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Crash Course: English Literature, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Part 1: Crash Course Literature 302 - YouTube (1)

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Part 1: Crash Course Literature 302 - YouTube (1)

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course Literature,

and today we're on a raft, floating down the great American river, reading the great american novel.

That's right, today we're going to be discussing Mark Twain's the “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”

Ernest Hemingway once said, “It's the best book we've had.”

“All American writing comes from that,” he added, and then threatened to punch anyone who disagreed.

He was such an American Ernest Hemingway!

Mr. Green, Mr. Green! No, no, no, Hemingway lived like half his life in France!?

Well played, Me from the past, and he spent much of the rest of his life in Key West, which I also don't think is really America.

But anyway, Me From the Past, it doesn't matter where you hung out with F Scott Fitzgerald,

it matters where you died, and Hemingway died in Idaho, which is proper America!

I'm sorry, what are we talking about today? Huck Finn?

[Theme Music]

So, today we'll look briefly at the creator of Huck Finn, Samuel Langhorne Clemens. A.K.A. Mark Twain.

We'll talk through the plot and what makes the book so important in American literature,

and why it's still quite controversial.

In our next video, we'll explore some of the metaphors — the river, the raft —

and talk about why when people call Huck Finn the Great American Novel, they generally mean,

“well, but not the last 50 pages.”

So, Sam Clemens was born to a not especially prosperous family in Missouri in 1835, the sixth of seven children.

His father died when he was 11.

He quit school in the fifth grade. He then became a printer's apprentice.

He would later go on to squander the fortune he made writing by trying to reinvent printing.

But by the age of 15, Clemens was writing funny articles and essays for the paper his brother owned,

and he was hanging out in public libraries, reading whatever he could, still trying to give himself an education.

And then, in 1859 he got a license to pilot steamboats, which is basically his boyhood dream,

and that's how he came to know the Mississippi River, which he wrote about in “Life on the Mississippi”,

and again with passion and precision in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”

Apparently, a steamboat needs a certain depth of water to run safely

and so a sailor called a leadsman would throw a weighted rope over the side to measure the depth.

That's how he got his pen name. So right, Clemens got his license to pilot steam boats in 1859.

Careful students of American history will know that, you know, something big was about to happen.

In 1861 the American Civil War broke out, and Clemens volunteered for the Confederate side.

That's right, the man who wrote one of the great anti-slavery, anti-racist novels in American history was a Confederate soldier.

For two weeks.

He then decided war wasn't for him, and followed his brother West to the Nevada territory.

You can read about all of this — the boats, the weird ragtag confederate militia he was in, Nevada.

Twain never had an experience as a boy or a young man that he didn't mine for literature.

Twain had his first great success in 1865 when he was 30 years old,

with "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"

and his writing career just hopped on steadily after that I'm sorry.

“Huckleberry Finn” though, was published in 1884.

It was a sequel to the “Adventures of Tom Sawyer.”

I have to say that although I am a huge fan of Mark Twain, “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” is not a great novel.

In fact, I think it's read today, mostly only for two reasons: One. Because it's the prequel to Huck Finn,

and two, because it's considered somehow less controversial than Huck Finn.

Which it is, but it is also much less interesting.

Right, so Huck Finn is one of those rare examples — like Aliens or The Empire Strikes Back —

where the sequel outclasses the original.

At first, Twain had a hard time writing the book.

He began work in 1876 and wrote to a friend,

“I like it only tolerably well…and may possibly pigeonhole or burn the manuscript when it is done.”

And he did pigeonhole it for about six years, but then he returned to it in a frenzy of all-day, every day writing.

Huckleberry Finn, the son of the town drunk, is the sidekick character in “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.”

He lives rough and never has to go to school and is pretty much the envy of all the other boys.

But at the end of that first book he agrees to go and live with the Widow Douglas and become “sivilized” so that he can join Tom Sawyer's gang.

The question of what constitutes “getting sivilized” is at the very center of “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”

And so it begins right there, some time in the 1830s, a few decades before the Civil War.

With Huck going to live with the widow.

Huck, who narrates the book himself and is maybe 14 years old, doesn't take well to what he's told constitutes civilization.

Nice clothes are itchy, table manners are confusing,

he doesn't understand why the Widow is always trying to tell him Bible stories about dead people.

He's lonely in the house and his only fun is sneaking off with Tom Sawyer.

But all of that changes when his father, Pap, kidnaps him and locks him in a shack.

After an evening in which his drunken father nearly kills him,

Huck fakes his own death, escapes in a found canoe, and paddles to a nearby island.

Quick pause here to note that in the beginning of the novel, there are just these two ways of being and adult.

The civilized way embodied by the widow.

Which involves, like, clean clothes, and religion, and institutional racism.

And then the uncivilized way of being, embodied by Huck's father --

which involves, like, terrible alcoholism, trying to kill your children, and institutional racism.

But on the river island, away from both of these models of adulthood,

Huck encounters Jim, a slave who ran away when he learned that his mistress, the Widow's sister,

planned to sell him down the river, away from his family.

Now it's critical to the novel to understand that Huck believes that the right thing to

do in this situation is not to assist an escaped slave.

He believes that the ethically correct thing to do, the civilized thing to do,

and also, by the way, the legal thing to do, is to turn that escaped slave in.

But in Jim, Huck finds a companion and, in a lot of ways, a surrogate father.

And so there's an immediate tension between what Huck calls his conscience,

which is the social order, telling him that he ought to turn this escaped slave in,

and his actual conscience, which is saying, “hmmm maybe not.”

But when Huck learns that Jim is suspected of Huck's murder and that men are hunting him for a reward,

he says to Jim: “Git up and hump yourself, Jim! There ain't a minute to lose.

They're after us!” And that "us" is really important.

It's only Jim they are after, but this makes it clear Huck has decided to team up with Jim.

From that moment they set out on the raft, and their adventures really begin.

They face all kinds of dangers and meet all kinds of people — some nice, some sinister —

and get into all sorts of trouble before they team up with Tom Sawyer again

and Tom devises an elaborate and cruel plan to win Jim his freedom.

What Tom knows, but Huck don't, is that Jim is already free, his mistress freed him on her deathbed.

So, in the end, Tom forces Jim to undergo an ordeal that's just Tom's nasty idea of a good time.

The adventures of Huckleberry Finn was not immediately recognized as a great novel.

A lot of the early reviews weren't terrific

and there were several attempts to ban it on the grounds that it would corrupt any young person who read it.

The Concord Public Library called it “trashy and vicious.”

But pretty soon there was widespread recognition of the novel's importance.

Some of this has to do with plotting, and some of it has to do with style and language.

Like, Lionel Trilling, in one of the most famous essays on Huckleberry Finn,

argued that it was the language that really sets the book apart.

Before Huckleberry Finn pretty much all the American writers thought that

if you were writing an important book it had to be formal and high-flown, like James Fennimore Cooper.

Twain, by the way, hated James Fenimore Cooper's books.

If you ever want a good read, you should look up “Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses.”

It's a Twain essay that includes lines like: “Cooper's art has some defects.

In one place in ‘Deerslayer,' in the restricted space of two thirds of a page,

Cooper has scored 114 offenses against literary art out of a possible 115. It breaks the record.”

But, unlike ‘The Deerslayer,' the language of Huckleberry Finn is deliberately down to earth.

It's casual, it's ungrammatical, it's frequently and deliberately misspelled.

The genius of the book, Trilling wrote, “has something to do with the ease and freedom of the language.

Most of all it has to do with the structure of the sentence, which is simple, direct and fluent,

maintaining the rhythm of the word groups of speech, and the intonations of the speaking voice.”

Right. At its best, Mark Twain's writing sounds like talking.

Which is, of course, much harder than it seems, and it signaled a real watershed moment in American literature.

Let's Go to the Thought Bubble.

What makes the book truly significant is its treatment of the relationship between Huck, a poor white boy,

and Jim, an enslaved African-American man.

Twain may have written this book after the Civil War and the abolition of slavery,

but America was and of course, is a nation deeply shaped by racism,

so the friendship between the two characters and the emergent moral intelligence that it foists upon Huck

are what really makes the book unusual.

As we saw, Huck first throws in his lot with Jim when they're still on the island,

but throughout their journey Huck struggles with the idea of what it means to help a runaway slave,

and what it means to treat Jim as a comrade and a friend.

This is partly due to Huck's conscience, which is telling him over and over that he's

going to go to actual Hell for helping Jim.

But in the beginning of the book, Huck can be quite cruel to Jim.

Early in the book, he and Tom Sawyer play a trick on Jim, hanging his hat in a tree so that Jim,

who is very superstitious, thinks that witches have taken it, which Jim is very proud of.

But later in the book, Huck tries to pull another prank,

making Jim think that his fear that Huck was lost in the fog was only a dream.

But Jim knows it's a trick he tells Huck that people who try to make others feel ashamed are trash.

Now, of course, Huck is an expert at tricks and telling lies.

Through the book he never uses the same name or the same origin story with any two people he meets

and the people almost always believe him.

Well, except for when he dresses up as a girl. He's really bad at being a girl.

But on the raft Huck learns that you can't trick the people you care about.

So Huck feels ashamed for trying to trick Jim, and eventually works himself up to apologize.

He says, and I'm quoting selectively here, "I done it, and I weren't ever sorry for it afterwards neither."

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Part 1: Crash Course Literature 302 - YouTube (1) Las aventuras de Huckleberry Finn Parte 1: Curso acelerado de literatura 302 - YouTube (1) As Aventuras de Huckleberry Finn Parte 1: Curso intensivo de literatura 302 - YouTube (1) Пригоди Гекльберрі Фінна Частина 1: Прискорений курс літератури 302 - YouTube (1)

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course Literature, مرحبًا، أنا (جون قرين)، وهذه قناة (كراش كورس) الآداب. Hola soy John Green, esto es Crash Course Literatura,

and today we're on a raft, floating down the great American river, reading the great american novel. واليوم نحن على طوافة نبحر في النهر الأمريكي الرائع. نقرأ الرواية الأمريكية الرائعة. y hoy estamos en una balsa, flotando en el gran río americano, leyendo la gran novela americana.

That's right, today we're going to be discussing Mark Twain's the “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” نعم، سنناقش قصة ألّفها (مارك توين) وهي (مغامرات هكلبيري فين). Exacto, hoy vamos discutir Las Aventuras de Huckleberry Finn de Mark Twain.

Ernest Hemingway once said, “It's the best book we've had.” قال (أرنست همينغوي): "إنه أفضل كتاب لدينا، وكل الكتب الأمريكية أتت منه" Ernest Hemingway una vez dijo "Es el mejor libro que tenemos."

“All American writing comes from that,” he added, and then threatened to punch anyone who disagreed. "Toda la escritura americana viene de eso" él añadió, y luego amenazó con golpear a cualquiera que no estuviese de acuerdo.

He was such an American Ernest Hemingway! ¡Él era un gran americano Erenst Hemingway!

Mr. Green, Mr. Green! No, no, no, Hemingway lived like half his life in France!? سيد (قرين)! ولكن (همينغوي) عاش نصف حياته في فرنسا. ¡Mr.Green, Mr. Green! No, no, no, Hemingway vivió como la mitad de su vida en Francia

Well played, Me from the past, and he spent much of the rest of his life in Key West, which I also don't think is really America. أحسنت يا "أنا من الماضي"، وعاش النصف الآخر في "كي وست" ولا أظنها أيضاً "أمريكا" Bien jugado, yo del pasado, y el pasó el resto de su vida en Cayo Hueso, lo que tampoco creo que en verdad sea Estados Unidos.

But anyway, Me From the Past, it doesn't matter where you hung out with F Scott Fitzgerald, ولكن بغض النظر هذا لا يهم، ما يهم هو أين تموت! Pero de todos modos, yo del pasado, no importa donde estuviste con F. Scott Fitzgerald,

it matters where you died, and Hemingway died in Idaho, which is proper America! ومات (همنغوي) في (ايداهو) وهي أمريكا حقيقية! importa donde moriste, y Hemingway murió en Idaho, ¡que está bien en USA!

I'm sorry, what are we talking about today? Huck Finn? أنا آسف ماذا كنا سنتكلم عنه اليوم؟ "هك فن"؟ Perdón ¿de qué hablábamos hoy? ¿Huck Finn?

[Theme Music]

So, today we'll look briefly at the creator of Huck Finn, Samuel Langhorne Clemens. A.K.A. Mark Twain. حسناً، سنتكلم هنا باختصار عن (صامويل كلمنز) مؤلف (هك فن) المشهور بـ(مارك توين). Así que hoy miraremos brevemente al creador de Huck Finn, Samuel Langhorne Clemens. A.K.A, Mark Twain.

We'll talk through the plot and what makes the book so important in American literature, سنتكلم عن الحبكة، وما جعل الكتاب مهماً في الأدب الأمريكي، والخلافات التي تحيط به إلى الآن. Hablaremos sobre la historia y qué hace al libro tan importante para la literatura norteamericana

and why it's still quite controversial. y por qué es todavía bastante controvertido.

In our next video, we'll explore some of the metaphors — the river, the raft — في الجزء الثاني سنتكلم عن بعض الاستعارات، مثل: النهر والطوافة. En nuestro próximo video, exploraremos algunas metáforas- el río, la balsa-

and talk about why when people call Huck Finn the Great American Novel, they generally mean, وعن مقولة أن (هك فن) هو أفضل كتاب أمريكي، التي يعنونها فعلاً باستثناء آخر ٥٠ صفحة. y hablaremos sobre por qué las personas llaman a Huck Finn la Gran Novela Americana, generalmente se refieren,

“well, but not the last 50 pages.” "bueno, pero no las últimas 50 páginas."

So, Sam Clemens was born to a not especially prosperous family in Missouri in 1835, the sixth of seven children. Entonces, Sam Clemens nació en una no muy próspera familia en Missouri in 1835, el sexto de siete chicos.

His father died when he was 11. Su padre murió cuando él tenía 11.

He quit school in the fifth grade. He then became a printer's apprentice. Él dejó el colegio en quinto grado. Luego se convirtió un aprendiz de impresor.

He would later go on to squander the fortune he made writing by trying to reinvent printing. Más tarde derrocharía la fortuna que hizo escribiendo, tratando de reinventar la impresión.

But by the age of 15, Clemens was writing funny articles and essays for the paper his brother owned, Pero a la edad de 15, Clemens estaba escribiendo artículos graciosos y ensayos para el diario del cual su hermano era dueño,

and he was hanging out in public libraries, reading whatever he could, still trying to give himself an education. كان يجلس في المكاتب العامة يقرأ كل ما يستطيع قراءته محاولاً أن يتعلم. y pasaba su tiempo el bibliotecas públicas, leyendo cualquier cosa que pudiera, tratando de darse a si mismo una educación.

And then, in 1859 he got a license to pilot steamboats, which is basically his boyhood dream, وأخيراً، في ١٨٥٩م مُنِح رخصة قيادة القوارب البخارية والتي كانت حلمه منذ الصغر. Y luego, en 1859 consiguió una licencia para pilotear un barco a vapor, lo que básicamente era su sueño de la infancia,

and that's how he came to know the Mississippi River, which he wrote about in “Life on the Mississippi”, هكذا تعرف على نهر المسيسيبي والذي كتب عنه في كتاب (الحياة في المسيسيبي)، y así es como él llegó a conocer el río Mississippi, sobre el que escribió en "Vida en el Mississippi",

and again with passion and precision in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” وأيضًا بشغف ودقة في (مغامرات هكلبيري فين). y otra vez con pasión y precisión en "Las Aventuras de Huckleberry Finn."

Apparently, a steamboat needs a certain depth of water to run safely وكما يبدو فالقوارب البخارية بحاجة إلى مياه بعمق معين لتتحرك بأمان. Aparentemente un barco a vapor necesita determinada profundidad en el agua para marchar seguro,

and so a sailor called a leadsman would throw a weighted rope over the side to measure the depth. لذلك يرمي بحار أو (ليدزمان) حبل غليظ في الماء ليحسب العمق، ومن هنا اقتبس اسم شهرته. y así un marinero llamado sondador tiraría un soga con pero por el costado para medir la profundidad.

That's how he got his pen name. So right, Clemens got his license to pilot steam boats in 1859. إذًا حصل (كلمنز) على رخصة الإبحار بالقوارب البخارية في عام ١٨٥٩م. Así fue como consiguió su seudónimo. Bien, Clemens consiguió su licencia para pilotear barcos a vapor en 1859.

Careful students of American history will know that, you know, something big was about to happen. الطلاب المهتمون بتاريخ أمريكا، يعرفون أن شيئاً كبيراً على وشك الحدوث. Estudiantes dedicados de la historia norteamericana sabrán que, tu sabes, algo grande estaba por suceder.

In 1861 the American Civil War broke out, and Clemens volunteered for the Confederate side. في ١٨٦١م، اندلعت الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية، وتطوع (كلمنز) مع الكونفدرالية. En 1861 comenzó la Guerra Civil Norteamericana, y Clemens fue voluntario para el lado Confederado.

That's right, the man who wrote one of the great anti-slavery, anti-racist novels in American history was a Confederate soldier. نعم، الرجل الذي كتب أحد أفضل الروايات المناهضة للعبودية والعنصرية كان جندي في الكونفدرالية... Si, el hombre que escribió una de las grandes novelas anti-esclavitud, anti-racismo de la historia americana

For two weeks. لأسبوعين فقط era un soldado de la Confederación. Por dos semanas,

He then decided war wasn't for him, and followed his brother West to the Nevada territory. لاحقاً قرر أن الحرب لا تناسبه، فذهب غرباً مع أخيه إلى منطقه نيفادا. Después decidió que la guerra no era para él, y siguió a su hermano hacia el oeste, territorio de Nevada.

You can read about all of this — the boats, the weird ragtag confederate militia he was in, Nevada. تستطيعون القراءة عن هذا كله، القارب والمليشيا الكونفدرالية التي كان فيها ورحلة نيفادا Puedes leer todo sobre esto -los barcos, la rara, diversa, milicia en la que estaba, Nevada.

Twain never had an experience as a boy or a young man that he didn't mine for literature. (توين) لم يمانع أن يروي عن خبراته ورحلاته في صغره أو شبابه من أجل الأدب. Twain nunca tuvo una experiencia de niño o joven que no haya extraído para la literatura.

Twain had his first great success in 1865 when he was 30 years old, حاز (توين) على أول نجاحاته الروائية في عام ١٨٦٥، عندما كان في الـ٣٠ من عمره، Twain tuvo su primer gran éxito en 1865, cuando tenía 30 años,

with "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" في روايته المحتفى بها "الضفدعة النطاطة القادمة من مقاطعة كالافيراس" con "La célebre rana saltarina"

and his writing career just hopped on steadily after that I'm sorry. ومهنته في الرواية بدأت "تقفز" بشكل مستمر بعد ذلك. y su carrera como escritor saltó incesantemente después de eso, perdón.

“Huckleberry Finn” though, was published in 1884. رواية (هكلبيري فين) لم تنتج حتى عام ١٨٨٤م كرواية متممة لرواية (توم سوير). "Huckelberry Finn" sin embargo, fue publicado en 1884.

It was a sequel to the “Adventures of Tom Sawyer.” Fue una secuela a "Las Aventuras de Tom Sawyer".

I have to say that although I am a huge fan of Mark Twain, “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” is not a great novel. Tengo que decir que aunque soy un gran admirador de Mark Twain "Las Aventuras de Tom Sawyer" no es una gran novela.

In fact, I think it's read today, mostly only for two reasons: One. Because it's the prequel to Huck Finn, في الواقع اعتقد أنها تُقرأ اليوم لسببين: ١- لأن فيها أحداث تسبق أحداث رواية (هك فن) ٢-لأن الخلافات حول الرواية أقل من رواية (هك فن) وهو كذلك! De hecho, creo que hoy en día se lee solamente por dos razones. Una: porque es la precuela de Huck Finn,

and two, because it's considered somehow less controversial than Huck Finn. y dos: porque es considerado, de algún modo, menos controvertido que Huck Finn.

Which it is, but it is also much less interesting. ولكنها أيضًا أقل روعة. Que lo es, pero también es mucho menos interesante.

Right, so Huck Finn is one of those rare examples — like Aliens or The Empire Strikes Back — حسناً رواية (هك فن) هي أحد الأمثلة النادرة حيث تكون الرواية المتممة أروع من الرواية الأصل. Buen, así que Huck Finn es uno de esos raros ejemplos - como Aliens o The Eimpire Strikes Back-

where the sequel outclasses the original. donde la secuela sobrepasa al original.

At first, Twain had a hard time writing the book. في البداية، وجد (توين) صعوبة في كتابة الرواية، بدأ في عام ١٨٧٦م Primero, Twain había tenido un tiempo escribiendo el libro.

He began work in 1876 and wrote to a friend, Empezó a trabajar en 1876 y le escribió a una amigo,

“I like it only tolerably well…and may possibly pigeonhole or burn the manuscript when it is done.” "Me gusta solo de forma tolerable..y puede que posiblemente se lo de a las palomas o queme el manuscrito cuando esté terminado"

And he did pigeonhole it for about six years, but then he returned to it in a frenzy of all-day, every day writing. وفعلاً تجاهل الرواية ٦ سنوات ولكنه عاد إليها بقوة ليكتب يومياً طوال الوقت. Y si lo hizo por casi seis años, pero luego volvió a él en un frenesí de escribir todo el día, todos los días.

Huckleberry Finn, the son of the town drunk, is the sidekick character in “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.” (هكلبيري فن) هو ابن سكير القرية، هو الشخصية المساندة في (مغامرات توم سوير) Huckleberry Finn, el hijo del borracho del pueblo, el personaje compañero en "Las Aventuras de Tom Sayer."

He lives rough and never has to go to school and is pretty much the envy of all the other boys. يعيش حياة قاسية ولا يذهب للمدرسة وببساطة يحسده باقي الأولاد. Él vive duro y nunca va al colegio y es la envidia de todos los otros chicos.

But at the end of that first book he agrees to go and live with the Widow Douglas and become “sivilized” so that he can join Tom Sawyer's gang. لكن في نهاية تلك الرواية، وافق أن يعيش مع أرملة (دوقلاس) ليصبح متحضراً وليتمكن من الانضمام إلى عصابة (توم سوير). Pero al final del primer libro el accede a ir a vivir con la viuda Douglas y se vuelve "civilizado" así que puede unirse a la banda de Tom Sawyer.

The question of what constitutes “getting sivilized” is at the very center of “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” السؤال الذي يتمحور حول "ماهية التحضر" هو الموضوع الرئيسي في رواية (هكلبيري فين) La pregunta de que constituye "ser civilizado" es central en "Las Aventuras de Huckleberry Finn"

And so it begins right there, some time in the 1830s, a few decades before the Civil War. تبدأ الرواية من هناك في وقت ما في عام١٨٣٠م، قبل الحرب الأهلية بعقدين أو أكثر Y así que empieza ahí mismo, en algún momento de 1830. unas décadas antes de la guerra civil.

With Huck going to live with the widow. عندما ذهب (هك) ليعيش مع الأرملة Con Huck teniendo que ir a vivir con la viuda.

Huck, who narrates the book himself and is maybe 14 years old, doesn't take well to what he's told constitutes civilization. يحكي (هك) القصة بصوته وهو يقارب الـ١٤ من عمره لم يكن يقبل ما كان يقال له عن ماهية الحضارة Huck, que narra el libro y quizás tiene 14 años, no se toma bien lo que le dicen sobre lo que constituye la civilización.

Nice clothes are itchy, table manners are confusing, الثياب الجديدة تثير الحكة، آداب الطاولة مربكة La ropa linda da comezón, los modales en la mesa son confusos,

he doesn't understand why the Widow is always trying to tell him Bible stories about dead people. لا يعلم لماذا تقول له الأرملة دائماً قصصًا من الكتاب المقدس عن أناس ماتوا. él no entiende por qué la viuda siempre está tratando de contarle historias de la biblia sobre gente muerta.

He's lonely in the house and his only fun is sneaking off with Tom Sawyer. هو وحيد ومتعته الوحيدة هي التسلل والخروج مع (توم سوير) Él está solo en la casa y su única diversión es escaparse con Tom Sawyer.

But all of that changes when his father, Pap, kidnaps him and locks him in a shack. ولكن كل هذا تغير بعدما خطفه والده وأغلق عليه في كوخ Pero todo eso cambia cuando su padre, Pap, lo secuestra y lo encierra en un choza.

After an evening in which his drunken father nearly kills him, بعد ليلةٍ كاد أبوه السكير أن يقتله، تصنّع (هك) بأنه مات، وهرب في زورق، جدّف حتى وصل إلى جزيرةٍ قريبة. Después de una tarde en la que su ebrio padre trata de matarlo,

Huck fakes his own death, escapes in a found canoe, and paddles to a nearby island. Huckes finge su propia muerte, se escapa en una canoa que encuentra, y rema hasta una isla cercana.

Quick pause here to note that in the beginning of the novel, there are just these two ways of being and adult. لنتوقف هنا قليلاً في بداية الرواية توجد طريقتان فقط لتكون بالغاً Pausa rápida aquí para señalar que en el comienzo de la novela, solo hay dos maneras de ser un adulto.

The civilized way embodied by the widow. الطريقه المتحضرة، والتي تتجسد بالأرملة، والتي تتضمن ملابس نظيفة، والدين والعنصرية المؤسسة؛ La forma civilizada personificada por la viuda.

Which involves, like, clean clothes, and religion, and institutional racism. Lo que implica cosas como ropa limpia y religión y racismo institucional.

And then the uncivilized way of being, embodied by Huck's father -- Y la forma incivilizada, personificada por el padre de Huck-

which involves, like, terrible alcoholism, trying to kill your children, and institutional racism. lo que implica cosas como alcoholismo terrible, tratar de matar a tu hijo y racismo institucional.

But on the river island, away from both of these models of adulthood, ولكن في الجزيرة بعيداً عن هذه النماذج لمعنى البلوغ، (هك) يقابل (جيم). Pero en el río de la isla, lejos de ambos modelos de adultez,

Huck encounters Jim, a slave who ran away when he learned that his mistress, the Widow's sister, Huck se encuentra a Jim, un esclavo que escapó cuando se enteró de que su señor, el hermano de la Viuda,

planned to sell him down the river, away from his family. planeaba venderlo al final del río, lejos de su familia.

Now it's critical to the novel to understand that Huck believes that the right thing to Ahora, es crítico para la novela que entendamos que Huck cree que la cosa correcta que hay que hacer

do in this situation is not to assist an escaped slave. en esta situación es no asistir a un esclavo que escapó.

He believes that the ethically correct thing to do, the civilized thing to do, Él cree que la cosa éticamente correcta que hacer, la cosa civilizada para hacer,

and also, by the way, the legal thing to do, is to turn that escaped slave in. وأيضاً، الناحية القانونية بوجوب التبليغ عنه y también, por cierto, la cosa legal, es devolver al esclavo.

But in Jim, Huck finds a companion and, in a lot of ways, a surrogate father. ولكن يرى (هك) في (جيم) الصاحب، وفي حالات كثيرة الوالد البديل. Pero en Jim, Huck encuentra compañía y, en muchas formas, a un padre sustituto.

And so there's an immediate tension between what Huck calls his conscience, وبذلك نرى توتر فوري بين ما يلقبه (هك) بضميره، وهو بالأساس النظام الاجتماعي الذي يقول له بوجوب تسليمه، Y entonces hay un tensión inmediata entre lo que Huck llama su consciencia,

which is the social order, telling him that he ought to turn this escaped slave in, que es el orden social, diciéndole que él debe devolver a un esclavo fugitivo,

and his actual conscience, which is saying, “hmmm maybe not.” y su verdadera consciencia, que le dice "mmm quizás no"

But when Huck learns that Jim is suspected of Huck's murder and that men are hunting him for a reward, Pero cuando Huck se entera de que Jim es sospechoso del asesinato de Huck y que hay hombres cazándolo por una recompensa,

he says to Jim: “Git up and hump yourself, Jim! There ain't a minute to lose. "تحرك يا جيم! ليس هناك وقت نضيعه فهم يطاردوننا" él le dice a Jim: "Levántate y anímate Jim. No tenemos un minuto para perder.

They're after us!” And that "us" is really important. تلك ال(نا) مهمة جداً لأنهم في الحقيقة يطاردان (جي)، وليس (هك)، ولكن هذا يوضح أن (هك) قرر أن يتعاون مع (جيم). ¡Vienen por nosotros!" y ese "nosotros" es muy importante.

It's only Jim they are after, but this makes it clear Huck has decided to team up with Jim. Sólo buscan a Jim, pero esto hace claro que Huck ha decidido unirse a Jim.

From that moment they set out on the raft, and their adventures really begin. من هذه الدقيقة انطلقا وبدأت مغامرتهما حقاً، يواجهان مخاطر عديدة ويقابلان أشخاصًا عديدين، بعضهم طيبون وبعضهم أشرار. Desde ese momento se suben a una balsa y su verdadera aventura comienza.

They face all kinds of dangers and meet all kinds of people — some nice, some sinister — Ellos enfrentan todo tipo de peligros y se encuentran a todo tipo de gente -algunas buenas, algunas siniestras-

and get into all sorts of trouble before they team up with Tom Sawyer again ويقعون في مشاكل عديدة قبل أن يتعاونا مع (توم سوير) مرةً أخرى y se meten en todo tipo de problemas hasta que se unen con Tom Sawyer otra vez

and Tom devises an elaborate and cruel plan to win Jim his freedom. وحينها رسم (توم) خطة دقيقة وقاسية ليحرر (جيم) y Tom idea un elaborado y cruel plan para ganar la libertad de Jim.

What Tom knows, but Huck don't, is that Jim is already free, his mistress freed him on her deathbed. ما يعرفه توم ولا يعرفه (هك) و(جيم) هو أن (جيم) قد حُرر فمالكته حررته قبل موتها. Lo que Tom sabe, pero Huck y Jim no, es que Jim ya es libre, su señora lo liberó en su lecho de muerte.

So, in the end, Tom forces Jim to undergo an ordeal that's just Tom's nasty idea of a good time. في النهاية اضطر (جيم)، مكرهاً أن يتحمل مزاح (توم) القاسي. Así que al final, Tom fuerza a Jim a someterse a duras pruebas porque esa es la sucia idea de diversión de Tom.

The adventures of Huckleberry Finn was not immediately recognized as a great novel. رواية مغامرات (هكلبيري فين)، لم تُعرف كرواية رائعة في بداياتها. Las Aventuras de Huckleberry Finn no fue inmediatamente reconocida como una gran novela.

A lot of the early reviews weren't terrific كثير من الآراء الأولية لم تكن جيدة، وكان هناك عدة محاولات لحظرها على أساس أنها ستفسد عقول الشباب Muchas de las primeras críticas no fueron geniales

and there were several attempts to ban it on the grounds that it would corrupt any young person who read it. y hubo muchos intentos de censurarlo con la excusa de que corrompería a cualquier persona joven que lo leyera.

The Concord Public Library called it “trashy and vicious.” مكتبة (كونكورد) العامة قالت أن "الراوية تافهة وخبيثة". La Concord Public Library lo calificó de "basura y violento".

But pretty soon there was widespread recognition of the novel's importance. ولكن لاحقاً أصبح هناك اهتمام واسع وتقدير لأهمية الرواية. Pero pronto se generalizó el reconocimiento de la importancia de la novela.

Some of this has to do with plotting, and some of it has to do with style and language. بعض التقدير أتى من طريقة حبك القصة وبعضه من الأسلوب والطريقة اللغوية. Esto tiene que ver en parte con la trama y en parte con el estilo y el lenguaje.

Like, Lionel Trilling, in one of the most famous essays on Huckleberry Finn, كما يقول (لاينول تريلنغ) -أحد أهم من كتب عن (هكلبيري فين)-: "إن اللغة التي اُستخدمت هي ما ميّز الرواية". Como Lionel Trilling en uno de los ensayos más famosos sobre Huckleberry Finn,

argued that it was the language that really sets the book apart. argumentó que es el lenguaje lo que en verdad separa a este libro.

Before Huckleberry Finn pretty much all the American writers thought that قبل رواية (هكلبيري فين) جميع الكتاب الأمريكيين اعتقدوا أنه يجب استخدام لغة رسميه مثل (جيمز فينيمور كوبر). Antes de Huckleberry Finn la mayoría de los escritores norteamericanos pensaban que

if you were writing an important book it had to be formal and high-flown, like James Fennimore Cooper. si estabas escribiendo un libro importarte tenía que ser formal y altisonante, como James Fenimore Cooper.

Twain, by the way, hated James Fenimore Cooper's books. Twain, por cierto, odiaba los libros de James Fenimore Cooper.

If you ever want a good read, you should look up “Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses.” إذا كنتم تريدون قراءة جيدة ابحثوا عن (جرائم فنمور كوبر الأدبية) Si quieres una buena lectura, deberías buscar "Ofensas literarias de Fenimore Cooper".

It's a Twain essay that includes lines like: “Cooper's art has some defects. Es un ensayo de Twain que incluyen frases como: "El arte de Cooper tiene algunos defectos.

In one place in ‘Deerslayer,' in the restricted space of two thirds of a page, En primer lugar en "Deerslayer" en el restringido espacio de 2/3 de página,

Cooper has scored 114 offenses against literary art out of a possible 115. It breaks the record.” Cooper ha alcanzadpo 114 ofensas contra el arte literario de 115 posibles. Rompe el récord."

But, unlike ‘The Deerslayer,' the language of Huckleberry Finn is deliberately down to earth. Pero, a diferencia de "The Deerslayer", el lenguaje en Huckleberry Finn es deliberadamente "con los pies en la tierra" (muy casual)

It's casual, it's ungrammatical, it's frequently and deliberately misspelled. كانت غير رسمية، قواعدها اللغوية بسيطة، الإملاء خاطئ بشكل متكرر ومتعمد Es casual, gramáticamente incorrecto, con freciuencia está deliberadamente mal escrito.

The genius of the book, Trilling wrote, “has something to do with the ease and freedom of the language. العبقرية في الكتابة كما كتب (تريلنغ) "تكمن في بساطة وحرية اللغة، وبشكل كبير في صياغة جمل La genialidad del libro, escribió Trilling, tiene que ver con la facilidad y la libertad del lenguaje.

Most of all it has to do with the structure of the sentence, which is simple, direct and fluent, La mayor parte tiene que ver con la estructura de la oración, que es simple, directo y fluye,

maintaining the rhythm of the word groups of speech, and the intonations of the speaking voice.” manteniendo el ritmo del grupo de palabras del discurso, y las entonaciones de una voz que habla":

Right. At its best, Mark Twain's writing sounds like talking. حسناً، في أحسن حالاتها فإن طريقة (توين) في الكتابة تشبه الكلام، ولكنها بالطبع أصعب في الواقع Bien. En el mejor de los casos Mark Twain escribe como habla.

Which is, of course, much harder than it seems, and it signaled a real watershed moment in American literature. وكانت إشارة إلى نقطة تحول في الأدب الأمريكي Lo que es, por supuesto, mucho más difícil de lo que parece y señaló un gran punto de inflexión en la literatura norteamericana.

Let's Go to the Thought Bubble. لنذهب إلى فقاعة التفكير Vayamos a la Burbuja de Pensamiento.

What makes the book truly significant is its treatment of the relationship between Huck, a poor white boy, ما يجعل الرواية ذات أهمية حقيقية هي محاكاتها للعلاقة بين (هك) الولد الفقير الأبيض، و(جيم) الرجل العبد الإفريقي أمريكي. Lo que hace al libro realmente significante es el tratamiento de la relación entre Huck, el pobre niño blanco

and Jim, an enslaved African-American man. y Jim, un hombre afroamericano esclavizado.

Twain may have written this book after the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, قد يكون (توين) كتب الرواية بعد الحرب الأهلية وإلغاء العبودية، Puede que Twain haya escrito este libro después de la Guerra Civil y la abolición de la esclavitud

but America was and of course, is a nation deeply shaped by racism, لكن أمريكا كانت وبالطبع ما زالت، أمة تشكلها العنصرية بشكل كبير. pero norteamérica fue, y por supuesto es, una nación profundamente moldeada por el racismo,

so the friendship between the two characters and the emergent moral intelligence that it foists upon Huck لذلك الصداقة بين الشخصيتين والإدراك الأخلاقي الناشئ الذي تسلل إلى (هك) جعل الرواية استثنائية. así que la amistad entre los dos personajes y la emergente consciencia moral que se impone en Huck

are what really makes the book unusual. son lo que en verdad hacen inusual al libro.

As we saw, Huck first throws in his lot with Jim when they're still on the island, Como vimos, Huck primero se une a Jim cuando todavía están en la isla,

but throughout their journey Huck struggles with the idea of what it means to help a runaway slave, ولكن طوال رحلتهم (هك) كان يصارع معنى مساعدة عبد، ومعنى أن يعامل (جيم) كرفيق وصديق. pero a lo largo de su jornada, Huck lucha con la idea de lo que significa ayudar a un esclavo en fuga,

and what it means to treat Jim as a comrade and a friend. y que eso significa tratar a Jim como a un camarada o un amigo.

This is partly due to Huck's conscience, which is telling him over and over that he's Esto se debe en parte a la consciencia de Huck, que le dice una y otra vez que él

going to go to actual Hell for helping Jim. se va a ir al infierno por ayudar a Jim.

But in the beginning of the book, Huck can be quite cruel to Jim. ولكن في بداية الرواية يمكن ل(هك) أن يكون قاسياً مع (جيم)، Pero al comienzo del libro, Huck puede ser bastante cruel con Jim.

Early in the book, he and Tom Sawyer play a trick on Jim, hanging his hat in a tree so that Jim, كما في البداية، كان هو و(توم سوير) يمازحان (جيم) بتعليق قبعته في أعلى شجرة ولأن (جيم) يؤمن بالخرافات، وأن مشعوذات وضعوها هناك و(جيم) كان فخور بذلك. Al principio, él y Tom Sawyer le hacen una broma a Jim, le cuelgan su sombrero en un árbol así Jim,

who is very superstitious, thinks that witches have taken it, which Jim is very proud of. que es muy supersticioso, piensa que las brujas se lo sacaron, de lo que Jim está muy orgulloso.

But later in the book, Huck tries to pull another prank, ولكن لاحقاً في الرواية حاول (هك) أن يخدع (جيم) مرةً أخرى، ولكن (جيم) علم أنها خدعه وقال لـ(هك): Pero más tarde en el libro, Huck trata de hacer otra broma,

making Jim think that his fear that Huck was lost in the fog was only a dream. tratando de hacerle creer a Jim que su miedo porque Huck se había perdido en la niebla era solo un sueño.

But Jim knows it's a trick he tells Huck that people who try to make others feel ashamed are trash. "الناس الذين يجعلون الآخرين يشعرون بالخجل تافهون بالطبع" Pero Jim que sabe que es un truco le dice a Huck que las personas que tratan de avergonzar a otras son basura.

Now, of course, Huck is an expert at tricks and telling lies. بالطبع فإن (هك) خبير في الحيل والأكاذيب، خلال الرواية لا يستخدم نفس الاسم أو القصة مع أي شخص يقابله، والناس دائماً يصدقوه. Ahora, por supuesto, Huck es un experto con los trucos y las mentiras.

Through the book he never uses the same name or the same origin story with any two people he meets A lo largo del libro nunca usa el mismo nombre o la misma historia de origen dos veces con todas las personas que conoce

and the people almost always believe him. y las personas casi siempre le creen.

Well, except for when he dresses up as a girl. He's really bad at being a girl. Bueno, excepto cuando se viste como una chica. Él no es muy bueno siendo una chica.

But on the raft Huck learns that you can't trick the people you care about. ولكن في الطوافة يقول (هك): لا تستطيع أن تخدع الناس الذين تهتم بأمرهم. Pero en la balsa Huck aprende que no puedes engañar a las personas que te importan.

So Huck feels ashamed for trying to trick Jim, and eventually works himself up to apologize. شعر (هك) بالخجل لمحاولة خداع (جيم) وقدم له الاعتذار فقال: Así que Huck se siente avergonzado por tratar de engañar Jim, y eventualmente trabaja una disculpa.

He says, and I'm quoting selectively here, "I done it, and I weren't ever sorry for it afterwards neither." وقد اقتبست بشكل انتقائي " لقد فعلتها، ولم أكن أكثر أسفاً بعدئذ على الإطلاق" شكراً يا فقاعة الأفكار Él dice, y estoy citando selectivamente aquí, "Lo hice, y ni siquiera lo sentía después de haberlo hecho."