Evidence Reveals How the Pyramids Were Actually Built 证据显示|揭示|||金字塔建造||| |Ortaya koyuyor|||Piramitlerin inşası||| Beweise enthüllen, wie die Pyramiden tatsächlich gebaut wurden Τα στοιχεία αποκαλύπτουν πώς χτίστηκαν στην πραγματικότητα οι Πυραμίδες Las pruebas revelan cómo se construyeron realmente las pirámides شواهد نشان می دهد که اهرام در واقع چگونه ساخته شده اند Des preuves révèlent comment les pyramides ont été construites Le prove rivelano come furono effettivamente costruite le piramidi ピラミッドが実際にどのように建造されたかを示す証拠 피라미드가 실제로 어떻게 건설되었는지를 보여주는 증거들 Įrodymai atskleidžia, kaip iš tikrųjų buvo statomos piramidės Dowody ujawniają, jak naprawdę zbudowano piramidy Evidências revelam como as pirâmides foram realmente construídas Улики раскрывают, как на самом деле были построены пирамиды Kanıtlar Piramitlerin Gerçekte Nasıl İnşa Edildiğini Ortaya Koyuyor Докази показують, як насправді були побудовані піраміди 证据揭示金字塔的实际建造过程 證據揭示了金字塔的實際建造方式

You probably remember learning about the Egyptian pyramids at some point in elementary school. ||||||埃及的|金字塔|||||小学| |wahrscheinlich|||||||||||| |||learning||||ancient Egyptian structures|||||| ||||||Mısır'daki||||||ilkokul| 小学校のある時点でエジプトのピラミッドについて学んだことをおそらく覚えているでしょう。

And even if you weren't part of the public school system, you were bound to encounter |||||||||||||обязан был|встречаться с|встретить ||||||||||||étais|destiné à rencontrer||rencontrer ||||||||||System der öffentlichen Schulen|||verpflichtet||begegnen |hatta|||||||||||olacaktın|karşılaşmak zorundaydın||karşılaşmak |||||||||||||注定会遇到||遇到 |||||||||||||||napotkać

some information about them at a museum or in a book. ||||在|||||| ||||||Museum||||

These mammoths of structures are hard to escape as they're famous for being grandiose in |мамонты||структуры||||||||||грандиозными| |mammouths||||||||||||| |giant structures||||||||||||impressively large| |devasa yapılar||yapılar||||||||||görkemli| |这些庞然大物||结构物||||逃避||||||宏伟的| |mamuty||||||||||||wielkie| От этих мамонтов трудно укрыться, ведь они славятся своей грандиозностью в

nature -- to put it lightly. ||||мягко говоря ||||à la légère ||||hafifçe の性質があるのですが...軽く言っておきます。

The tallest pyramid in Egypt, the Great Pyramid of Giza, once stood at 481 feet tall, but ||金字塔||埃及|||金字塔||吉萨|||||| |||||||||Giza Pyramid Complex|||||| |en uzun|piramit|||||||Gize'deki||||feet: 481 fit|| |||||||||Giza||||||

has since eroded down to 451 feet because of vandalism. ||уменьшилась|||||| ||s'est érodé|||||| ||||||||vandalism ||aşındı|||||| ||侵蚀至||||||破坏行为 ||||||||wandalizm はその後、破壊行為により451フィートまで浸食されました。

For you to better imagine this, the average three-story building stands at just 45 feet |||||||平均||||||| |||||||||этажный||высота|||

tall.

So, if we're doing the math correctly on this one -- and we know we are -- this pyramid ||||||||||||||||金字塔 ||||||||||||||||pyramid

would've stood at the height of a 32-story building. высота 32-этажного здания.

So, who's responsible for the creation of these ridiculously tall and ever-elusive, ||负责||||||荒谬地||||难以捉摸的 ||||||||||||insaisissable ||||||||||||hard to find ||||||||нелепо|||вечно ускольз|неуловимые では、このとんでもなく背の高い、いつの時代も変わらないものを作ったのは誰なのでしょう、

mysterious pyramids? 神秘的金字塔|神秘金字塔

We'll get to the bottom of it today on this episode of The Infographics Show -- Who Built |||这个|底部||||||本集节目|||信息图表节目|||

the Pyramids? |金字塔

Before we get into the nitty gritty of who built them, let's start with some Pyramid |||||细节|实质内容||||||||| |||||détails concrets|détails concrets||||||||| |||||nitty|gritty||||||||| |||||szczegóły|||||||||| |||||сущности|основные детали|||||||||

101, shall we?

There are about 80 pyramids currently standing in Egypt.

The oldest is the Pyramid of Djoser, and it's located in Saqqara, north of the city Memphis. ||||||乔瑟尔|||位于||萨卡拉|||||孟菲斯 ||||||Djoser|||||Saqqara|||||Memphis ||||||Dżosera|||||Sakkara|||||Memfis

The pyramid was built in 2630 B.C. for King Djoser. |||||||||乔瑟尔

Many of the more popularized and notable pyramids are in Giza, a city on the outskirts of Cairo, ||||普及的||著名的|||||||||郊区||开罗 |||||||||||||||périphérie|| ||||popularized|||||||||||outskirts|| |||||||||||||||peryferiach||Kair ||||популяризированных||знаменитые|||||||||пригороде||

some of which include the Giza Necropolis, Pyramid of Khufu -- one of the Seven Wonders ||||||吉萨墓地|||胡夫金字塔||||| ||||||Necropolis|||Khufu||||| ||||||nekropolia|||Piramida Cheopsa|||||

of the World -- and the Khafre Pyramid. |||||Khafre| |||||piramida Chafre|

Ancient Egyptians were one of the first civilizations of people who believed in an afterlife. ||||||||||||||来世

They didn't see death as the cessation of life, but rather an interruption. |没有|||||中断||||||中断 ||||||pause|||||| ||||||zatrzymanie|||||| ||||||прекращение||||||

They believed that when a king died, a part of his spirit, or his ka, remained intact ||||||||||||||卡|保留|完好无损 ||||||||||||||ka|| ||||||||||||||||неприкоснов

with his physical body. ||身体的|

The mummification we've all come to know about that has also been popularized in media |木乃伊化|||||||||||普及|| |Ancient preservation process||||||||||||| ||||пришли||||||||||

served the purpose of preserving a king's spirit that they believed lived on. ||目的||保存||||||||

They basically hoped the king's soul would return to his body and give it life again.

So the king's ka was never left wanting, they'd also bury riches like gold vessels, ||||||оставлено|нужды|||зарывать|||| ||||||||||enterrer|||| ||||||||||bury|||gold| ||||||||||||||naczynia |||||||匮乏|||||||金器

food and furniture along with the dead king.

Egyptians really weren't messing around with this belief. 埃及人|||开玩笑|||| |||żartowali|||| |||шутя|серьезно|||

When the pharaoh was still alive, they revered him as an incarnate of Horus, God of the Sky, ||法老在世时，人们尊他为天空之神荷鲁斯的化身。|||||尊崇||||化身||荷鲁斯|||| |||||||held in awe||||incarnation||Horus|||| |||||||czcili||||wcielony||Horus|||| |||||||почитали||||||||||

and when he died, he took on the form of Osiris, the God of fertility and the underworld. ||||||||||||||плодородия||| |||||took|||form||Osiris||||fertility||| ||||||||||Ozyrys|||||||

His responsibility as Osiris was to set the sun, while the new pharaoh, his son, would

raise it.

They believed this symbiotic relationship was important in maintaining cosmic balance. ||||||||поддержании|| |||symbiotic|||||||

Back to pyramids, though. |||хотя

They were built to last -- made mostly of stone, like limestone, which was used to build ||||||||||известняк||||| ||||||||||calcaire||||| ||||||||||limestone||||| ||||||||||wapień|||||

the core of the pyramid, while white limestone was used for its outer casing and for the |основа|||||||||||внешней|облицовка||| |||||||||||||revêtement extérieur||| |||||||limestone||||||casing|||

interior walls. interior|

Pink granite was used on the walls inside, and basalt and alabaster were sometimes used |type of rock||||||||volcanic rock||A type of stone||occasionally| |granitu||||||||bazalt||alabaster|||

for the floors. ||floors

Egypt has sometimes been referred to as the “state of stone,” so there was never a ||||упоминается||||||||||| ||||referred|||||||||||

shortage of it. нехватка его|| pénurie de cela|| niedobór tego||

The basalt they used sometimes came from the Fayum depression, one of the major oases of |||||||||впадина|||||| |||||||||dépression du Fayoum|||||oasis majeures de| ||||||||Fayum||||||oases| ||||||||Fajum|||||||

the Western desert, while alabaster was from Luxor, a city on the eastern bank of the Nile. |||||||Luxor|||||||||the Nile River |||||||Luksor|||||||||Nilu

Denys Stocks, an ancient technology consultant, believed that 45 workers were needed to move Denys|||||consultant|||||needed||move 데니스|||||||||||| Denys(1)||||||||||||

a 35,900-lb -- that's 16.3 tons, by the way -- block, and eight people to move a 6,060 |lb|||||||||||| |funtów||||||||||||

block, as he noted in his 2003 book Experiments in Egyptian Archaeology: Stoneworking Technology |||||||||||Stoneworking| |||||||||||Obróbka kamienia|

in Ancient Egypt.

One single pyramid project could have taken between 20 to 30 years to finish building. ||||||||||||construction

For the longest time, it was thought that slaves who were at the behest of an evil pharaoh |||||||||||||ordre de|||| |||||||||||||command or order|||| |||||||||||||polecenie||||

built the pyramids, and we can blame this fake news first and foremost on Herodotus, ||||||||||||foremost||Herodotus ||||||||||przede wszystkim||||Herodotys

the Greek historian who wrote that the Great Pyramid was constructed by 100,000 slaves

who 'laboured constantly and were relieved every three months by a fresh gang'. |labored||||relieved||||||| |pracowali|||||||||||

The BBC further argues that there's no way King Khufu - 4th Dynasty ruler of Egypt responsible |||argues||||||||royal family line|||| |||||||||||IV dynastii||||

for the commissioning of the Great Pyramid, had a body of slaves this large to work for ||beginning of use|||||||||||||| ||budowy|||||||grupę||||||| для строительства Великой пирамиды, имел такое большое количество рабов, чтобы работать на

him, and there's no way that all of them could work at the same time.

We can also thank western Hollywood movies in part for perpetuating the myth. ||||||||||continuing|| ||||||||||utrwalanie||

Movies like The Ten Commandments, that epic from 1956 -- and we're not just saying that, ||||Commandments||||||||| ||||Przykazania|||||||||

it's literally an epic saga that ran for 220 minutes -- portrayed slaves as the builders. ||||epic narrative||||||||| ||||saga|||||||||

Another misconception that's circulated is that Jews built the pyramids. |||circulated|||||| |mit nieporozumienie||||||||

This lie started when former Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin made the claim when ||||||||Menachem||||| |||||izraelski|||Menachem Begin|||||

he visited the National Museum of Cairo in 1977.

Amihai Mazar, a professor at the Institute of Archaeology at the Hebrew University of Amihai|Mazar|||||||||||| Amihai Mazar|Mazar||||||||||||

Jerusalem and Israeli archaeologist, refutes Begin's claim because it simply doesn't |||archaeologist|disproves|Begin's||||| ||||obalają|Beggina||||| Иерусалимский и израильский археолог, опровергает утверждение Бегина, потому что оно просто не соответствует действительности.

make any sense.

“No Jews built the pyramids because Jews didn't exist at the period when the pyramids

were built," Mazar was quoted saying.

Dorothy Resig, an editor of Biblical Archaeology Review in Washington D.C., said this falsehood |Resig|||||||||||||falsehood Dorota|Dorothy Resig|||||||||||||

could've also stemmed from a verse in Exodus which says something to the effect of: "So could have||stemmed|||||Exodus|||||||| ||pochodzić|||||||||||||

the Egyptians enslaved the children of Israel with backbreaking labor" and the Pharaoh put ||||||||épuisant||||| ||||||||backbreaking||||| ||||||Izraela||niewolnicza|||||

them to work to build buildings.”

That's not exactly the way the verse reads, but you get the picture.

Then there are those people out there who believe aliens are the ones who built them. |||||||||obcy||||||

Let's all let out one huge exhaustive sigh. ||||||exhaustive| みんなで大きなため息を吐いて、疲れを癒しましょう。

This far-reaching theory looks a little bit like this:

If light moves 299,792,458 metres per second and the geographic coordinates for the Great |||||||||coordinates||| ||||||||geograficzne||||

Pyramid are 29.9792458°N, and humans weren't capable of measuring the speed of light with

this type of accuracy until 1950, then "advanced aliens" must have time traveled back to Earth

from the future to build the pyramids.

People who believe in the Ancient Aliens theory also think aliens built Stonehenge in the

UK, and other ancient monuments.

Look, we're not responsible for what you guys believe and don't believe, but we are

saying that graffiti inside the pyramids, along with other evidence, tell a much different ||grafika|||||||||||

story and have gotten archaeologists -- and now us -- closer to having a better idea of история и помогли археологам - а теперь и нам - приблизиться к лучшему представлению о

who built the pyramids, how they would have lived and how they did it.

The BBC notes that archeologists have agreed that the workforce behind the Great Pyramid ||||archeologists|||||||||

was made up of two teams -- the primary workers and the temporary workers.

There were about 4,000 primary workers who worked on the quarries and were hauliers and |||||||||stone extraction sites|||transport workers| |||||||||kamieniołomach|||transportowcami|

masons. Stoneworkers or bricklayers masoni

They lived with their families in a pyramid village.

The temporary team was made up of 16,000 to 20,000 workers who built ramps, shaped tools, |||||||||||ramps|| |||||||||||rampy|| Временная команда состояла из 16 000-20 000 рабочих, которые строили пандусы, изготавливали инструменты,

made mortar and were in charge of miscellaneous activities like supplying food, clothing and |building material||||||various other tasks|||||| |||||||różne||||||

fuel.

They lived in a separate camp near the pyramid village.

The state of the Nile was also important for pyramid builders to take into account. ナイル川の状態も、ピラミッド建設者にとっては重要な考慮事項だった。 Строителям пирамид также было важно учитывать состояние Нила.

For the building of the pyramid at Giza, Mark Lehner -- more on him later -- and archaeologist |||||||||Lehner|||||| |||||||||Mark Lehner||||||

Zahi Hawass believed that a skeleton crew would work on the pyramids throughout the Zahi|Hawass|||||||||||| Zahi Hawass|Hawass||||||||||||

year, but a larger force would labor in late summer and early autumn, when the Nile flooded ||||||||||||||||overflowed its banks В году, но большее количество людей трудилось в конце лета и начале осени, когда Нил разливался.

surrounding fields.

Archaeologists haven't discovered all there is to know about the villages and camps where Археологи еще не все узнали о деревнях и лагерях, где

pyramid builders dwelled, but excavations done between 1999 and 2002 by archaeologist ||lived||archaeological digs||||| ||||wykopaliska|||||

Lehner shed more light. |provided more information|| |rzucił||

We know they slept on mud ramps, which served as barracks-style beds. ||||||||||koszary|| Мы знаем, что они спали на глинобитных пандусах, которые служили кроватями в казармах.

These barracks were in galleries, which can be thought of as like huge dorms in which |||||||||||||dormitories|| |||||||||||||sypialnie|| このバラックは、ギャラリーと呼ばれる、巨大な寮のようなもので、その中で Эти казармы находились в галереях, которые можно представить как огромные общежития, в которых

up to 2,000 temporary workers would stay.

These sleeping galleries also had spaces in the back for cooking and copper-working. この寝殿は、奥に炊事や銅細工のためのスペースもあった。

In 2016, archaeologist and Egyptologist Yukinori Kawae spoke out to an audience at a taping |||Egyptologist|Yukinori|Kawae||||||||recording session |||egiptolog|Yukinori Kawae|Yukinori Kawae||||||||nagrywaniu

for Nat Geo Live. |Nat|| ||National Geographic|

In that discussion, he said there was a vast amount of data on the outside of the pyramid,

but not enough on the inside -- or core -- of the structures themselves, which would shed

even more light on the construction techniques.

Before going into his discoveries, he laid out three hypotheses for how the core of a |||||||||possible explanations||||||

pyramid would shed light on construction techniques. ||shed||||

For example, if the inside of the pyramid was made of horizontally arranged blocks, |||||||||||horizontally|| |||||||piramida||||||

this would've been amenable to using a straight ramp. |||open to||||| можно было бы использовать прямую рампу.

What he found was unlike any of these, though: He and other members of his team -- some of

which were computer scientists -- climbed the Great Pyramid for two and a half hours

and found a notch with a crevice and then a cave that was further in. |||indentation or groove|||narrow opening|||||||| и нашли выемку с расщелиной, а затем пещеру, которая находилась дальше.

The team didn't have a laser scanner that would've been too heavy and clunky to carry |||||||||||||bulky||

while climbing up, but they did manage to capture 20 minutes worth of video footage,

which they then broke down further into 300,000 3-D images. それをさらに30万枚の3D画像に分解しています。

Through these 3-D image renderings, they found that the cave was used for the packing of ||||renderings||||||||||| ||||wizualizacje|||||||||||

sand and debris -- something called the chamber method. ||loose material|||||

He noted that it was also used for the construction of Egyptian temples and cities. |||||||||||ancient Egyptian||| Он отметил, что она также использовалась для строительства египетских храмов и городов.

What did pyramid builders eat?

Turns out they had no beef with beef. Оказалось, что говядина им не по вкусу.

As much as 21 cattle and 23 sheep were sent to them daily from farms to get their meat Ежедневно с ферм к ним отправляли 21 голову крупного рогатого скота и 23 овцы, чтобы получить мясо.

fix in.

They also ate fish and liked to kick it back with some beers. 魚も食べるし、ビールで乾杯するのも好きだった。 Они также ели рыбу и любили побаловаться пивом.

And while we noted before that these people weren't slaves, pyramid building came at

a cost: Discoveries of their bodies show they suffered from arthritis, and their lower vertebrae ||||||||||joint inflammation||||spinal bones ||||||||||||||kręgi lędźwiowe

were impacted by the wear and tear. ||||deterioration||deterioration ||||zużycie||zużycie

Ouch.

As we mentioned before, an enormous amount of stone was needed to build these pyramids,

so the Egyptians had to figure out an efficient way of moving the blocks they eventually stacked ||||||||||||||||stacked

up.

An illustration in Twelfth Dynasty tomb of Djehutihotep of 172 men pulling a 60-ton alabaster |||Twelfth||burial chamber||Djehutihotep||||||white stone material |||||||Djehutihotep(1)||||||

on a sledge has given experts a better sense of how they went about it. ||sled|||||||||||| ||sanie||||||||||||

These sledges they'd drag across the hot desert sand were simply wooden planks with |sledges|||||||||||planks| ||||||||||||deski|

upturned edges. wywinięte krawędzie|

So, not the most sophisticated, but still clever.

To make their lives easier, they'd wet the sand to make it easier to drag the sledge

across.

And they were old-school when it came to measuring. И они были старой закалки, когда дело касалось измерений.

They didn't use rulers, but a "cubit" was equal to the length from the tip of your middle ||||||forearm length measurement||||||||||| ||||||łokieć|||||||||||

finger to your elbow, and a “hand” was a unit that served as the guide -- the width ||||||||||||||||breadth ||||||||||która||||||

of your hand with the thumb on the side. |||||digit of hand|||

Cubits served them when they dug post holes at ten cubits along the base outline and laid Cubits|||||||||||||||| łokcie|||||||||||||||| キュービットは、ベースアウトラインに沿って10キュービットの位置に柱穴を掘って敷き詰めたときに役に立ちました。 Кубиты служили им, когда они выкапывали ямы для столбов на расстоянии десяти локтей по контуру основания и укладывали

out the site in a grid. |||||siatka を格子状に並べます。 на сайте в виде сетки.

Pyramid builders were precise in that they wanted to make sure the sides of the structures ピラミッド建設者は、構造物の側面を確認するために、正確さを求めていました。

ran parallel to the north-south and east-west axes, according to How Stuff Works.

To achieve this, they had to rely on nature instead of using compasses, which weren't ||||||||||||compasses||

at their disposal. ||available to use

The movements of the stars helped them identify which way was North and they used sighting 星の動きから北の方角を特定し、視準を行いました。 Движение звезд помогало им определить, в какой стороне находится север, и они использовали визирование.

rods and circles to identify the rising and setting stars or the sun's shadow. sticks or bars||||||||||||| палочки и круги, чтобы определить восходящие и заходящие звезды или тень солнца.

Finding out the other cardinal directions using lines and right angles then became a |||||cardinal points||||||||

piece of cake. кусок торта.

They were certainly a resourceful bunch. ||||resourceful| Они были очень находчивы.

In his book Engineering the Pyramids, Dr. Richard Parry hypothesizes that they might ||||||||Parry|hypothesizes||| ||||||||Parry (1)||||

have also used a cradle-like machine that suspended the rocks and allowed them to be ||||supporting frame||||||||||| ||||kołyska||||||||||| также использовали машину, похожую на люльку, которая подвешивала камни и позволяла их

rolled by a few people.

The Obayashi Corporation, a Japanese construction company, went so far as to conduct a test |Obayashi||||||||||||| |Obayashi||||||||||||| 日本の建設会社である大林組が、試験的に行ったものである。

in 1996 to see if a two-and a half-ton block could be dragged by 18 men over 18 metres 1996年、2.5トンのブロックを18人で18メートル以上引きずれるかどうかを検証するため

per minute and the study proved it could be done.

In 2013, French archaeologist Pierre Tallet and his team discovered the papyrus writings ||||Tallet||||||| |||Pierre Tallet|Tallet (1)||jego|||||

of a pyramid-building official simply named Merer in a cave in Wadi-al Jarf -- an area |||||||Merer|||||Wadi||Jarf|| |||||||Merer|||||Wadi||Wadi al Jarf||

on the Red Sea Coast -- and these gave an unprecedented look at how sophisticated the |||||||||never seen before|||||

teams worked, specifically when it came to obtaining copper. ||||||||acquire copper resources ||||||zdobywaniu||

And their method involved an L-shaped jetty that was 200 meters long. |||||||pier or dock|||| |||||||molo|||| Их метод предусматривал сооружение L-образного причала длиной 200 метров.

According to Merer's writings, they'd use this harbour to protect a fleet of cargo ||Merer||||||||||| ||Merera|||||||||||ładunków

boats that would sail to the Sinai Peninsula, where copper would be mined, before returning ||||||Sinai||||||||

to Wadi al-Jarf, then using those materials for the construction of the Great Pyramid.

After all this, now you can whip out your impressive pyramid-building knowledge at the ||||||whip|||||||| После всего этого вы сможете продемонстрировать свои впечатляющие знания в области строительства пирамид на

next cocktail party when the topic comes up, or simply slap your silly friend who thinks

aliens built them.

You make the choice. |dokonać||

The pyramid-building, brain-eating aliens that secretly run our show and pay us to convince

you they didn't build the pyramids tell us that you would enjoy learning more about

ancient egypt, so check out our video Unbelievable stuff they didn't teach you about ancient

egypt.