secretas. Mas durante séculos,

Russia was seen by western Europe as both European and not, an “Other” that was A Rússia era vista pela Europa Ocidental como sendo simultaneamente europeia e não europeia, um "Outro" que era

to be doubly feared because it was not fully Other. And when we think of all these historical a ser duplamente temida porque não era totalmente Outra. E quando pensamos em todos estes factos históricos

stereotypes about Russia, it's worth remembering that what you see as barbaric about others estereótipos sobre a Rússia, vale a pena lembrar que aquilo que se considera bárbaro nos outros

is often what they see as barbaric about you. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next week. é muitas vezes o que eles vêem como bárbaro em si. Obrigado por assistirem e vemo-nos na próxima semana.

Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson.

The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our graphics O programa é escrito pelo meu professor de história do liceu, Raoul Meyer, e por mim. Os nossos gráficos

team is Thought Bubble, Last week's Phrase of the Week was: "Nobody's business but the A equipa é Thought Bubble, a Frase da Semana da semana passada foi: "Ninguém tem nada a ver com isso

Turks" If you want to suggest future phrases of the week or guess at this week's you Turks" Se quiser sugerir futuras frases da semana ou adivinhar a desta semana, pode

can do so in comments where you can also ask questions related to today's video that will pode fazê-lo nos comentários, onde também pode colocar questões relacionadas com o vídeo de hoje que

be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, serão respondidas pela nossa equipa de historiadores. Obrigado por assistir e, como dizemos na minha terra natal,

Don't Forget To Be Awesome. Não te esqueças de ser fantástico.