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Spotlight August&September/2011, (Spotlight4711)Naming the Bird Brain 15 August, 2011

(Spotlight4711)Naming the Bird Brain 15 August, 2011

Voice 1

Welcome to Spotlight.

I'm Joshua Leo. Voice 2

And I'm Liz Waid.

Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand - no matter where in the world they live. Voice 1

Have you heard the expression, ‘bird brain?

It is not a nice term! People use it as an insult. Calling someone a bird brain is like calling someone stupid. It means they have a small brain! Of course, compared to humans, birds do have small brains. But is it also true that birds are stupid? Voice 2

In 1903, German scientist Ludvig Edinger drew a picture of the bird's brain. And he defined the different parts. He used names with Latin roots. But the Latin words made it sound like the birds could not learn. They included words like ‘primitive', meaning simple or not as intelligent. The names made the birds sound stupid. Voice 1

Nature and science books used these terms for over one hundred years.

But, Erich Jarvis has worked to change all this. He is a scientist who studies the human brain. As part of his work, he also studies bird brains. And he has led an effort to re-write the scientific names! Jarvis and other scientists believe that birds' brains are far more complex than people originally thought. And he set out to bring justice to the bird brain! Voice 2

Here is one example of the amazing things birds can do.

In 2005, scientists at Oxford University performed a series of experiments. They were testing the brain of a black crow. They put meat at the bottom of a thin tube. They placed a thin straight piece of wire on the top of the tube. Would the bird use the wire to get the food? Rena Dam describes the birds' reaction. Voice 5

The crow looks at the meat.

She moves around the tube. Then, she gets the wire in her beak, her mouth. She pushes the wire into the tube. But, the wire is straight. It cannot reach the food. So, the crow takes the wire out of the tube. She pushes the end of the wire against the wall. The wire bends. Then, the bird goes to the tube. She puts the bent wire into the tube. The food attaches to the bent end of the wire. She has succeeded! She eats her reward - the meat! Voice 2

The scientists perform the same experiment ten times.

In nine out of the ten times the bird made an effective tool from the wire. Harvey Karten is one of the scientists who worked with Erich Jarvis. He told the television program NOVA: Voice 3

“We had not even considered that birds were that able!”

Voice 1

But over past years, scientists have learned that birds are far more able than they first thought. In the past, scientists believed that birds' brains were mostly ‘instinctual'. That is, birds did not think before they acted. Their actions were based on their built-in, natural urges. But now, scientists know that this is not true. Birds' brains are much more complicated. The cortex is the outer brain shell. It is responsible for controlling some complex behaviour. Scientists used to think that songbirds only had a very small, thin cortex. But now they know that the opposite is true. Some songbirds can teach and learn thousands of different calls. This is called ‘vocal' or ‘spoken' learning. It is the same communication that makes human language possible. Voice 2

Erich Jarvis is working to understand how scientists can use discoveries into the bird's brain. He hopes to help understanding of human language. He hopes that his work will lead to treatments for complex human speech problems. In an interview with the television program NOVA, Jarvis said, Voice 4

“We want to learn about bird brains so that we can understand how our own brains work. This is for public health, for diseases like Alzheimers' and Parkinsons'. This is more than just bird stuff. It is important to get it right.” Voice 1

This is why Jarvis decided to rename bird brain structures.

He said that he and other scientists were studying complex bird behaviours. But they were using words that were not modern. The words made it seem like the birds were not intelligent. Jarvis said they had students who did not want to study the bird brain. The terms made bird brains sound uninteresting. The general public could not understand why the bird brain was worth studying. So, the names were important! Voice 2

But what is the big deal about changing a few names?

How difficult can it be? Well, it is more difficult than you may think. It is a little like trying to change all the names in a town. And then asking the people living there to come and discuss it! But Jarvis did not give in! He sat with the scientists as they argued and debated. Jarvis was a good leader. He permitted everyone to have his or her say. He made sure people listened. He listened. And, finally, a result! All the scientists agreed on the new names. Publishers printed the new scientific papers. Voice 1

During this time, some people criticised Jarvis for his actions.

They said that he should have been working on publishing his own papers. He should have been thinking about his individual success. Leading an effort like this did not help his research. But Jarvis believes that working together is often the only way forward. He explained to NOVA: Voice 4

“It was not easy.

But I felt that it was necessary. It was the right and moral thing to do.” Voice 2

At the end of the meeting, the group took a picture of all the scientists involved. At first, the 28 scientists just stood together. Erich Jarvis stood in the middle. But then, he stopped. The picture was not quite complete. He asked all the scientists to join hands! He told NOVA, Voice 4

“This shows the rest of the scientific community that we are united in this.”

Voice 1

Because of this work, Erich Jarvis was awarded the 2005 science pioneer award. The U-S National Institutes of Health, or NIH, gives this highly respected award. The NIH recognised that Jarvis' work could make great changes in the areas of human health. Voice 2

So not everyone criticised Jarvis' effort!

And he continues to study the complex workings of the bird brain. He hopes that his work will result in a greater understanding of human behaviour. And, science will be able to offer more help to people with learning or speech problems. Who would have thought that a bird brain contained so many scientific discoveries! Calling someone a bird brain may not be an insult after all! Voice 1

The writer of this program was Marina Santee.

The producer was Rena Dam. The voices you heard were from the United States. All quotes were adapted and voiced by Spotlight. You can find our programs on the internet at http://www.radioenglish.net. This program is called ‘Naming the Bird Brain'. Voice 2

We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program.

Goodbye.

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(Spotlight4711)Naming the Bird Brain 15 August, 2011 |命名|||| Spotlight||el|||agosto (Spotlight4711)Das Vogelgehirn benennen 15 August, 2011 (Spotlight4711)Poner nombre al cerebro de pájaro 15 agosto, 2011 (Spotlight4711)Donner un nom au cerveau de l'oiseau 15 août 2011 (Spotlight4711)Dare un nome al cervello dell'uccello 15 agosto, 2011 (スポットライト 4711) 鳥の脳に名前を付ける 2011 年 8 月 15 日 (스포트라이트4711)새의 뇌에 이름 붙이기, 2011년 8월 15일 (Spotlight4711)Naming the Bird Brain 15 sierpnia, 2011 r. (Spotlight4711)Dar nome ao cérebro do pássaro 15 agosto, 2011 (Spotlight4711)Именование птичьего мозга 15 августа, 2011 (Spotlight4711)Kuş Beynine İsim Vermek 15 Ağustos, 2011 (Spotlight4711)命名鸟脑 2011 年 8 月 15 日 (Spotlight4711)命名鳥腦 2011 年 8 月 15 日

Voice 1 Spoken expression

Welcome to Spotlight. Vítejte v sekci Spotlight.

I’m Joshua Leo. |约书亚|利奥 僕はジョシュア・レオ。 Voice 2

And I’m Liz Waid.

Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. スポットライトは特殊な英語放送方式を採用している。 It is easier for people to understand - no matter where in the world they live. Lidé ji snáze pochopí - bez ohledu na to, kde na světě žijí. 世界のどこに住んでいようと、その方が理解しやすい。 Voice 1

Have you heard the expression, ‘bird brain? ||||выражение|| Už jste slyšeli výraz "ptačí mozek"? آیا عبارت "مغز پرنده" را شنیده اید؟ 「鳥の脳」という表現を聞いたことがありますか? "Kuş beyinli" deyimini duydunuz mu?

It is not a nice term! Není to hezký výraz! It is not a nice term! اصطلاح خوبی نیست! いい言葉じゃない! Bu hoş bir terim değil! People use it as an insult. |||||侮辱 |||||insult |||||hakaret Lidé ho používají jako urážku. People use it as an insult. مردم از آن به عنوان توهین استفاده می کنند. 人々はそれを侮辱として使用します。 İnsanlar bunu bir hakaret olarak kullanıyor. Calling someone a bird brain is like calling someone stupid. Nazvat někoho ptačím mozkem je jako nazvat někoho hloupým. 誰かを鳥の脳と呼ぶことは、誰かを愚かだと呼ぶようなものです。 Birine kuş beyinli demek, aptal demek gibidir. It means they have a small brain! To znamená, že mají malý mozek! それは彼らが小さな脳を持っていることを意味します! 这说明他们的脑子很小! Of course, compared to humans, birds do have small brains. もちろん、鳥は人間に比べて脳が小さい。 Elbette, insanlarla karşılaştırıldığında, kuşların beyinleri küçüktür. But is it also true that birds are stupid? ||||||||stupid Ale je také pravda, že ptáci jsou hloupí? しかし、鳥が愚かであることも本当ですか? Ama kuşların aptal olduğu da doğru mu? Voice 2

In 1903, German scientist Ludvig Edinger drew a picture of the bird’s brain. |||路德维希|爱丁格||||||| |||Ludwig Edinger|Ludvig Edinger||||||bird| V roce 1903 nakreslil německý vědec Ludvig Edinger obrázek ptačího mozku. 1903年、ドイツの科学者ルートヴィヒ・エディンガーが鳥の脳の絵を描いた。 1903年,德国科学家路德维格·艾丁格(Ludvig Edinger)画了一张鸟的大脑图。 And he defined the different parts. ||определил||| ||定义||| A definoval jednotlivé části. そして、彼はさまざまな部分を定義しました。 He used names with Latin roots. ||||라틴|어원 Používal jména s latinskými kořeny. 彼はラテン語のルーツを持つ名前を使用しました。 But the Latin words made it sound like the birds could not learn. ||||让|||||||| Ale latinská slova zněla, jako by se ptáci neuměli učit. اما کلمات لاتین باعث می‌شود که پرنده‌ها نمی‌توانند یاد بگیرند. しかし、ラテン語の言葉は、鳥が学習できないように聞こえました。 Ancak Latince sözcükler, kuşların öğrenemediği izlenimini yaratıyordu. They included words like ‘primitive', meaning simple or not as intelligent. ||||原始的|||||| ||||primitive|||||| ||||원시적인|||||| Obsahovaly slova jako "primitivní", což znamená jednoduchý nebo ne tak inteligentní. آنها شامل کلماتی مانند "اولیه"، به معنای ساده یا غیر هوشمند بودند. それらには、「原始的」などの言葉が含まれていました。これは、単純またはそれほど知的ではないことを意味します。 Bunlar arasında basit ya da zeki olmayan anlamına gelen 'ilkel' gibi kelimeler de vardı. The names made the birds sound stupid. Jména ptáků zněla hloupě. نام ها باعث شد که پرندگان احمقانه به نظر برسند. 名前は鳥をばかげたものにしました。 İsimler kuşların kulağa aptalca gelmesine neden oluyordu. Voice 1

Nature and science books used these terms for over one hundred years. Přírodovědné a vědecké knihy používaly tyto termíny více než sto let. کتاب های طبیعت و علم بیش از صد سال از این اصطلاحات استفاده می کردند. 自然と科学の本は、これらの用語を 100 年以上にわたって使用していました。 Doğa ve bilim kitapları yüz yılı aşkın bir süredir bu terimleri kullanmaktadır.

But, Erich Jarvis has worked to change all this. |埃里希|贾维斯|||||| |Erich|Jarvis|||||| Erich Jarvis se to však snaží změnit. اما اریش جارویس برای تغییر همه اینها تلاش کرده است. しかし、Erich Jarvis はこのすべてを変えるために働きました。 He is a scientist who studies the human brain. Je to vědec, který se zabývá lidským mozkem. او دانشمندی است که روی مغز انسان مطالعه می کند. 彼は人間の脳を研究している科学者です。 As part of his work, he also studies bird brains. V rámci své práce se věnuje také studiu ptačích mozků. 仕事の一環として、鳥の脳の研究も行っています。 And he has led an effort to re-write the scientific names! A vedl snahu o přepsání vědeckých názvů! そして、彼は学名を書き直す努力を主導しました! И он возглавил усилия по переписыванию научных названий! Ve bilimsel isimlerin yeniden yazılması için bir çabaya öncülük etti! Jarvis and other scientists believe that birds' brains are far more complex than people originally thought. |||||||||||复杂|||| ||||||||sont||||que||| Jarvis a další vědci se domnívají, že mozek ptáků je mnohem složitější, než se původně myslelo. ジャービス氏をはじめとする科学者たちは、鳥の脳は人類が当初考えていたよりもはるかに複雑であると考えています。 Jarvis ve diğer bilim insanları, kuşların beyinlerinin insanların düşündüğünden çok daha karmaşık olduğuna inanıyor. And he set out to bring justice to the bird brain! ||出发||||正义|||| Et|il||||||||| A vydal se zjednat spravedlnost ptačímu mozku! و تصمیم گرفت تا عدالت را به مغز پرنده برساند! そして、彼は鳥の脳に正義をもたらすために着手しました! Ve kuş beynine adaleti getirmek için yola çıktı! Voice 2

Here is one example of the amazing things birds can do. Zde je jeden z příkladů úžasných věcí, které ptáci dokážou. در اینجا نمونه ای از کارهای شگفت انگیزی است که پرندگان می توانند انجام دهند. これは、鳥ができる驚くべきことの一例です。 İşte kuşların yapabildiği şaşırtıcı şeylere bir örnek.

In 2005, scientists at Oxford University performed a series of experiments. |||||ont réalisé|||| در سال 2005، دانشمندان دانشگاه آکسفورد یک سری آزمایش را انجام دادند. 2005 年、オックスフォード大学の科学者たちは一連の実験を行いました。 2005 yılında Oxford Üniversitesi'ndeki bilim insanları bir dizi deney gerçekleştirdi. They were testing the brain of a black crow. ||||||||乌鸦 ||||||||corbeau ||||||||black bird ||||||||kuş Testovali mozek černé vrány. 彼らは黒いカラスの脳をテストしていました。 They put meat at the bottom of a thin tube. |||||no fundo|||| گوشت را ته لوله نازکی می گذارند. 彼らは細いチューブの底に肉を入れます。 İnce bir tüpün dibine et koyuyorlar. They placed a thin straight piece of wire on the top of the tube. Ils||une|||||fil|sur|la||||tube آنها یک تکه سیم مستقیم و نازک در بالای لوله قرار دادند. 彼らは、チューブの上部に細いまっすぐなワイヤーを配置しました。 Tüpün üstüne ince düz bir tel parçası yerleştirdiler. Would the bird use the wire to get the food? |||||fil|||| Použil by pták drát, aby se dostal k potravě? 鳥はワイヤーを使って食べ物を手に入れますか? Rena Dam describes the birds' reaction. 雷娜|雷纳大坝|||| رنا دام واکنش پرندگان را شرح می دهد. レナ・ダムが鳥の反応を説明します。 Voice 5

The crow looks at the meat. |karga|||| カラスは肉を見る。 Karga ete bakar.

She moves around the tube. Pohybuje se kolem trubky. 彼女はチューブの周りを移動します。 Then, she gets the wire in her beak, her mouth. |||||||嘴里|| |||||||bird's mouth|| |||||||ağzında|| |||||||bico|| Pak dostane drát do zobáku, do tlamy. سپس، سیم را در منقار، دهانش می گیرد. それから、彼女はくちばし、口にワイヤーを入れます。 She pushes the wire into the tube. |||wire||| Vsune drát do trubice. او سیم را به داخل لوله فشار می دهد. 彼女はワイヤーをチューブに押し込む。 But, the wire is straight. ||||düz Drát je však rovný. しかし、ワイヤーはまっすぐです。 It cannot reach the food. Nemůže se dostat k jídlu. نمی تواند به غذا برسد. 食べ物には届かない。 So, the crow takes the wire out of the tube. ||乌鸦||||||| Vrána tedy vytáhne drát z trubky. بنابراین، کلاغ سیم را از لوله خارج می کند. それで、カラスはワイヤーをチューブから取り出します。 She pushes the end of the wire against the wall. |||||||contre|| ||||||fio||| Přitiskne konec drátu ke zdi. او انتهای سیم را به دیوار فشار می دهد. 彼女はワイヤーの端を壁に押し付けます。 The wire bends. |проволока|гнется ||se plie ||bends ||eğilir ||se curva Drát se ohýbá. ワイヤーが曲がる。 Then, the bird goes to the tube. ||||||трубка |le||||| ||||||관 Pak se pták vydá do trubice. سپس پرنده به سمت لوله می رود. 次に、鳥はチューブに行きます。 She puts the bent wire into the tube. |||弯曲的|||| |||bent|||| Vloží ohnutý drát do trubky. سیم خم شده را داخل لوله می کند. 彼女は曲がったワイヤーをチューブに入れます。 The food attaches to the bent end of the wire. ||attaches|||bent|||| Potraviny se připevňují k ohnutému konci drátu. フードはワイヤーの曲がった端に取り付けます。 She has succeeded! Podařilo se jí to! او موفق شده است! She eats her reward - the meat! |||награду|| Elle|||récompense|| |||보상|| Sní svou odměnu - maso! او پاداش خود را می خورد - گوشت! 彼女は報酬を食べる - 肉! Voice 2

The scientists perform the same experiment ten times. ||réalisent||||| Vědci provedou desetkrát stejný pokus. دانشمندان ده بار آزمایش مشابهی را انجام دادند. 科学者たちは同じ実験を10回行う。

In nine out of the ten times the bird made an effective tool from the wire. V devíti z deseti případů si pták z drátu vyrobil účinný nástroj. 10回のうち9回、鳥はワイヤーから効果的な道具を作りました。 Harvey Karten is one of the scientists who worked with Erich Jarvis. 哈维|哈维·卡滕|||||||||| Harvey Karten|Harvey Karten|||||||||| Harvey Karten je jedním z vědců, kteří spolupracovali s Erichem Jarvisem. هاروی کارتن یکی از دانشمندانی است که با اریش جارویس کار کرده است. Harvey Karten は、Erich Jarvis と協力した科学者の 1 人です。 He told the television program NOVA: |||||NOVA节目 |a dit|||| |||||science TV show Řekl to v televizním pořadu NOVA: 彼はテレビ番組『NOVA』にこう語っている: Voice 3

“We had not even considered that birds were that able!” nous||||||||| "Ani nás nenapadlo, že by ptáci byli tak schopní!" 「私たちは、鳥がそれほど能力があるとは考えもしませんでした!」 "Kuşların bu kadar yetenekli olduğunu düşünmemiştik bile!"

Voice 1

But over past years, scientists have learned that birds are far more able than they first thought. V posledních letech však vědci zjistili, že ptáci jsou mnohem schopnější, než si původně mysleli. اما در طول سال‌های گذشته، دانشمندان دریافته‌اند که پرندگان بسیار بیشتر از آنچه در ابتدا فکر می‌کردند، توانایی دارند. しかし過去数年間、科学者たちは、鳥が当初考えていたよりもはるかに能力があることを発見しました。 In the past, scientists believed that birds' brains were mostly ‘instinctual'. ||||||||||本能的 ||||||||||instinctive ||||||||||본능적인 ||||||||||içgüdüsel これまで科学者たちは、鳥の脳はほとんどが「本能的」であると信じていました。 That is, birds did not think before they acted. ||||||||действовали To znamená, že ptáci nepřemýšleli, než začali jednat. つまり、鳥は行動する前に考えませんでした。 Their actions were based on their built-in, natural urges. |||||||||порывы ||||sur|||||pulsions |||||||||urges |||||||||dürtüler ||||||||자연적인|충동 |||||||||冲动 Jejich činy vycházely z jejich přirozených pudů. اقدامات آنها بر اساس تمایلات درونی و طبیعی آنها بود. 彼らの行動は、生まれつきの自然な衝動に基づいていました。 Их действия были основаны на их встроенных, естественных побуждениях. But now, scientists know that this is not true. |||savent||||| اما اکنون دانشمندان می دانند که این درست نیست. しかし今、科学者たちはこれが真実ではないことを知っています。 Birds' brains are much more complicated. |||||сложные Ptačí mozky jsou mnohem složitější. مغز پرندگان بسیار پیچیده تر است. 鳥の脳はもっと複雑です。 The cortex is the outer brain shell. |кора||||| ||||extérieur||coquille ||||outer||layer ||||||kabuk |피질|||바깥||껍질 |皮层||||| |кора||||| Mozková kůra je vnější obal mozku. قشر پوسته بیرونی مغز است. 皮質は脳の外側の殻です。 It is responsible for controlling some complex behaviour. ||отвечает||управление|||поведение ||책임이 있다||||| ||||||复杂| Je zodpovědný za řízení některých složitých chování. مسئول کنترل برخی از رفتارهای پیچیده است. いくつかの複雑な動作を制御する責任があります。 Scientists used to think that songbirds only had a very small, thin cortex. |||||птицы певчие||||||| |||||les oiseaux chanteurs|||||très petite|| |||||songbirds||||||| |||||노래하는 새들|||||||피질 |||||鸣禽|||||||皮层 Vědci si dříve mysleli, že zpěvní ptáci mají jen velmi malou a tenkou mozkovou kůru. دانشمندان قبلاً فکر می کردند که پرندگان آوازخوان فقط قشر بسیار کوچک و نازکی دارند. 科学者たちは、鳴き鳥には非常に小さく薄い皮質しかないと考えていました。 But now they know that the opposite is true. Nyní však vědí, že opak je pravdou. しかし今、彼らはその反対が真実であることを知っています。 Some songbirds can teach and learn thousands of different calls. |||||||||소리 |птахи-співаки|||||||| Někteří zpěvní ptáci se dokáží naučit tisíce různých volání. いくつかの鳴き鳥は、何千もの異なる鳴き声を教えて学ぶことができます。 Некоторые певчие птицы способны выучить тысячи различных звуков. This is called ‘vocal' or ‘spoken' learning. |||음성||| Tomu se říká "hlasové" nebo "mluvené" učení. به این یادگیری «آوایی» یا «گفتاری» می گویند. これは「音声」または「音声」学習と呼ばれます。 It is the same communication that makes human language possible. Je to stejná komunikace, která umožňuje lidskou řeč. همین ارتباط است که زبان انسان را ممکن می کند. それは、人間の言語を可能にするのと同じコミュニケーションです。 Voice 2

Erich Jarvis is working to understand how scientists can use discoveries into the bird’s brain. |||||comprendre||||||||| Erich Jarvis se snaží pochopit, jak mohou vědci využít objevy ptačího mozku. اریش جارویس در تلاش است تا بفهمد چگونه دانشمندان می توانند از اکتشافات در مغز پرنده استفاده کنند. Erich Jarvis は、科学者が発見を鳥の脳にどのように利用できるかを理解するために取り組んでいます。 He hopes to help understanding of human language. Doufá, že pomůže porozumět lidské řeči. 彼は、人間の言語の理解を助けることを望んでいます。 He hopes that his work will lead to treatments for complex human speech problems. ||||||||治疗方法||||| ||||||lead||treatments||||| ||||||||치료법||||| Doufá, že jeho práce povede k léčbě složitých problémů lidské řeči. 彼は、自分の研究が複雑な人間の発話の問題の治療につながることを望んでいます。 In an interview with the television program NOVA, Jarvis said, جارویس در مصاحبه با برنامه تلویزیونی NOVA گفت: Voice 4

“We want to learn about bird brains so that we can understand how our own brains work. "Chceme poznat mozky ptáků, abychom mohli pochopit, jak fungují naše vlastní mozky. ما می خواهیم در مورد مغز پرندگان بیاموزیم تا بتوانیم نحوه عملکرد مغز خود را درک کنیم. 「私たちは鳥の脳について学び、自分の脳がどのように機能するかを理解したいと考えています。 This is for public health, for diseases like Alzheimers' and Parkinsons'. ||||||疾病||阿尔茨海默病||帕金森病 ||||||||Alzheimer's||Parkinson's Je to pro veřejné zdraví, pro nemoci, jako je Alzheimerova choroba a Parkinsonova choroba. این برای سلامت عمومی، برای بیماری هایی مانند آلزایمر و پارکینسون است. これは、公衆衛生、アルツハイマー病やパーキンソン病などの病気のためのものです。 This is more than just bird stuff. ||||||물건 Nejde jen o ptáky. これは単なる鳥のものではありません。 It is important to get it right.” Je důležité, aby to bylo správně." それを正しくすることが重要です。」 Voice 1

This is why Jarvis decided to rename bird brain structures. ||||||переименовать|||структуры ||||||umbenennen||| ||||||перейменувати||| ||||||重命名||| これが、Jarvis が鳥の脳構造の名前を変更することにした理由です。

He said that he and other scientists were studying complex bird behaviours. |||||||||||поведение |||||||||||behaviors 彼は、彼と他の科学者が複雑な鳥の行動を研究していると言いました。 But they were using words that were not modern. Používali však slova, která nebyla moderní. しかし、彼らは現代的ではない言葉を使っていました。 The words made it seem like the birds were not intelligent. Podle slov to vypadalo, že ptáci nejsou inteligentní. その言葉は、鳥が賢くないように思わせました。 Jarvis said they had students who did not want to study the bird brain. Jarvis řekl, že měli studenty, kteří nechtěli studovat ptačí mozek. ジャービス氏は、鳥の脳を研究したくない学生がいたと語った。 The terms made bird brains sound uninteresting. ||||||неинтересными ||||||재미없게 Ptačí mozky zněly nezajímavě. この用語は、鳥の脳が面白くないように聞こえました。 The general public could not understand why the bird brain was worth studying. ||||||||||était|| Široká veřejnost nedokázala pochopit, proč stojí za to studovat ptačí mozek. 一般の人々は、なぜ鳥の脳を研究する価値があるのか理解できませんでした。 So, the names were important! Takže jména byla důležitá! だから、名前は重要でした! Voice 2

But what is the big deal about changing a few names? ||||big|||||| Ale co je na změně několika jmen? しかし、いくつかの名前を変更することの大きな問題は何ですか?

How difficult can it be? combien|||| Jak obtížné to může být? それはどれほど難しいでしょうか? Well, it is more difficult than you may think. Je to obtížnější, než si myslíte. うーん、思ったより難しいです。 It is a little like trying to change all the names in a town. Je to trochu jako snažit se změnit všechna jména ve městě. これは、町のすべての名前を変更しようとするようなものです。 And then asking the people living there to come and discuss it! A pak požádat lidi, kteří tam žijí, aby přišli a diskutovali o tom! そして、そこに住んでいる人々に来て、それについて話し合うように頼んでください! But Jarvis did not give in! ||||항복하다| Jarvis se však nevzdal! しかし、ジャービスは屈しませんでした! He sat with the scientists as they argued and debated. |坐||||||||辩论 |||||||||débattaient |||||||||debated |сидел||||||||дебатировали Seděl s vědci, kteří se dohadovali a diskutovali. 彼は科学者たちと一緒に座って議論し、討論しました。 Jarvis was a good leader. Jarvis byl dobrý vůdce. ジャービスは優れたリーダーでした。 He permitted everyone to have his or her say. |разрешил||||||| |дозволений||||||| |允许||||||| Umožnil každému, aby se vyjádřil. 彼は、誰もが自分の意見を持つことを許可しました。 He made sure people listened. Dbal na to, aby mu lidé naslouchali. 彼は人々が耳を傾けるようにしました。 He listened. |écoutait And, finally, a result! そして、ついに結果! All the scientists agreed on the new names. Všichni vědci se shodli na nových názvech. Publishers printed the new scientific papers. Vydavatelé otiskli nové vědecké práce. 出版社は新しい科学論文を印刷しました。 Voice 1

During this time, some people criticised Jarvis for his actions. |||||批评了|||| |||||criticized|||| この間、ジャービスの行動を批判する人もいました。

They said that he should have been working on publishing his own papers. Říkali, že by měl pracovat na publikování svých vlastních prací. 彼らは、彼が自分の論文を出版することに取り組まなければならなかったと言った。 He should have been thinking about his individual success. |||||||个人| Il|||||||| 彼は自分の成功について考えるべきだった。 Leading an effort like this did not help his research. Diriger||||||||| Vedení takového úsilí jeho výzkumu nepomohlo. このような取り組みを主導しても、彼の研究には役に立ちませんでした。 But Jarvis believes that working together is often the only way forward. Jarvis je však přesvědčen, že jedinou cestou vpřed je často spolupráce. しかし、Jarvis は、多くの場合、協力することが前進する唯一の方法であると考えています。 He explained to NOVA: Voice 4

“It was not easy.

But I felt that it was necessary. It was the right and moral thing to do.” |||||道德的||| Bylo to správné a morální." それは正しいことであり、道徳的なことでした。」 Voice 2

At the end of the meeting, the group took a picture of all the scientists involved. Na konci setkání se skupina vyfotila se všemi zúčastněnými vědci. 会議の終わりに、グループは関係するすべての科学者の写真を撮りました。 At first, the 28 scientists just stood together. |||||se tenaient| Nejprve 28 vědců stálo pohromadě. 最初は、28 人の科学者がただ立っていました。 Erich Jarvis stood in the middle. Erich Jarvis stál uprostřed. エーリッヒ・ジャーヴィスが真ん中に立っていた。 But then, he stopped. The picture was not quite complete. Obraz nebyl zcela úplný. 写真は完全ではありませんでした。 He asked all the scientists to join hands! Požádal všechny vědce, aby se chytili za ruce! 彼はすべての科学者に手を組むように頼みました! Он попросил всех ученых взяться за руки! He told NOVA, Voice 4

“This shows the rest of the scientific community that we are united in this.” |||||||||||团结一致|| "To ukazuje zbytku vědecké komunity, že jsme v tomto ohledu jednotní." 「これは、私たちがこれに団結していることを科学コミュニティの残りの部分に示しています。」

Voice 1

Because of this work, Erich Jarvis was awarded the 2005 science pioneer award. |||||||获得|||先锋| |of||||||awarded|||pioneer|award ||||||||||öncüsü| |||||||||||нагорода Za tuto práci získal Erich Jarvis v roce 2005 ocenění průkopník vědy. この業績により、Erich Jarvis は 2005 年の科学パイオニア賞を受賞しました。 The U-S National Institutes of Health, or NIH, gives this highly respected award. |U(1) 组|||院||||美国国立卫生研究院||||| ||||Institutes||||NIH||||respected| Toto vysoce uznávané ocenění uděluje americký Národní institut zdraví (NIH). 米国国立衛生研究所 (NIH) は、この非常に尊敬される賞を授与します。 The NIH recognised that Jarvis' work could make great changes in the areas of human health. ||recognized||||||||||||| NIH uznal, že Jarvisova práce by mohla přinést velké změny v oblasti lidského zdraví. Voice 2

So not everyone criticised Jarvis' effort! Ne všichni tedy Jarvisovu snahu kritizovali! 誰もがジャービスの努力を批判したわけではありません!

And he continues to study the complex workings of the bird brain. ||||||复杂||||| |||||||workings|||| A pokračuje ve studiu složitého fungování ptačího mozku. そして、彼は鳥の脳の複雑な働きを研究し続けています。 И он продолжает изучать сложную работу мозга птиц. He hopes that his work will result in a greater understanding of human behaviour. Doufá, že jeho práce povede k lepšímu pochopení lidského chování. 彼は、自分の研究が人間の行動をより深く理解することにつながることを望んでいます。 And, science will be able to offer more help to people with learning or speech problems. A věda bude moci nabídnout více pomoci lidem s problémy s učením nebo řečí. そして、科学は、学習や発話の問題を抱えている人々により多くの支援を提供できるようになります。 Who would have thought that a bird brain contained so many scientific discoveries! Kdo by si pomyslel, že ptačí mozek obsahuje tolik vědeckých objevů! 鳥の脳にこれほど多くの科学的発見が含まれているとは誰が考えたでしょうか! Calling someone a bird brain may not be an insult after all! |||||||||모욕|| Nazvat někoho ptačím mozkem nemusí být nakonec urážka! 誰かを鳥の頭脳と呼ぶことは、結局のところ、侮辱ではないかもしれません! Voice 1

The writer of this program was Marina Santee. ||||||玛丽娜|桑提 ||||||Marina Santee|the author 이||||||| Autorkou tohoto pořadu byla Marina Santee.

The producer was Rena Dam. The voices you heard were from the United States. Hlasy, které jste slyšeli, byly ze Spojených států. All quotes were adapted and voiced by Spotlight. |quotes|||||| Všechny citáty byly upraveny a namluveny společností Spotlight. You can find our programs on the internet at http://www.radioenglish.net. This program is called ‘Naming the Bird Brain'. Voice 2

We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. 우리는|||||||||||

Goodbye.