Communist Boots Are Made For Walking - Mao‘s Long March | BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1935 Part 3 of 4 - YouTube (1) Kommunistische Stiefel sind zum Gehen gemacht - Maos langer Marsch | ZWISCHEN 2 KRIEGEN I 1935 Teil 3 von 4 - YouTube (1) 共産主義者のブーツは歩くために作られた - 毛沢東の長征｜BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1935 Part 3 of 4 - YouTube (1) Komunistyczne buty są stworzone do chodzenia - Długi marsz Mao | MIĘDZY 2 WOJNAMI I 1935 Część 3 z 4 - YouTube (1) Коммунистические сапоги созданы для ходьбы - Долгий марш Мао | МЕЖДУ 2-мя войнами I 1935 Часть 3 из 4 - YouTube (1) Комуністичні черевики створені для ходьби - Довгий марш Мао | МІЖ 2 ВІЙНАМИ I 1935 Частина 3 з 4 - YouTube (1) 共产主义靴子是用来走路的——毛泽东的长征|第一次世界大战 1935 年第 3 部分（共 4 部分） - YouTube (1)

In 1935, a group of Chinese dissidents embark on an exhausting and dangerous Long March. |||||异议人士|||||||| В 1935 г. группа китайских диссидентов отправляется в полный опасностей Великий поход. 1935年，一群中国异见人士踏上了艰苦而危险的长征。 1935年，一群中國異議人士踏上了疲憊而危險的長徵。

Their friends have been ousted from ruling positions, tortured and killed by the ruling ||||驱逐||||||||| ||||removed from power||||||||| Их друзей выкинула с руководящих постов, пытала и убивала правящая партия националистов. 他们的朋友被赶下统治地位，被统治者折磨和杀害 他們的朋友被趕下統治地位，受到統治者的酷刑和殺害

Nationalist party. They are looking to rebuild their ‘Red Area' from which they will 民族主义政党。他们正在寻求重建他们的“红色区域”，他们将从那里 國民黨。他們正在尋求重建他們的“紅色區域”

fight for their cause, while Nationalist leader Chiang Kai Shek still plans to eradicate them. |||||||||||||消灭| а лидер националистов Чан Кайши не остановится, пока не истребит их под корень. 為他們的事業而奮鬥，而國民黨領袖蔣介石仍然計劃剷除他們。

Led by Chairman Mao Zedong, they are the Chinese Communists, and they are hungry for power. ||主席||||||||||||| ||Chairman Mao||||||||||||| Ведомые председателем Мао Цзедуном, они - китайские коммунисты, и они жаждут власти. 他们是中国共产党，由毛泽东主席领导，他们渴望权力。 他們是毛澤東主席領導的中國共產黨人，他們渴望權力。

Welcome to Between-2-Wars a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all Это "Меж двух войн" - краткое изложение событий межвоенного периода, 欢迎来到 Between-2-Wars，这是两次世界大战之间时间顺序的总结，涵盖了所有 歡迎閱讀《Between-2-Wars》，這是按時間順序對兩次世界大戰之間的年份進行的總結，涵蓋了所有內容

facets of life, the uncertainty, hedonism, and euphoria, and ultimately humanity's 生活的各个方面，不确定性、享乐主义和欣快感，以及人类的 生活的各個面向、不確定性、享樂主義和欣快感，以及最終的人性

descent into the darkness of the Second World War. I'm Indy Neidell. Меня зовут Инди Найделл. 陷入第二次世界大战的黑暗。我是 Indy Neidell。 陷入第二次世界大戰的黑暗之中。我是印迪·內德爾。

The last time we covered China in a 1926 episode, Chiang Kai Shek had just seized control of 我们上次报道中国是在 1926 年，当时蒋介石刚刚夺取了 上次我們在 1926 年的一集報導中國時，蔣介石剛剛奪取了中國的控制權。

the Nationalist Party- the Kuomintang, and his rival Wang Jingwei was forced into exile. |||||||||||||流亡 а его соперник Ван Цзинвэй был вынужден отойти от дел. 國民黨，其競爭對手汪精衛被迫流亡。

China was far from unified, though Chiang was on the brink of finally pushing North ||||||蒋||||边缘|||| ||||||||||verge|||| Китай был ещё раздроблен, но Чану оставалось совсем чуть-чуть, чтобы додавить Север 中国还远未统一，尽管蒋介石已经接近最终向北方推进 中國遠未統一，儘管蔣介石即將最終北上

to conquer the northern warlords. But his government in the South still faced opposition ||||leaders of the north||||||||| 征服北方军阀。但他在南方的政府仍然面临反对 去征服北洋軍閥。但他的南方政府仍面臨反對

from within. 从内部。 從內部。

So, that is where we left off. The idea of a unified China is widely supported in many 至此，我们结束了。统一中国的想法在许多国家都得到了广泛的支持。 所以，這就是我們離開的地方。統一中國的理念得到許多國家的廣泛支持

circles. The Kuomintang, the Chinese Communists, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the influential Гоминьдан, КПК, глава СССР Иосиф Сталин, влиятельный генерал Фэн Юйсян - 国民党、中国共产党、苏联领导人约瑟夫·斯大林和有影响力的 界。國民黨、中國共產黨、蘇聯領導人約瑟夫·史達林以及有影響力的人物

Warlord Feng Yuxiang all support the unification of China. все они желают сделать Китай единым. 軍閥馮玉祥都支持中國的統一。

Okay, in 1926, Chinese nationalism is not necessarily left-wing nor right-wing, but Итак, в 1926 г. китайский национализм не имеет чёткой правой или левой направленности, 好吧，1926 年，中国民族主义不一定是左翼，也不一定是右翼，但是 好吧，在1926年，中國的民族主義不一定是左翼或右翼，但是

rather a shared ideal supported by a multitude of ideological movements and individuals. это скорее общая идея, выдвигаемая множеством различных движений и идеологов. 而是一个由众多意识形态运动和个人支持的共同理想。 相反，這是一個由眾多意識形態運動和個人支持的共同理想。

Though Chiang had gained control over the Kuomintang and purged the communist elements |||||||||清除||| |||||||||removed||| Хотя Чан заполучил контроль над Гоминьданом и вычистил оттуда коммунистические элементы, 尽管蒋介石已经控制了国民党，并清除了共产党分子 儘管蔣介石已經控制了國民黨並清除了共產黨分子

from its leadership, he still enjoys the support of both Stalin and Feng Yuxiang. Chiang is 從領導階層來看，他仍然得到史達林和馮玉祥的支持。蔣是

careful also not to alienate the Chinese Communists in general. After assuming power, he quickly ||||疏远|||||||||| ||||estrange|||||||||| 他还小心谨慎，不疏远中国共产党。掌权后，他很快 也要注意不要疏遠中國共產黨人。他掌權後，迅速

lifts martial law, releases communist prisoners and forbids right-wing demonstrations. 解除|军事|法|||||||| imposes|||||||||| и запрещает демонстрации с правым уклоном. 解除戒严，释放共产党囚犯，并禁止右翼示威活动。 解除戒嚴，釋放共產黨囚犯並禁止右翼示威。

The Kuomintang Nationalists Army- the NRA- then does well from the start of the Nothern Национальная армия Гоминьдана, НРА, хорошо показывает себя с начала Северного похода, 國民黨國民黨軍隊——全國步槍協會——從北方成立之初就表現出色

Expedition, capturing Nanjing and Shanghai by April 1927. захватив Нанкин и Шанхай к апрелю 1927 г. 远征军于 1927 年 4 月攻占南京和上海。 1927年4月，远征，占领南京和上海。 1927 年 4 月，遠徵佔領南京和上海。

The NRA, though, is not centrally organized, and is made out of loosely connected alliances ||||||||||||not tightly|| Однако НРА не имеет централизованной организации, она состоит из слабо связанных альянсов и военных группировок, 尽管国民革命军没有中央组织，而是由松散连接的联盟和军事组织组成 不過，全國步槍協會並不是集中組織的，而是由鬆散聯繫的聯盟組成的

and military groups, all with their own interests. Other than a common national goal, the desire 以及军事团体，都有自己的利益。除了共同的国家目标之外， 都有自己的利益。除了一个共同的国家目标之外，还有一个愿望 和軍事團體，都有自己的利益。除了共同的國家目標之外，

to gain personal glory and increase power over other military groups within the NRA и желание увеличить власть над военными в НРА 获得个人荣耀并增强对 NRA 内其他军事团体的权力 获得个人荣耀并增加对NRA内其他军事团体的权力 獲得個人榮耀並增強對全國步槍協會內其他軍事團體的權力

are big motivators for those in command of the Nationalist Armies. With a lack of central ||动力||||||||||||| 是国民党军队指挥官的一大动力。由于缺乏中央 是国民军指挥官的重要动力。由于缺乏中央控制，国民党、共产党和苏联都试图控制这次远征。他们抓住一切机会来提升自己的地位，随着北方 是國民黨軍隊指揮者的巨大動力。由於缺乏中央

control, the Nationalists, the Communists, and the Soviets all attempt to control the пытаются взять поход под свой контроль. 控制，国民党、共产党和苏联都试图控制这次远征。他们抓住一切机会来提升自己的地位，随着北方 國民黨、共產黨和蘇聯都試圖控制

expedition. They grab every chance they can to boost their own position, and as the Northern ||||||||improve||||||| 远征。他们抓住一切机会来提升自己的地位，而作为北方 他们抓住一切机会来提升自己的地位，随着北方 遠徵。他們抓住每一個機會來提升自己的地位，就像北方人一樣

Expedition proved to be – against the expectations of many, a success, the internal struggle 事实证明，这次远征是成功的——出乎很多人的意料，内部斗争 远征被证明是一个成功的，令许多人意想不到，内部斗争 事實證明，遠徵——出乎許多人的意料，取得了成功，內部鬥爭

only worsens. This all negatively affects the authority of Chiang Kai Shek as Commander-In-Chief |deteriorates|||||||||||||| Всё это отрицательно сказывается на авторитете Чана Кайши как генералиссимуса НРА, 只会恶化。这一切都对蒋介石作为总司令的权威产生了负面影响 只会加剧。所有这些都会负面影响蒋介石作为中华民国国民党军总司令的权威 只會變得更糟。這一切都對蔣介石作為總司令的權威產生了負面影響

of the NRA, as other military figures get a lot of military prestige and power. так как другие военные фигуры получают много престижа и власти в армии. 其他军方人物也享有很高的军事威望和权力。 因为其他军事人物获得了许多军事声誉和权力。 與其他軍事人物一樣，美國步槍協會也擁有很高的軍事威望和權力。

Still, much of China is now under Kuomintang control. But it is not at all clear who will 儘管如此，中國的大部分地區現在仍處於國民黨的控制之下。但目前還不清楚誰會

come out on top as winners and who will be the losers. emerge||||||||||| 脱颖而出成为赢家的人，输家又将是谁。 成為贏家，誰會成為輸家。

The KMT- Kuomintang- at this time is not only divided into factions of power-hungry militants, |||||||||||groups||||activists 国民党目前不仅分裂为渴望权力的激进分子派系， 此時的KMT——國民黨——不僅分為渴望權力的激進分子派別，

it is also far from homogeneous when it comes to their ideology. The communists of the CCP |||||同质||||||||||| |||||uniform||||||||||| 在意识形态问题上也远非一致。 共产党人 他們的意識形態也遠非同質。中國共產黨的共產黨人

lost influence in its leadership, as I said, however, they are still more or less a part 正如我所說，他們在領導層中失去了影響力，但他們仍然或多或少是一部分

of the Kuomintang.

And they see opportunities. The CCP- the Chinese Communist Party- starts searching for ways ||||||||共产党|||寻找|| КПК - коммунистическая партия Китая - ищет пути возродить своё влияние на ГМД 他们看到了机会。中国共产党开始寻找方法 他們看到了機會。 CCP——中國共產黨——開始尋找出路

to expand their influence over the KMT and China. But they too are divided amongst themselves. Но среди лидеров КПК тоже нет единства. 拓展对国民党和中国的影响力。但他们自己也存在分歧。

Borodin, Stalin's adviser to the Kuomintang, wants to assert control over KMT institutions. ||||||||assert 控制|||| ||adviser to||||||establish firm|||| 博罗丁，斯大林的顾问，希望控制国民党的机构。

Communist Party founder and Chairman Chen Duxiu doesn't agree and believes that the 中国共产党创始人兼主席陈独秀并不同意，他认为

CCP should organize and arm radical labor and peasant movements. In the meantime, Chen ||||equip||movements||farmers||||| 中共应该组织和武装激进的工人和农民运动。同时，陈

wants to provoke a division between the left-wing of the KMT, with among others Wang Jingwei 想要挑起国民党左派，包括汪精卫等人之间的分裂 希望挑起国民党左派与王景伟等人之间，创建分裂，

who has returned from exile, and the right-wing of the KMT, including Chiang Kai Shek - to и правым крылом, которое возглавляет Чан Кайши, 流亡归来的国民党右翼，包括蒋介石—— 王景伟已经从流亡中返回，以及国民党右派，包括蒋介石 -

avoid the Kuomintang from ever uniting against the CCP. чтобы избежать ситуации, где Гоминьдан выступает единым фронтом против КПК.

Unfortunately for Duxiu, that is precisely what happens.

Before I go there, let me quickly explain why the CCP is so anxious not to offend the |||||||||中国共产党|||||||| |||||||||||||eager|||| 在讲到这儿之前，让我先简单解释一下为什么中共如此急于不冒犯

Kuomintang too much. I mean, the Nationalists don't really envision a communist revolution ||||||||||||革命 |||||||||foresee|||

in China, right? Well... Yes and no. The KMT is first and foremost a nationalistic revolutionary Ну... И да, и нет. ГМД в первую и главную очередь - национал-революционное движение, 在中国，对吧？嗯……既是又不是。国民党首先是一个民族主义革命党

movement, something they share with the communists. In this sense, even Chiang Kai Shek sees himself |||||||||||||||他自己 что роднит их с коммунистами. В этом смысле даже Чан Кайши мыслит себя революционером,

as a revolutionary - something he also played on to get support from the Soviet Union. But |||||||on|||||||| на чём ему удалось сыграть, когда он просил помощи у Советского Союза.

more importantly, the CCP is nowhere near the military power that the Kuomintang with 更重要的是，中共的军事实力远不及国民党

its National Revolutionary Army is. Armed conflict with them is impossible; thus, the |||||||||||therefore| Вооружённый конфликт с ними невозможен;

CCP has to look for other ways to reach their goals. таким образом, Чэнь Дусю начинает организовывать вооружённое крыло КПК.

A new effort to remove communists from the KMT is to be avoided at all costs and to eventually

strengthen their position, Chen Duxiu starts building up an armed wing of the CCP. He asks 为了巩固自己的地位，陈独秀开始建立中共的武装派别。他要求

the Soviets to support him with military supplies, but the Soviets deny this in fear of an armed

conflict between the two movements. The main goal for the Soviets at this point still is

to unify China.

But support or no support, something is brewing in the Chinese countryside. |||||||发生|||| |||||||developing|||| 然而，不管有无支持，中国农村正在酝酿着一些事情。

Throughout China, most notably in Hunan Province and Shanghai, peasants are uniting and calling 在整个中国，尤其是在湖南省和上海，农民们正在团结起来，提出土地改革的呼声。

for land reforms. As this peasant movement forms, a man named Mao Zedong is assigned В связи с ростом крестьянских движений некому Мао Цзедуну 随着农民运动的形成，一个名叫毛泽东的人被分配任务。

to write a report on it for the Kuomintang Government. Mao, already active in the communist

movement, reports that ‘the poor peasants are the vanguard of the revolution'. "бедные крестьяне - это авангард революции". 运动报告称，“贫农是革命的先锋”。

And the peasant movement grows and grows quickly. By March 1927, over five million members have 农民运动迅速发展壮大。到1927年3月，湖南省农民协会已有超过五百万会员加入其中。

joined the Hunan Provincial Peasant Association, which arms peasants and seizes land from large 该协会武装农民并从大地主手中夺取土地。

property owners. This becomes a gruesome and violent peasant rebellion. Battles between |||||可怕的|||||| Движение перерастает в чудовищное по жестокости крестьянское восстание 财产所有者。 这演变成了一场惨烈而暴力的农民起义。 农民与地方民兵之间

peasants and local militias, paid by local elites, take place. Even Mao acknowledges 力量悬殊的战斗在发生。 地方精英支付的民兵参与其中。 甚至毛泽东都承认

that this could have adverse effects on the CCP's goals, as he writes that ‘if assassinations |||有|不利||||||||||| 这可能对中共的目标产生负面影响，他写道‘如果刺杀事件

[…] continue to occur without end, a violent end would ensue should there be a military |||||||||发生||||| когда их постигнет военная неудача". 继续发生，不断发生，如果发生军事冲突，将会有暴力结局。

setback.' 挫折 回退”。

And Mao's assessment proves to be on point. The violence can not be contained. An uprising 毛泽东的评估证明是准确的。暴力是无法控制的。一场起义

in Shanghai turns into total chaos, and the KMT loses control. Communist supporters kill |||||||||失去|||| 上海陷入一片混乱，国民党失去了控制。共产党支持者杀了

whomever they suspect supports the Nationalist authorities while police forces crackdown ||||||||||镇压 кого подозревают в поддержке власти националистов, а полиция устраивает облавы на бунтовщиков. 他们怀疑谁支持国民党当局，警方就严厉打击

on the insurgents. Wang Jingwei can do nothing to stem the tide and the CCP and the KMT end |||||||||阻止||||||||| 对叛乱分子采取了严厉的行动。汪精卫束手无策，共产党和国民党最终彼此对立

up turning on each other. In truth, the backstory is much more complicated than I just explained, ||||||||背景故事|||||||| На самом деле история гораздо сложнее, чем я объяснил, 事实上，背景故事要比我刚刚解释的要复杂得多，有更多的人扮演了重要角色。

and a lot more people played big parts. но об этом в другое время в другом месте. 彼此对立。事实上，背景故事比我刚刚解释的要复杂得多，并且有更多人扮演了重要角色。

Anyhow, power games played by Kuomintang, the Communist Party, the Peasants movement, 无论如何，国民党、共产党、农民运动、上海暴动以及20世纪20年代大部分时间累积的紧张局势，都导致了一场全面爆发的暴力事件。

the Shanghai Revolt, and the tensions that have been building up for the better part ||起义|||||||||||| 共产党在上海暴动中投入了一些力量。

of the 1920's lead to an all-out eruption of violence. приводят ко всеобщему взрыву насилия. 国民党在现实中依然占据主导地位。

On April 12, 1927, the Guangxi forces, with the approval of Chiang Kai Shek, massacre |||广西||||||||| 12-го апреля 1927 г. силы Гуанси с подачи Чана Кайши 1927年4月12日，广西部队在蒋介石的批准下，进行大屠杀

the Communists in Shanghai in an effort to end the revolts. This ‘White Terror' spreads ||||||||||叛乱||白||

through China as Communists are murdered on the streets and in their homes. Others are

imprisoned and tortured. Thousands of people lose their lives. Forced to flee the cities 被监禁和折磨。成千上万的人丧生。被迫逃离城市

under control of the KMT, the Communists seek refuge in the countryside. As Chiang's forces ||||||||避难|||||| 在国民党控制之下，共产党人寻求在农村避难。当蒋的部队

clear their territory, the government, and the party of communists, any other dissidents правительству, партии коммунистов и другим несогласным затыкают рот 清理他们的领土时，政府和共产党的其他异见者

are silenced or are subtly advised to ‘go abroad for a vacation'. либо рекомендуют "уехать за границу в отпуск". 被噤声，或被委婉地建议“出国度假”。 要么被压制，要么被微妙地建议“出国度假”。

With the Communists driven from power and the United Front just a memory of more peaceful После того как коммунистов устранили из власти и Объединённый Фронт остался лишь в памяти, 随着共产党被赶下台，统一战线也只是更加和平的回忆 随着共产党被赶下台，统一战线只是更平静时期的记忆，蒋介石在1928年结束了北伐，从那时起，他变得更接近

times, Chiang finishes his Northern Expedition in 1928, from which point he is a lot closer 蒋介石于 1928 年完成了北伐，从那时开始，他离 。

to being the leader of a unified China. There were still though many forces at play pushing 成为一个统一中国的领导人。然而，仍有许多力量在推动和拉拽蒋介石朝不同的方向发展，迫使他将注意力集中在抵抗军阀和党内反对派的任何行动上。

and pulling Chiang in different directions, forcing him to direct his attention to any Итак, последующие годы он всецело посвящает разборкам с оставшимися милитаристами, 上。

resisting warlords and any opposition from within his own party. 在。

So… forward to 1934. The Chinese Communist Party barely survived the 1927 purges and ||||||||||清洗| ||||||||||purges| 那么……快进到 1934 年。中国共产党勉强熬过了 1927 年的大清洗， 那么...前进到1934年。 中国共产党勉强在1927年的清洗中幸存下来，

lost virtually all their power in the Chinese cities. They were driven to rural areas - where 在中国城市里，它们几乎失去了所有电力供应。它们被赶到农村地区——在那里 几乎失去了他们在中国城市的所有权力。 他们被逼到了农村地区 - 在那里

the Kuomintang didn't have too much influence and where Communist sympathetic peasants were 国民党没有太大影响力，而同情共产党的农民 国民党影响力不大，而共产党同情的农民占多数。

‘in charge'. Once the Nationalists took up arms against the Communists, this was no |||||took|||||||| Как только националисты пошли с оружием на коммунистов, “负责”。一旦国民党对共产党动起武装，这不只是一场为权力而斗争的政治斗争。武装冲突似乎是双方唯一的出路。

longer just a political struggle for power. Armed conflict seems to be the only way out 中国工农红军，简称“红军” -

– for both sides. The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China, or just ‘Red Army', Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия Китая, или просто Красная армия,. 是负责任的一方。一旦国民党对共产党动起武装，这不只是一场为权力而斗争的政治斗争。武装冲突似乎是双方唯一的出路。

was set up in 1927, shortly after the purges. Because this new phase of the situation requires |set|||||||||||||| была создана в 1927 г. вскоре после чисток, потому что в таком положении требуется армия. 这是在1927年成立的，就在清洗之后不久。因为这种情况的新阶段需要

an army. This is civil war. Это гражданская война. 一支军队。这是内战。

The communists continue organizing their movement in the rural Jiangxi province throughout the Коммунисты дальше организовывают движения в сельской Цзянси в конце 20-х - начале 30-х, 共产党继续在江西省农村组织他们的运动。 共产党继续在江西农村省组织他们的运动

late 20s and early 30s in relative peace because Chiang is occupied dealing with other problems. остваясь в относительном покое, пока Чан занят другими вопросами. 20 世纪末和 30 年代初期，蒋介石处于相对和平的时期，因为蒋介石忙于处理其他问题。 20年代末至30年代初相对平静，因为蒋介石正忙于处理其他问题。

In 1931,The Jiangxi-Fujian Soviet, practically known as the Chinese Soviet Republic is founded ||||||||中国||||| |||||||||||||founded 1931 г. Совет Цзянси-Фуцзянь,а в народе просто - Китайская Советская республика 1931年，江西-福建苏维埃政权（即中华苏维埃共和国）成立 1931年，江西福建苏维埃，实际上被称为中华苏维埃共和国，由朱德将军和毛泽东创立。

by General Zhu De and Mao Zedong, who by know has risen the ranks as a revolutionary and ||||||||by|knowledge|||||||| основывается генералом Чжу Дэ и Мао Цзедуном, который поднялся по партийной лестнице 朱德将军和毛泽东，他们已经晋升为革命家和 朱德和毛泽东两位已经在革命中崭露头角，毛泽东晋升为革命家。

functions as the Chairman and Prime Minister of the Chinese Soviet Republic. functions||||||||||| и теперь занимает пост председателя и премьер-министра Китайской Советской республики. 担任中华苏维埃共和国主席兼总理。

This functions as a state within a state, within the Republic of China, itself governed |functions|as|||||||||||| По факту это государство в государстве, внутри Китая Чана Кайши и Гоминьдана. 这是作为一个国家内的一个国家，中华民国内部由蒋介石大元帅和国民党统治。

by Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek and the Kuomintang. Ever since the White Terror, Chiang has wanted |蒋介石|||||||||||||| |Generalissimo||||||||||White|||| 蒋介石总司令和国民党。自从白色恐怖以来，蒋介石一直想 自白色恐怖以来，蒋一直想要

to wipe out the communists for good. However, despite the successes of the Northern Expedition, ||wipe|||||||||||| 彻底消灭共产党。然而，尽管北伐取得了成功， 彻底消灭共产主义者。然而，尽管北伐取得了成功，

Chiang still doesn't control a united country- He is master of the cities, but in between |||||||||统治者|||||| 蒋仍然没有控制一个统一的国家-他掌控着城市，但在城市之间

lay stretches of lands inhabited by peasants that are not really his to command. 位于||||||||||||| |stretches|||inhabited||||||||| 有着大片土地，居住着不真正属于他指挥的农民。

That is where Mao excels. He sees this as a peoples war. The Red Army, though inferior ||||||||||||||||劣势 ||||excels|||||||||||| 这就是毛泽东的优势所在。他将这场战争视为人民的战争。红军虽然在人数上劣势

in numbers, could hold out in rural areas with the support of the people. |数字|||||||||||| |||hold|||||||||| 但在农村得到人民的支持后可以坚守住。

The communists don't need big fortified cities. Instead, they lure Chiang's armies |||||防御工事的|||||| |||||||||attract|| 共产党不需要大城市。相反，他们引诱蒋介石的军队 共产党不需要大型设防的城市。相反，他们诱使蒋的军队

to the countryside, stretching the Nationalist Armies supply lines. That is what Mao calls ||||||||补给线||||| 农村地区，拉长国民党军的供应线。这就是毛泽东所说的

‘Mobile Warfare'. As opposed to Guerrilla Warfare, Mobile Warfare is less about sabotaging 机动|||||游击||||||关于|破坏 |Warfare|||||Warfare|||||| “机动战”。与游击战相比，机动战并不涉及破坏 “游击战”。与游击战相对，机动战不太关注破坏和进行小规模袭击。相反，它更多地涉及维持一个相对规模较大的

and making small scale attacks. Instead, it is about maintaining a relatively sizeable ||||||||||||sizeable Она заключается в сохранении сравнительно большой армии 并发动小规模攻击。相反，它是为了保持一个相对较大的 军队。

army, but never going head-on against a numerically and technologically superior army when you ||||||||在数量上|||||| но избегании лобового столкновения с численно и технически превосходящим противником, 但永远不要与一支在数量和技术上都占优势的军队正面交锋。 军队，但永远不会正面对抗数量和技术上优势的军队，当你知道胜算不在你这边时。

know the odds are against you. You only hit them, or parts of them, when you know for 你只有在确信自己会赢的情况下才会攻击他们，或者攻击他们的某些部分。

a fact that you will win the encounter. 一定会赢得这次遭遇。

So Mao and the Communists, with the general support of the people, are relatively secure 因此，毛泽东和共产党在人民的普遍支持下，相对安全

in the Jiangxi province. Until 1934.

Chiang and the National Government have by now introduced ‘Peace preservation forces' |||||||||和平|| 蒋介石和国民政府现在已经成立了“维稳部队”

to consolidate his military power throughout the entirety of China. Not just to battle |||||||整个|||||| 巩固他在全中国的军事力量。不仅仅是为了战斗

communists, but also the large number of ‘bandits' and remnants of insurgent warlord factions. |||||||土匪|||||| |||||||bandits||remnants|||| и недобитыми фракциями милитаристов. 共产党人，还有大量‘土匪’和叛乱军阀派系的残余势力。

The Nanchang Headquarters is established to oversee local governments and tries to extend ||||||oversee|||||| 设立南昌指挥部，负责监督地方政府，并试图扩大

its influence through the construction of irrigation networks, infrastructure, and the ||||||irrigation|||| 通过建设灌溉网络、基础设施和

creation of food supplies. At the same time, the NRA launches several ‘suppression campaigns ||||||||||||suppression| 创造粮食供应。与此同时，NRA 发起了几次“镇压运动

to defeat the communists'. Despite some setbacks in 1933, including the |||||一些|||| ||||||setbacks||| 打败共产党。尽管在 1933 年遭遇了一些挫折，包括

Nationalist Fuijian rebellion, Nationalist Forces launch the fourth and fifth campaigns силы националистов проводят четвёртую и пятую кампании

to eradicate the communists in the Jiangxi Soviet in 1934. In the ‘Anti-Communist Annihilation |||||||||||||消灭 1934 年，江西苏区共产党被彻底消灭。在“反共剿灭”

campaign', over one million men are mobilized. They are equipped with heavy artillery and ||||||||||||artillery| 战役”期间，动员了一百多万人。他们配备了重型火炮和

an air force - things the communists don't have.

But the Communists don't do massive battles, remember? They are all about mobility and 但共产党不打大规模的战争，记得吗？他们只注重机动性和

evasion. 逃避 逃費。

The NRA's answer to Mao's Mobile warfare is called ‘Fortism' and is all about ‘caution |||||||||堡垒主义||||| |||||||||Fortism|||||caution и заключается он в "осторожности и терпении". 美国步枪协会对毛泽东的“机动战”的回应是“堡垒主义”，其核心是“谨慎”

and patience'. A series of inter-connected fortifications is built. A corridor of fortified |||||||||||corridor|| 和耐心”。建造了一系列相互连接的防御工事。一条防御工事走廊

blockhouses and machine-gun outposts surrounding the ‘Red Area' disrupt Communist supply 碉堡||||哨所||||||| blockhouses||||outposts|||||disrupt|| “红区”周围的碉堡和机枪哨所扰乱了共产党的补给

lines and dissuade the Red Army from seeking confrontation. Additionally, improved infrastructure ||||||||对抗||| ||dissuade||||||||| 路线，并劝阻红军不要寻求对抗。此外，改善基础设施

allows for a better supply chain and makes a long, defensive offensive sustainable. Slowly ||||||||||||sustainable| 可以改善供应链，并使长期的防御性攻势可持续。慢慢地

but steadily, those fortifications will be moved closer to the centre of the communist |steadily||||||||||||

territory, effectively eliminating all communist resistance. по сути устраняя всё сопротивление.

The communists panic and decide that their Guerrilla and Mobile Warfare won't stand ||||决定|||游击战||||| ||||||||||||endure Коммунисты в панике, они решают, что их мобильная или даже партизанская война 共产党人惊慌失措，认为他们的游击战和运动战无法持续下去

a chance against the superior defensive tactics of the NRA, and they take a huge gamble. They 面对 NRA 优越的防守策略，他们冒了很大的风险。他们

go with old-fashioned positional warfare, in other words, they choose to face the Nationalists встречаются с националистами в лоб. 采取老式的阵地战，换句话说，他们选择与国民党对抗

head-on. In a decisive battle at Guangchang, ‘the northern gate of Jiangxi province,' |||||||广昌|||||| В решающем сражении за Гуанчан, "северные ворота Цзянси", 正面交锋。在江西北大门广昌的决定性战役中，