×

우리는 LingQ를 개선하기 위해서 쿠키를 사용합니다. 사이트를 방문함으로써 당신은 동의합니다 쿠키 정책.

image

English Learning for Curious Minds, Episode 246: Cornish Smugglers [1]

Episode 246: Cornish Smugglers [1]

Hello, hello, hello, and welcome to English Learning for Curious Minds by Leonardo English

The show where you can listen to fascinating stories and learn weird and

wonderful things about the world, at the same time as improving your English.

I'm Alastair Budge, and today we are going to be talking about Cornish Smugglers.

Today's story is one of my favourites, and involves crime, taxes, regional

rivalries in the UK, pirates, the King of Prussia, and even murder.

OK, then Cornish Smugglers.

These two words, Cornish, and Smuggler, might be unfamiliar to you, so if you are

wondering what this episode is going to be about, let me quickly enlighten you.

Cornish means from the English county of Cornwall, the area to the very south

west of the country, directly across from Brittany, in northwestern France.

And a smuggler, if you didn't know the word, is someone who brings in something to a

country without declaring it to the authorities, typically because it is illegal, in

the case of something like drugs, or because they simply don't want to pay taxes on it.

So, today we are going to be talking about the fascinating history of smuggling in Cornwall.

First off we'll talk about the reasons why this area of the country was

such a hotbed for it, then how it actually worked, when it all happened, and

we'll have the chance to meet some of the colourful characters behind it all.

Let's start with a quick reminder about the place we're talking about, Cornwall.

Cornwall today is a large, rural, county famous for its beautiful beaches and even its surfing.

It's known for its idyllic villages, beautiful countryside, and delicious seafood, and it's

consistently one of the top tourist destinations in the country, especially for people planning

a “staycation” - a slightly silly word for having a vacation while staying in the country.

And if you were to go to Cornwall from London, from the capital, you

would realise that it's a very long way away, by UK standards at least.

It's about 500km away, and would take you about 6 hours to drive there.

It's almost as far away from London as Scotland is.

And this distance from the country's capital has always meant

that Cornwall has retained a lot of its sense of independence.

It has its own language, Cornish, which is similar to

Breton, the Celtic language of Brittany, in northern France.

It has its own flag, and the Cornish people have a real sense of their own, Cornish, identity.

And, understandably, people in a region with a strong sense of its own

identity are not always so keen on taking orders from the central government.

This is, of course, not a uniquely British phenomenon.

There's a saying in Mandarin Chinese which is “Tiān gāo, huángdì yuǎn”, which you

would translate as “Heaven is high and the emperor is far away”, and there's another in

Russian that translates as something like "God is on high and the tsar is very far away".

Both of these phrases have similar meanings - the further a place is away from the

central seat of government and power, the less likely that place is to abide by the law.

Although we have no such saying in English, Cornwall

would be a place where such a saying would be appropriate.

And if you were to travel back in time, to the 18th century, such a saying would have practically

been the official motto of Cornwall, due to the levels of smuggling going on in the region.

Why, you might ask?

Well, for smuggling to be attractive, there needs to be a big advantage to importing

something to a country illegally instead of declaring it to the authorities.

It just so happened that in Britain of the 18th century, there was a large advantage.

Britain had spent much of the 18th century in military

conflicts with its old foe, its old enemy, France.

Wars are expensive, and to pay for them, governments need to generate money.

How do governments raise money?

Taxes, of course.

And at this time the main source of tax revenue was on goods being brought into

the country - an income tax, a tax on money you make, wasn't introduced until 1789.

Given the national reliance on import taxes, these taxes were pretty high.

The tax on imported tea was as high as 110%, meaning that tea that cost, let's

say €1, would have another €1.10 added in tax, more than doubling the cost.

Imported alcohol was even more highly taxed.

There were 18 different taxes on brandy and gin, which would mean a €10

bottle would have €25 of tax added to it, taking the final cost to €35.

So, it will not surprise you to find out that people did everything they could to avoid paying

these taxes, by smuggling goods into the country without declaring them to the authorities.

And Cornwall was the epicentre, the absolute center, of this activity.

We already know that Cornwall is far from London.

It's almost 6 hours driving on modern roads, and in the 18th century there were

very limited roads, meaning it would have taken weeks to get there on a horse.

Cornwall also has a lot of coastline, and a lot of small, hidden bays, which

can come in useful for bringing goods onto land without anyone noticing.

The Cornish people also felt no real loyalty to the King, a man who was

asking them to pay for wars against France, a country that many Cornish

people would have felt more in common with than they did with Londoners.

The result was a boom in smuggling, and at its peak the central British government, when asked

to estimate the extent of smuggling in Cornwall, estimated that no less than the entire adult

population was involved in smuggling, either as an importer of smuggled goods or as a consumer.

So, how did it actually work in practice?

There were gangs of smugglers, who would either work in

collaboration with the traders, or who would steal from them.

For those working in collaboration with the traders, in the dead of night the smugglers

would go out silently on their boats, they would go up to the side of a ship full of

rum or brandy, and the ship would offload a large part of its cargo to the smugglers.

They would then return to the shore, and the goods would enter the local

market, undeclared of course, meaning that they could be sold for significantly

less than what the cost would have been if tax had been paid on them.

Alternatively, the smugglers would simply sail to mainland Europe, normally northern France, buy

goods there, and return to Cornwall, and then import them without declaring it to the authorities.

By all reports, this type of smuggling was so tolerated by the Cornish

people that it wasn't really considered to be illegal or immoral at all.

The tax was unjust, it was wrong, and the smugglers were simply providing a service.

The smugglers played an important part in the local economy, and they

were able to pay large amounts of money to anyone who was involved.

Indeed, it's said that a normal farm labourer was able to earn more

money in one night carrying a smuggled barrel of brandy up a cliff

than he could earn during an entire month labouring in the fields.

So, it's no surprise that so many people were happy to be involved.

There was a slightly darker side to smuggling, though, and this is where the line

between an honest smuggler and a not-so-honest pirate becomes a little blurred.

Smugglers would normally pay for the goods that they would import illegally.

They would make their money by selling on these goods for more than they paid for them.

But what if they didn't need to pay for them at all?

There are reports of smugglers actually going out and attacking

trade ships, killing the people on board and taking their goods.

Of course, it goes without saying that these stolen goods were also not declared to the authorities.

And there are other tales of things that the local population would do

to get their hands on the goods that were being carried on these ships.

Sometimes a ship would crash into the dangerous rocks in shallow water,

its crew would drown, they would die, and the ship would be washed ashore.

When this happened word would get out, people would find out, and would rush

to the site of the shipwreck to see what they could take for themselves.

There are also reports of groups of Cornish people attaching a lantern, a light, to a

horse and walking along a piece of coastline that was dangerous for boats, in order to

trick the boat into thinking that the light was a lighthouse, so that the boat would

come close, crash on the rocks, and the smugglers could take this precious cargo.

And taking these goods was actually legal in some circumstances.

There was a quirk, a slightly strange element, to the English law about

what you could and couldn't do if you found a shipwreck on a beach.

It was illegal, it was not allowed, to take the goods of a shipwreck if there were any survivors,

because those survivors still legally owned the goods, or at least were in charge of them.

But if there were no survivors, then it was actually allowed by law

for anyone who found the shipwreck to take the goods they found.

So, surprise surprise, when a ship full of French brandy or Chinese tea was washed ashore, it

was very rare for the people who found the ship to declare that they had found any survivors.

Or let me put it another way, you wouldn't want to be the

only survivor on a ship that was full of expensive brandy.

And there was very little that the government authorities could do to stop smuggling.

The punishment for smuggling was death, it was a capital offence.

But this was only a deterrent if you were likely to get caught.

There were customs officers sent down from London, men whose role it was

to ensure that imported goods were correctly taxed, but they were very

unpopular, they were paid very little, and there weren't very many of them.

They were completely outnumbered by the smugglers, and many would turn a blind eye,

they would pretend not to notice, often in exchange for a bribe, in exchange for money.

The smugglers, too, were popular with the local population.

They paid well, they were providing cheaper goods,

and they cultivated a reputation as honest, fair men.

One particular smuggler who has gone down in Cornish history is a

man named John Carter, who had the nickname of The King of Prussia.

He liked to be called the King of Prussia when he was

a boy, and as he grew into a man, well, the name stuck.

Today, there is a “Prussia Cove” in Cornwall, which is the

small, secret bay where he would unload his smuggled goods.

He was known as a highly moral man, fighting against an immoral tax.

There's a famous story of what happened when some of his smuggled goods were found

by a customs official, and were taken into custody, essentially taken away from him.

In the dead of night he broke into Customs House, the

building in which all the captured goods had been stored.

He and his men looked through all of the goods, but they only

took what had been taken from him, leaving the rest of the goods.

One of the customs officers was reported as saying “John Carter has been here.

We know it because he has taken nothing away that was not his own.”

John Carter, this King of Prussia, was no thief - he was simply taking back what was rightfully his.

There is even a pub in the town of Fowey in Cornwall called “The King of Prussia”.

Learn languages from TV shows, movies, news, articles and more! Try LingQ for FREE

Episode 246: Cornish Smugglers [1] |Kornish|Kaçakçılar Detective Conan الحلقة 246 مترجم مهربو الكورنيش 1 Folge 246: Die Schmuggler aus Cornwall [1] Episodio 246: Contrabandistas de Cornualles [1] Épisode 246 : Les contrebandiers de Cornouailles [1] Episodio 246: Contrabbandieri della Cornovaglia [1] 第246話コーニッシュ・スマグラーズ【1 에피소드 246: 코니쉬 밀수업자들 [1] Odcinek 246: Cornish Smugglers [1] Episódio 246: Cornish Smugglers [1] Эпизод 246: Корнуэльские контрабандисты [1] Bölüm 246: Cornish Kaçakçıları [1] 246 серія Cornish Smugglers [1] 第246集:康沃尔走私者[1] 第246集:康沃爾走私者[1]

Hello, hello, hello, and welcome to English Learning for Curious Minds by Leonardo English مرحبًا ومرحبًا ومرحبًا بكم في English Learning for Curious Minds بواسطة Leonardo English

The show where you can listen to fascinating stories and learn weird and العرض حيث يمكنك الاستماع إلى قصص رائعة وتعلم غريب و

wonderful things about the world, at the same time as improving your English. أشياء رائعة عن العالم ، في نفس الوقت لتحسين لغتك الإنجليزية.

I'm Alastair Budge, and today we are going to be talking about Cornish Smugglers. أنا Alastair Budge ، واليوم سنتحدث عن Cornish Smugglers.

Today's story is one of my favourites, and involves crime, taxes, regional قصة اليوم هي واحدة من مفضلاتي ، وتشمل الجريمة والضرائب الإقليمية

rivalries in the UK, pirates, the King of Prussia, and even murder. конкуренция||||пираты||||||| rekabetler||||||||||| المنافسات في المملكة المتحدة ، والقراصنة ، وملك بروسيا ، وحتى القتل.

OK, then Cornish Smugglers. |||контрабандисты ||Cornish|contrabandiști حسنًا ، ثم كورنيش المهربين.

These two words, Cornish, and Smuggler, might be unfamiliar to you, so if you are |||||kaçakçı||||||||| قد تكون هاتان الكلمتان ، Cornish و Smuggler ، غير مألوفين لك ، لذلك إذا كنت كذلك

wondering what this episode is going to be about, let me quickly enlighten you. ||||||||||||просветить| întrebându-te||||||||||||îți explic| أتساءل عما ستكون عليه هذه الحلقة ، دعني أنورك بسرعة.

Cornish means from the English county of Cornwall, the area to the very south تعني كلمة الكورنيش من مقاطعة كورنوال الإنجليزية ، المنطقة الواقعة في أقصى الجنوب

west of the country, directly across from Brittany, in northwestern France. غرب البلاد ، مباشرة عبر بريتاني ، في شمال غرب فرنسا.

And a smuggler, if you didn't know the word, is someone who brings in something to a والمهرب ، إذا لم تكن تعرف الكلمة ، هو الشخص الذي يأتي بشيء إلى a

country without declaring it to the authorities, typically because it is illegal, in البلد دون إعلانه للسلطات ، عادةً لأنه غير قانوني ، في

the case of something like drugs, or because they simply don't want to pay taxes on it. حالة شيء مثل المخدرات ، أو لأنهم ببساطة لا يريدون دفع ضرائب عليها.

So, today we are going to be talking about the fascinating history of smuggling in Cornwall. لذا ، سنتحدث اليوم عن التاريخ الرائع للتهريب في كورنوال.

First off we'll talk about the reasons why this area of the country was أولاً سنتحدث عن أسباب وجود هذه المنطقة من البلاد

such a hotbed for it, then how it actually worked, when it all happened, and ||focar|||||||||||| ||merkez|||||||||||| مثل هذا المكان المناسب له ، ثم كيف يعمل بالفعل ، ومتى حدث كل شيء ، و wie sie funktioniert hat, wann sie stattgefunden hat und その温床となり、そして実際にどのように機能したのか、いつ、どのようなことが起こったのか、そして

we'll have the chance to meet some of the colourful characters behind it all. سيكون لدينا فرصة للقاء بعض الشخصيات الملونة وراء كل ذلك. haben wir die Gelegenheit, einige der schillernden Persönlichkeiten kennenzulernen, die hinter all dem stehen. また、その背景にある多彩な人物にも出会えるチャンスがあります。

Let's start with a quick reminder about the place we're talking about, Cornwall. |||||напоминание||||||| لنبدأ بتذكير سريع حول المكان الذي نتحدث عنه ، كورنوال.

Cornwall today is a large, rural, county famous for its beautiful beaches and even its surfing. |||||kırsal|||||||||| كورنوال اليوم هي مقاطعة ريفية كبيرة تشتهر بشواطئها الجميلة وحتى ركوب الأمواج.

It's known for its idyllic villages, beautiful countryside, and delicious seafood, and it's ||||cennet gibi|||||||| تشتهر بقراها المثالية وريفها الجميل ومأكولاتها البحرية اللذيذة

consistently one of the top tourist destinations in the country, especially for people planning واحدة من أفضل الوجهات السياحية في البلاد ، خاصة للأشخاص الذين يخططون

a “staycation” - a slightly silly word for having a vacation while staying in the country. |evde tatil||||||||||||| “staycation” - كلمة سخيفة بعض الشيء لقضاء إجازة أثناء الإقامة في البلد.

And if you were to go to Cornwall from London, from the capital, you وإذا كنت ستذهب إلى كورنوال من لندن ، من العاصمة ، فأنت

would realise that it's a very long way away, by UK standards at least. |||||||||||standardele|| ستدرك أن الطريق بعيد جدًا ، وفقًا لمعايير المملكة المتحدة على الأقل.

It's about 500km away, and would take you about 6 hours to drive there. |||departe||||||||| يبعد حوالي 500 كيلومتر ، وسيستغرق الأمر حوالي 6 ساعات للقيادة هناك.

It's almost as far away from London as Scotland is. إنها تقريبًا بعيدة عن لندن مثل مسافة اسكتلندا. Es ist fast so weit von London entfernt wie Schottland. ロンドンからは、スコットランドとほぼ同じ距離です。

And this distance from the country's capital has always meant وهذه المسافة من عاصمة البلاد كانت تعني دائمًا

that Cornwall has retained a lot of its sense of independence. |||сохранил||||||| |||a păstrat||||||| |||korudu||||||| أن كورنوال احتفظت بالكثير من إحساسها بالاستقلال. コーンウォールは独立の感覚を多く残している。

It has its own language, Cornish, which is similar to لها لغتها الخاصة ، الكورنيش ، التي تشبه

Breton, the Celtic language of Brittany, in northern France. بريتون ، اللغة السلتية لبريتاني ، في شمال فرنسا.

It has its own flag, and the Cornish people have a real sense of their own, Cornish, identity. لها علمها الخاص ، وشعب الكورنيش لديهم إحساس حقيقي بهويتهم ، الكورنيش. 康沃尔有自己的国旗,康沃尔人真正地感受到了自己的康沃尔身份。

And, understandably, people in a region with a strong sense of its own |понятно||||||||||| ومن المفهوم ، الناس في منطقة لديها شعور قوي خاص بها

identity are not always so keen on taking orders from the central government. الهوية ليست دائما حريصة جدا على تلقي الأوامر من الحكومة المركزية. 身份并不总是那么热衷于听从中央政府的命令。

This is, of course, not a uniquely British phenomenon. ||||||уникально|| ||||||eşsiz şekilde|| هذه ، بالطبع ، ليست ظاهرة بريطانية فريدة. もちろん、これはイギリスだけの現象ではありません。

There's a saying in Mandarin Chinese which is “Tiān gāo, huángdì yuǎn”, which you هناك قول مأثور في لغة الماندرين الصينية هو "Tiān gāo، huángdì yuǎn" ،

would translate as “Heaven is high and the emperor is far away”, and there's another in |||||sus|||||||||| ستُترجم إلى "السماء عالية والإمبراطور بعيد" ، وهناك آخر في можно перевести как "Небо высоко, а император далеко", и есть еще один в

Russian that translates as something like "God is on high and the tsar is very far away". اللغة الروسية التي تُترجم إلى شيء مثل "الله في العلي والقيصر بعيد جدًا". На русский язык это переводится как что-то вроде «Бог на высоте, а царь очень далеко».

Both of these phrases have similar meanings - the further a place is away from the كلتا العبارتين لها معاني متشابهة - كلما ابتعد المكان عن Beide Ausdrücke haben eine ähnliche Bedeutung - je weiter ein Ort von der Обе эти фразы имеют схожие значения - чем дальше место от

central seat of government and power, the less likely that place is to abide by the law. |||||||||||||соблюдать||| |||||||||||||uygun olmak||| المقر المركزي للحكومة والسلطة ، تقل احتمالية التزام هذا المكان بالقانون. Je größer der zentrale Regierungs- und Machtsitz ist, desto geringer ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass er sich an das Gesetz hält. центральное место правительства и власти, тем меньше вероятность того, что это место будет соблюдать закон.

Although we have no such saying in English, Cornwall deși|||||||| على الرغم من عدم وجود مثل هذا القول في اللغة الإنجليزية ، كورنوال Obwohl es im Englischen kein solches Sprichwort gibt, hat Cornwall Хоча в англійській мові немає такої приказки, Корнуолл

would be a place where such a saying would be appropriate. ||||||||||adecvat سيكون مكانًا يكون فيه مثل هذا القول مناسبًا. wäre ein Ort, an dem ein solcher Spruch angebracht wäre. 是适合说这样一句话的地方。

And if you were to travel back in time, to the 18th century, such a saying would have practically وإذا كنت ستسافر بالزمن إلى الوراء ، إلى القرن الثامن عشر ، لكان مثل هذا القول عمليًا І якби ви подорожували в минуле, у 18 століття, такий вислів мав би практичне значення

been the official motto of Cornwall, due to the levels of smuggling going on in the region. كان الشعار الرسمي لكورنوال ، بسبب مستويات التهريب الجارية في المنطقة. було офіційним девізом Корнуолла через рівень контрабанди, що відбувається в регіоні.

Why, you might ask? لماذا قد تسأل؟ Warum, werden Sie sich fragen?

Well, for smuggling to be attractive, there needs to be a big advantage to importing حسنًا ، لكي يكون التهريب جذابًا ، يجب أن يكون هناك ميزة كبيرة للاستيراد Nun, damit Schmuggel attraktiv ist, muss es einen großen Vorteil für die Einfuhr geben

something to a country illegally instead of declaring it to the authorities. شيء لدولة بشكل غير قانوني بدلاً من التصريح به للسلطات. etwas illegal in ein Land zu bringen, anstatt es bei den Behörden anzumelden.

It just so happened that in Britain of the 18th century, there was a large advantage. لقد حدث أنه في بريطانيا القرن الثامن عشر ، كانت هناك ميزة كبيرة. たまたま、18世紀のイギリスでは、大きなアドバンテージがあった。

Britain had spent much of the 18th century in military

conflicts with its old foe, its old enemy, France. ||||dușman|||| ||||düşmanı|||| تتعارض مع عدوها القديم ، عدوها القديم ، فرنسا. конфліктує зі своїм старим недругом, своїм старим ворогом, Францією.

Wars are expensive, and to pay for them, governments need to generate money. الحروب باهظة الثمن ، ولتدفع تكاليفها ، تحتاج الحكومات إلى توليد الأموال.

How do governments raise money? كيف تقوم الحكومات بجمع الأموال؟ Wie beschaffen Regierungen Geld?

Taxes, of course. الضرائب بالطبع.

And at this time the main source of tax revenue was on goods being brought into |||||||||venituri|||||| وفي هذا الوقت كان المصدر الرئيسي للإيرادات الضريبية هو السلع التي يتم إدخالها Und zu dieser Zeit war die Hauptquelle der Steuereinnahmen die Einfuhr von Waren.

the country - an income tax, a tax on money you make, wasn't introduced until 1789. الدولة - لم يتم تقديم ضريبة الدخل ، ضريبة على الأموال التي تربحها ، حتى عام 1789. країна - податок на прибуток, податок на гроші, які ви заробляєте, не було введено до 1789 року.

Given the national reliance on import taxes, these taxes were pretty high. |||dependența|||||||| نظرًا للاعتماد الوطني على ضرائب الاستيراد ، كانت هذه الضرائب مرتفعة جدًا. Angesichts der nationalen Abhängigkeit von Einfuhrsteuern waren diese Steuern ziemlich hoch. 輸入税に頼っていた国民性を考えると、この税金はかなり高いものだった。

The tax on imported tea was as high as 110%, meaning that tea that cost, let's Die Steuer auf importierten Tee betrug bis zu 110 %, was bedeutete, dass Tee, der - sagen wir mal

say €1, would have another €1.10 added in tax, more than doubling the cost. لنفترض أن € 1 ، ستضيف 1.10 يورو أخرى في الضريبة ، أي أكثر من ضعف التكلفة. Bei einem Preis von z. B. 1 € kämen weitere 1,10 € an Steuern hinzu, was den Preis mehr als verdoppelt.

Imported alcohol was even more highly taxed. كان الكحول المستورد أكثر ضرائب. Importierter Alkohol wurde sogar noch höher besteuert.

There were 18 different taxes on brandy and gin, which would mean a €10 كانت هناك 18 ضريبة مختلفة على البراندي والجين ، مما يعني 10 يورو

bottle would have €25 of tax added to it, taking the final cost to €35. ستتم إضافة ضريبة بقيمة 25 يورو إلى الزجاجة ، وبذلك تصل التكلفة النهائية إلى 35 يورو.

So, it will not surprise you to find out that people did everything they could to avoid paying لذلك ، لن يفاجئك أن تكتشف أن الأشخاص فعلوا كل ما في وسعهم لتجنب الدفع

these taxes, by smuggling goods into the country without declaring them to the authorities. |||контрабандой|||||||||| |||contrabandă|||||||||| هذه الضرائب عن طريق تهريب البضائع إلى البلاد دون التصريح عنها للسلطات.

And Cornwall was the epicentre, the absolute center, of this activity. ||||epicentrul|||||| ||||epicenter|||||| وكانت كورنوال هي المركز ، المركز المطلق ، لهذا النشاط. Und Cornwall war das Epizentrum, das absolute Zentrum, dieser Aktivität.

We already know that Cornwall is far from London. نحن نعلم بالفعل أن كورنوال بعيدة عن لندن.

It's almost 6 hours driving on modern roads, and in the 18th century there were ما يقرب من 6 ساعات بالسيارة على الطرق الحديثة ، وفي القرن الثامن عشر كان هناك

very limited roads, meaning it would have taken weeks to get there on a horse. ||||||быть|||||||| طرق محدودة للغاية ، مما يعني أن الأمر كان سيستغرق أسابيع للوصول إلى هناك على ظهر حصان.

Cornwall also has a lot of coastline, and a lot of small, hidden bays, which ||||||litoral|||||||golfuri| |||||||||||||koylar| كورنوال لديها أيضا الكثير من السواحل ، والكثير من الخلجان الصغيرة المخفية ، والتي

can come in useful for bringing goods onto land without anyone noticing. |||||||||||observând يمكن أن يكون مفيدًا في جلب البضائع إلى الأرض دون أن يلاحظها أحد. може стати в нагоді, щоб непомітно доставити товар на сушу.

The Cornish people also felt no real loyalty to the King, a man who was |||||||лояльности||||||| |||||||loialitate||||||| |||||||sadakat||||||| لم يشعر شعب الكورنيش أيضًا بأي ولاء حقيقي للملك ، الرجل الذي كان كذلك Die Menschen in Cornwall fühlten auch keine wirkliche Loyalität gegenüber dem König, einem Mann, der コーニッシュの人々もまた、国王に忠誠を感じていなかった。

asking them to pay for wars against France, a country that many Cornish مطالبا منهم أن يدفعوا ثمن الحروب ضد فرنسا ، البلد الذي كورنيش كثير Sie sollten für die Kriege gegen Frankreich bezahlen, ein Land, das viele Cornwaller

people would have felt more in common with than they did with Londoners. كان الناس سيشعرون بالقواسم المشتركة معهم أكثر مما شعروا به مع سكان لندن. mit denen die Menschen mehr gemeinsam hätten als mit den Londonern. 人们会感到与自己比与伦敦人更加相似。

The result was a boom in smuggling, and at its peak the central British government, when asked ||||explozie||||||apogeu|||||| ||||patlama|||||||||||| Результатом став бум контрабанди, і на його піку центральний британський уряд, коли його запитали 结果导致走私活动蓬勃发展,在走私活动达到顶峰时,英国中央政府

to estimate the extent of smuggling in Cornwall, estimated that no less than the entire adult |tahmin etmek|||||||||||||| um das Ausmaß des Schmuggels in Cornwall abzuschätzen, schätzte, dass nicht weniger als die gesamte erwachsene Щоб оцінити масштаби контрабанди в Корнуоллі, підрахували, що не менше, ніж у всьому дорослому

population was involved in smuggling, either as an importer of smuggled goods or as a consumer. ||||||||||контрабандных||||| ||||||||ithalatçı||kaçak||||| Bevölkerung war am Schmuggel beteiligt, entweder als Importeur von Schmuggelware oder als Konsument. населення було залучене до контрабанди як імпортер контрабандних товарів або як споживач.

So, how did it actually work in practice?

There were gangs of smugglers, who would either work in ||bande||||||| で働くか、密入国者のギャングがいた。

collaboration with the traders, or who would steal from them. colaborare|||comercianții||||fura|| die mit den Händlern zusammenarbeiten oder die sie bestehlen würden. співпрацювати з торговцями, або хто крастиме у них.

For those working in collaboration with the traders, in the dead of night the smugglers ||||||||||miezul|||| Für diejenigen, die mit den Händlern zusammenarbeiten, sind die Schmuggler mitten in der Nacht

would go out silently on their boats, they would go up to the side of a ship full of ar|||în tăcere||||||||||||||| mit ihren Booten lautlos hinausfuhren, gingen sie an die Seite eines Schiffes, das voll mit を満載した船の側まで行って、静かに舟を走らせるのである。

rum or brandy, and the ship would offload a large part of its cargo to the smugglers. |||||||boşaltmak||||||||| Rum oder Brandy, und das Schiff würde einen großen Teil seiner Ladung an die Schmuggler abgeben.

They would then return to the shore, and the goods would enter the local ||||||mal|||||||

market, undeclared of course, meaning that they could be sold for significantly |nedecalarat|||||||||| |açıklanmamış|||||||||| Markt, natürlich nicht deklariert, was bedeutet, dass sie zu erheblichen Preisen verkauft werden könnten. 市場には、もちろん無申告で、つまり、かなりの価格で販売される可能性があります。

less than what the cost would have been if tax had been paid on them. weniger als die Kosten, die sich ergeben hätten, wenn sie versteuert worden wären.

Alternatively, the smugglers would simply sail to mainland Europe, normally northern France, buy alternativ|||||||continent||de obicei||| Alternatif olarak|||||||||||| Alternativ dazu segelten die Schmuggler einfach zum europäischen Festland, normalerweise nach Nordfrankreich, und kauften あるいは、密輸業者がヨーロッパ本土、通常はフランス北部まで航海し、購入することもあった。

goods there, and return to Cornwall, and then import them without declaring it to the authorities. und nach Cornwall zurückkehren, um sie dann einzuführen, ohne sie bei den Behörden anzumelden.

By all reports, this type of smuggling was so tolerated by the Cornish ||informații|||||||||| |||||||||hoş görüldü||| Allen Berichten zufolge wurde diese Art von Schmuggel von den Cornwallern so geduldet このような密輸は、コーニッシュでは大目に見てもらえたという。

people that it wasn't really considered to be illegal or immoral at all. ||||||||||ahlaka aykırı|| の人たちは、それが違法や不道徳であるとは全く考えていなかったのです。

The tax was unjust, it was wrong, and the smugglers were simply providing a service. |||adaletsiz||||||||||| Die Steuer war ungerecht, sie war falsch, und die Schmuggler erbrachten lediglich eine Dienstleistung. 税は不当であり、間違っていた。密輸業者は単にサービスを提供していただけだ。

The smugglers played an important part in the local economy, and they Die Schmuggler spielten eine wichtige Rolle in der lokalen Wirtschaft, und sie 密輸業者は、地域経済において重要な役割を担っており

were able to pay large amounts of money to anyone who was involved. in der Lage waren, hohe Geldbeträge an jeden zu zahlen, der daran beteiligt war. は、関係者に多額の金銭を支払うことができた。

Indeed, it's said that a normal farm labourer was able to earn more de fapt|||||||muncitor||||| |||||||işçi||||| Es heißt sogar, dass ein normaler Landarbeiter mehr verdienen konnte 確かに、普通の農作業をしていた人の方が、収入が多かったと言われています。

money in one night carrying a smuggled barrel of brandy up a cliff ||||||de contrabandă|butoi|||||stâncă Geld in einer Nacht, in der er ein geschmuggeltes Fass Branntwein eine Klippe hinauf trug 崖っぷちでブランデーの樽を担いで一晩で金を稼ぐ 一晚上就能赚到一大笔钱,把走私的白兰地酒桶扛上悬崖

than he could earn during an entire month labouring in the fields. ||||||||muncind||| ||||||||çalışarak||| 1ヶ月間、畑で働くよりも、はるかに高い収入を得ることができる。

So, it's no surprise that so many people were happy to be involved.

There was a slightly darker side to smuggling, though, and this is where the line |||ușor|||||totuși||||||

between an honest smuggler and a not-so-honest pirate becomes a little blurred. |||contrabandist||||||pirat||||neclar між чесним контрабандистом і не дуже чесним піратом стає дещо розмитою.

Smugglers would normally pay for the goods that they would import illegally. Schmuggler zahlen normalerweise für die Waren, die sie illegal einführen.

They would make their money by selling on these goods for more than they paid for them. Sie würden ihr Geld verdienen, indem sie diese Waren zu einem höheren Preis weiterverkaufen, als sie für sie bezahlt haben. そして、その商品を購入した金額よりも高く売ることで、収益を得るのです。

But what if they didn't need to pay for them at all? しかし、もし、お金を払う必要がまったくなかったらどうでしょう。

There are reports of smugglers actually going out and attacking ||rapoarte|||de fapt|||| 実際に密輸業者が出向いて攻撃しているとの報告もあります。

trade ships, killing the people on board and taking their goods.

Of course, it goes without saying that these stolen goods were also not declared to the authorities. Es versteht sich von selbst, dass diese gestohlenen Waren auch nicht bei den Behörden gemeldet wurden. Зрозуміло, що ці викрадені товари також не були задекларовані владі.

And there are other tales of things that the local population would do Und es gibt noch andere Geschichten über Dinge, die die lokale Bevölkerung tun würde そして、現地の人がやるようなことは、他の物語がある 还有一些关于当地居民会做的事情的故事

to get their hands on the goods that were being carried on these ships. um an die Waren zu gelangen, die auf diesen Schiffen transportiert wurden. は、これらの船で運ばれていた品物を手に入れるためです。 以获取这些船上所载的货物。

Sometimes a ship would crash into the dangerous rocks in shallow water, ||||se lovi||||||apă puțin adâncă| 有时船会在浅水区撞上危险的岩石,

its crew would drown, they would die, and the ship would be washed ashore. |echipaj||se va îneca||||||||||la mal |||||||||||||kıyıya Die Besatzung würde ertrinken, sie würde sterben, und das Schiff würde an Land gespült werden. sua tripulação se afogaria, eles morreriam e o navio seria arrastado para a praia.

When this happened word would get out, people would find out, and would rush |||||||||||||s-ar grăbi Wenn dies geschah, sprach es sich herum, die Leute fanden es heraus und stürzten sich auf die このようなことが起こると、噂が広まり、人々がそれを知り、殺到することになる。 Quando essa notícia se espalhasse, as pessoas descobririam e correriam Когда это происходило, об этом становилось известно, люди узнавали об этом и спешили

to the site of the shipwreck to see what they could take for themselves. ||locul|||naufragiu|||||||| |||||gemi enkazı|||||||| zum Ort des Schiffbruchs, um zu sehen, was sie für sich selbst mitnehmen konnten. を難破船の現場に持って行き、自分たちが何を手に入れることができるかを確認した。 ao local do naufrágio para ver o que poderiam levar para si.

There are also reports of groups of Cornish people attaching a lantern, a light, to a |||||||||atașând||lanternă|||| |||||||||bağlama|||||| Є також повідомлення про те, що групи корнуельців прикріплюють ліхтар, світло, до

horse and walking along a piece of coastline that was dangerous for boats, in order to

trick the boat into thinking that the light was a lighthouse, so that the boat would a păcăli||||||||||far||||| ||||||||||fener||||| dem Boot vorgaukeln, dass es sich bei dem Licht um einen Leuchtturm handelt, so dass das Boot ボートを灯台と勘違いさせ、ボートを走らせる。

come close, crash on the rocks, and the smugglers could take this precious cargo.

And taking these goods was actually legal in some circumstances. |||||aslında|||| Und die Mitnahme dieser Waren war unter bestimmten Umständen sogar legal. そして、これらの商品を取ることは、実は状況によっては合法だったのです。

There was a quirk, a slightly strange element, to the English law about |||ciudățenie||||||||| |||alışılmadık özellik||||||||| については、イギリスの法律には一癖も二癖もある、ちょっと不思議な要素があった。

what you could and couldn't do if you found a shipwreck on a beach.

It was illegal, it was not allowed, to take the goods of a shipwreck if there were any survivors, ||||||||||||||||||kurtulanlar Es war illegal, es war nicht erlaubt, die Güter eines Schiffbrüchigen mitzunehmen, wenn es Überlebende gab,

because those survivors still legally owned the goods, or at least were in charge of them. denn die Überlebenden waren immer noch rechtmäßige Eigentümer der Waren oder zumindest für sie zuständig. потому что эти выжившие все еще законно владели товарами или, по крайней мере, распоряжались ими. тому що ті, хто вижив, все ще законно володіли товарами, або, принаймні, були відповідальними за них.

But if there were no survivors, then it was actually allowed by law |||||supraviețuitori|||||||

for anyone who found the shipwreck to take the goods they found. |||||epavă||||||

So, surprise surprise, when a ship full of French brandy or Chinese tea was washed ashore, it

was very rare for the people who found the ship to declare that they had found any survivors. |||||||||||a declara||||||

Or let me put it another way, you wouldn't want to be the Oder lassen Sie es mich anders ausdrücken: Sie würden nicht derjenige sein wollen, der

only survivor on a ship that was full of expensive brandy. |supraviețuitor|||||||||

And there was very little that the government authorities could do to stop smuggling. Und die staatlichen Behörden konnten nur wenig tun, um den Schmuggel zu unterbinden.

The punishment for smuggling was death, it was a capital offence. |pedeapsa|||||||||infracțiune Die Strafe für Schmuggel war der Tod, es war ein Kapitalverbrechen. Наказание за контрабанду было смертью, это было преступлением, караемым смертной казнью. Покаранням за контрабанду була смертна кара, це був вищий ступінь злочину.

But this was only a deterrent if you were likely to get caught. |||||deterrent||||||| |||||engel||||||| Dies war jedoch nur abschreckend, wenn die Gefahr bestand, dass man erwischt wurde. しかし、これは捕まる可能性がある場合の抑止力でしかなかった。 但这只有在你可能被抓时才有威慑力。

There were customs officers sent down from London, men whose role it was Aus London wurden Zollbeamte entsandt, deren Aufgabe es war

to ensure that imported goods were correctly taxed, but they were very

unpopular, they were paid very little, and there weren't very many of them. Sie waren unbeliebt, wurden sehr schlecht bezahlt und waren nicht sehr zahlreich.

They were completely outnumbered by the smugglers, and many would turn a blind eye, |||numărați|||||||||| Sie waren den Schmugglern zahlenmäßig völlig unterlegen, und viele drückten ein Auge zu,

they would pretend not to notice, often in exchange for a bribe, in exchange for money. |||||||||||mită|||| |||||||||||rüşvet|||| Sie taten so, als würden sie es nicht bemerken, oft im Austausch gegen eine Bestechung, im Austausch gegen Geld.

The smugglers, too, were popular with the local population. Auch die Schmuggler waren bei der lokalen Bevölkerung beliebt.

They paid well, they were providing cheaper goods, Sie zahlten gut, sie boten billigere Waren an,

and they cultivated a reputation as honest, fair men. そして、誠実で公正な人間としての評判を高めていきました。

One particular smuggler who has gone down in Cornish history is a

man named John Carter, who had the nickname of The King of Prussia.

He liked to be called the King of Prussia when he was Er ließ sich gerne König von Preußen nennen, wenn er

a boy, and as he grew into a man, well, the name stuck. als Junge, und als er zum Mann wurde, blieb der Name hängen. 少年から青年に成長するにつれて、その名前が定着していったのです。

Today, there is a “Prussia Cove” in Cornwall, which is the

small, secret bay where he would unload his smuggled goods. ||||||boşaltmak|||

He was known as a highly moral man, fighting against an immoral tax.

There's a famous story of what happened when some of his smuggled goods were found Есть известная история о том, что случилось, когда некоторые из его контрабандных товаров были найдены.

by a customs official, and were taken into custody, essentially taken away from him. ||||||||gözaltı||||| Sie wurden von einem Zollbeamten in Gewahrsam genommen, d.h. sie wurden ihm praktisch weggenommen. сотрудником таможни, и были взяты под стражу, по сути, отобраны у него. співробітником митниці, і були взяті під варту, по суті, відібрані у нього.

In the dead of night he broke into Customs House, the Глухої ночі він увірвався до приміщення митниці, де знаходився

building in which all the captured goods had been stored. Gebäude, in dem alle erbeuteten Waren gelagert waren.

He and his men looked through all of the goods, but they only 彼とその部下たちは、すべての品物に目を通したが、ただただ

took what had been taken from him, leaving the rest of the goods. nahm das, was ihm genommen worden war, und ließ den Rest der Waren zurück. は、奪われたものを奪って、残りの品物を残していった。

One of the customs officers was reported as saying “John Carter has been here. |||vamei|||||||||| Einer der Zollbeamten soll gesagt haben: "John Carter ist hier gewesen.

We know it because he has taken nothing away that was not his own.” 彼は自分のものでないものは何一つ奪っていないので、私たちはそれを知っています。"

John Carter, this King of Prussia, was no thief - he was simply taking back what was rightfully his. ||||||||hoț||||||||în mod legitim| ||||||||||||||||haklı olarak| ジョン・カーターは、このプロイセン王は泥棒ではなく、単に自分のものを取り戻しただけだった。

There is even a pub in the town of Fowey in Cornwall called “The King of Prussia”. ||||pub|||||||||||| |||||||||Fowey|||||||