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Shakespeare - His Life and Plays, Chapter seven Hamlet, the Last Comedy and a Lucky Escape

Chapter seven Hamlet, the Last Comedy and a Lucky Escape

Hamlet is probably Shakespeare's greatest play. It is certainly the most famous. But today's Hamlets are usually very different from each other and from the one that Shakespeare wrote about in 1600.

Goethe began this fashion 200 years ago. He said that Hamlet was a gentle young man, unable to obey his father's command that he must revenge his murder. After that, it was easy to imagine that he was a man who could not make up his mind. But to some modern writers Hamlet is cruel and violent and not really the hero. Others have suggested that Hamlet's relationship with his mother is the most important point in the play. It is also often difficult today to know whether the actor thinks that Hamlet is really mad or is only pretending to be.

Shakespeare had seen a play about Hamlet when he first came to London, probably written by Thomas Kyd. We only know that Kyd's play had a ghost who called for revenge. But there was probably a scene like the one where the actors act the murder of Hamlet's father, proving that Claudius is guilty. Kyd had a scene like this in The Spanish Tragedy. Shakespeare had also read the story in a translation from the French, and had studied a medical book. He had to show the difference between someone who really goes mad, like Ophelia, and someone like Hamlet who has suffered a shock but at times pretends to be mad to trick his enemies.

Here are a few short answers to the problems that modern directors have with Hamlet. Officially, Protestants like Hamlet's friend, Horatio, did not believe in ghosts for religious reasons. So when the Ghost first appears, Horatio is sure that it is the Devil. Hamlet thinks that it may be the Devil, so he has to wait until he can prove that the King is guilty before taking his revenge. He sees his opportunity, halfway through the play, when he asks the actors to perform a play with a scene like his father's murder. But even then, only he and Horatio understand why the King is shocked. If they have not read the story, the audience do not know if the Ghost is the Devil, either, until just before that scene. After that, Hamlet acts immediately, but by mistake kills the minister - Polonius, Ophelia's father - instead of the King. He does not have another opportunity until the end of the play.

Polonius's death is the cause of the tragedy. Ophelia goes mad and her brother, Laertes, when he returns from France, is in the same situation as Hamlet. The King blames Hamlet, and Laertes wants revenge. He is more typical of an Elizabethan gentleman than Hamlet. He does not stop to find out if the Kings story is true. He says that he will cut Hamlet's throat in the church.

The Elizabethan audience shared Hamlets view of his mothers marriage to his uncle. For them, this was the same as a man marrying his sister. So when the King, pretending that he is Hamlet's friend, calls him 'my cousin [relative] and my son', Hamlet turns away from him. He tells the audience that the King is closer than a relative but less than natural.

Elizabethan audiences were never in doubt about Hamlet's madness. Shakespeare used different forms of language for his speeches. These showed clearly when he was shocked by his father's death and his mother's marriage and when he was pretending.

Most audiences admire Hamlet. But it is true that he changes during the play. We admire the Hamlet that we see at the end. Then he speaks calmly to Horatio, saying that the opportunity to revenge his father will come in time, and he will be ready. We should also recognize that the tradition in revenge plays is similar to the tradition in a Western film. The villain had to be the cause of his own death. In the same way, the bad man in a Western always reaches for his gun first, before the hero shoots him. If the hero shot first, we would not like it.

Shakespeare gives us his idea of Hamlet in the words of Ophelia. When she thinks that he is mad, she speaks of him as he was before the play began and as he is again at the end. He is the perfect Elizabethan prince, a man who knows how to behave in society, who reads books to increase his knowledge of the world, and who will fight bravely when this is necessary.

At this time, Shakespeare also wrote Twelfth Night, his last romantic comedy. It is a fine play, with wonderfully funny scenes and beautiful romantic speeches. But there is a kind of sadness about it that lasts even after the happy ending. Orsino, the hero, is in love with the idea of love, but Viola, the heroine, is really in love. She acts as Orsino's servant for most of the play, dressed as a boy. In the end, we feel that he does not really deserve her.

At the end of Twelfth Night Feste, one of the main comic characters in the play, sings a song. Will Kempe had left the company and a different actor, Robert Armin, who could sing well, had taken his place. Shakespeare wrote the comic parts in his plays to suit him. The meaning of Feste's song is not clear, but it may be about an actor's life. It is a hard life. The wind blows and the rain falls every day. When Feste sings about men shutting their gates against thieves, we remember that councils disliked actors and wanted to shut them out. But at the end of the song, Feste tells the audience that they will try to please them every day.

John Manningham, a law student, kept a diary. Law students in London were fond of plays and could afford to pay the actors to put on special performances for them. Manningham saw Twelfth Night in February 1602, and the next month he wrote down a story that he had heard about Burbage and Shakespeare. Burbage had seen a good-looking woman in the audience, and arranged to meet her. But Shakespeare had heard the conversation, and when Burbage knocked on her door, Shakespeare was already making love to her. Her servant gave Burbage a message from Shakespeare, saying 'William I (the first King of England) came before Richard III (Burbages most famous part). ' The story is almost certainly not true. It is the kind of joke that students invent about famous people. But it shows that by this time they thought of Burbage and Shakespeare as stars. Although Shakespeare did not act the hero or the villain in his plays, people knew that he was one of the main reasons for his company's success. Students at Cambridge University had written a comedy about actors a year or two before this, and in that play the characters were Burbage, Kempe and Shakespeare.

Between writing Hamlet and Twelfth Night, Shakespeare had had a lucky escape. His company had always supported the Earl of Essex, who was popular with the ordinary people, and the Earl of Southampton was Essex's closest friend. Essex had been a favourite at court for many years. Although he had annoyed the Queen and the government on several occasions, they gave him the command of the army when the Irish rebelled in 1599. Shakespeare included a speech in Henry V, comparing him to the hero of that play. But Essex failed. He was ordered to stay at home and keep away from the court.

Early in February 1601, one of his friends asked Shakespeare's company to perform Richard II, a play in which the King loses the throne. Essex and his friends wanted to see it before they rode to the Queen's palace. The actors agreed, but the next day Essex failed to get any popular support. He was sent to prison and executed a few days later. Southampton was lucky to escape with his life but stayed in prison until the Queen died in 1603.

Augustine Phillips, one of the actors, defended his friends at the trial. He said that they had only acted Richard II because they were offered more money. It is unlikely that the Queen believed him. She told one of the lords at court, 'I am Richard II. You know that, don't you?' But she did not punish the actors or the man who had written the play. Perhaps she was so fond of plays that she did not want to lose the best actors in the country. Instead, she warned them of the danger. They were ordered to perform at court on the night before Essex was executed.

Troilus and Cressida was the last play that Shakespeare wrote during the old queen's reign. It is a clever, cruel play, popular then and now with young people, and was probably first performed for the law students in London. The traditional characters, Hector and Troilus, have simple beliefs about love and war. But in the real world, Shakespeare suggests, neither love nor war is fair. In the end, people win by using force. Achilles murders Hector, and Cressida accepts Diomedes as her lover because she has never believed that love can last. The play is typical of attitudes in the last year of the old queen's reign. People looked back at the past sadly and were not confident about the future.

Towards the end of 1601, John Shakespeare died. He had lived long enough to see his son become the most successful man in Stratford. He left his two houses to William. Joan, William's sister, lived in one with her husband, and a man and his wife rented the other as a pub.

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Chapter seven Hamlet, the Last Comedy and a Lucky Escape Capítulo siete Hamlet, la última comedia y una huida afortunada Chapitre sept Hamlet, la dernière comédie et une échappée belle Capitolo sette Amleto, l'ultima commedia e una fuga fortunata 第七章 ハムレット、最後の喜劇と幸運な逃亡 Septintas skyrius Hamletas, paskutinė komedija ir laimingas pabėgimas Розділ сьомий Гамлет, остання комедія і щаслива втеча 第七章 《哈姆雷特》、最后的喜剧和幸运逃生

Hamlet is probably Shakespeare’s greatest play. It is certainly the most famous. それは確かに最も有名です。 But today’s Hamlets are usually very different from each other and from the one that Shakespeare wrote about in 1600. ||Hamletek|||||||||||||||| Але сьогоднішні Гамлети зазвичай сильно відрізняються один від одного і від того, про який писав Шекспір у 1600 році.

Goethe began this fashion 200 years ago. ゲーテは200年前にこのファッションを始めました。 Гете започаткував цю моду 200 років тому. He said that Hamlet was a gentle young man, unable to obey his father’s command that he must revenge his murder. Er sagte, Hamlet sei ein sanftmütiger junger Mann, der nicht in der Lage sei, dem Befehl seines Vaters zu gehorchen, dessen Mord zu rächen. Hamlet'in nazik bir genç adam olduğunu, babasının cinayetinin intikamını alması emrini yerine getiremediğini söyledi. Він сказав, що Гамлет був лагідним юнаком, який не міг підкоритися наказу свого батька про те, що він повинен помститися за його вбивство. After that, it was easy to imagine that he was a man who could not make up his mind. Danach war es leicht, sich vorzustellen, dass er ein Mann war, der sich nicht entscheiden konnte. あとは、なかなか決心がつかない男だったことが容易に想像できます。 Ondan sonra, karar veremeyen bir adam olduğunu hayal etmek kolaydı. Після цього легко було уявити, що це людина, яка не може прийняти рішення. But to some modern writers Hamlet is cruel and violent and not really the hero. |||||||gonosz||erőszakos||||| Ancak bazı modern yazarlara göre Hamlet zalim ve şiddetlidir ve gerçek bir kahraman değildir. Але для деяких сучасних письменників Гамлет є жорстоким і жорстоким, а не справжнім героєм. Others have suggested that Hamlet’s relationship with his mother is the most important point in the play. ||||Hamlet kapcsolata|||||||||||| Інші припускали, що стосунки Гамлета з матір'ю є найважливішим моментом у п'єсі. It is also often difficult today to know whether the actor thinks that Hamlet is really mad or is only pretending to be. Сьогодні також часто важко зрозуміти, чи вважає актор, що Гамлет справді божевільний, чи лише прикидається.

Shakespeare had seen a play about Hamlet when he first came to London, probably written by Thomas Kyd. シェイクスピアは、最初にロンドンに来たとき、おそらくトーマス・キッドによって書かれたハムレットについての戯曲を見ていました。 Когда Шекспир впервые приехал в Лондон, он видел пьесу о Гамлете, вероятно, написанную Томасом Кидом. Шекспір бачив п'єсу про Гамлета, коли він вперше приїхав до Лондона, ймовірно, написану Томасом Кідом. We only know that Kyd’s play had a ghost who called for revenge. ||||Kyd darabja|||||||| キッドのプレイには、復讐を求める幽霊がいたことだけはわかっています。 Sadece Kyd'ın oyununda intikam isteyen bir hayalet olduğunu biliyoruz. Відомо лише, що у п’єсі Кіда був привид, який закликав до помсти. But there was probably a scene like the one where the actors act the murder of Hamlet’s father, proving that Claudius is guilty. ||||||||||||||||||bizonyítva|||| しかし、俳優たちがハムレットの父親の殺害を演じ、クローディアスが有罪であることを証明するようなシーンがおそらくあったでしょう. Но, вероятно, была сцена, подобная той, где актеры разыгрывают убийство отца Гамлета, доказывая, что Клавдий виноват. Але, мабуть, була така сцена, як та, де актори розігрують вбивство батька Гамлета, доводячи, що Клавдій винний. Kyd had a scene like this in The Spanish Tragedy. Shakespeare had also read the story in a translation from the French, and had studied a medical book. シェイクスピアはまた、フランス語から翻訳された物語を読んでおり、医学書を研究していました. Шекспір також читав історію в перекладі з французької мови та вивчав медичну книгу. He had to show the difference between someone who really goes mad, like Ophelia, and someone like Hamlet who has suffered a shock but at times pretends to be mad to trick his enemies. ||||||||||||||||||||||sokk||||||||||| 彼はオフェリアのように本当に怒っている人と、ショックを受けたが時々敵をだますために怒っているふりをするハムレットのような人との違いを示さなければなりませんでした。 Он должен был показать разницу между кем-то, кто действительно сходит с ума, вроде Офелии, и кем-то вроде Гамлета, который пережил шок, но временами притворяется сумасшедшим, чтобы обмануть своих врагов. Він мав показати різницю між кимось, хто справді божеволіє, як Офелія, і кимось, як Гамлет, який пережив шок, але часом прикидається божевільним, щоб обдурити своїх ворогів.

Here are a few short answers to the problems that modern directors have with Hamlet. 現代の監督がハムレットに抱えている問題に対するいくつかの簡単な答えを以下に示します。 Ось кілька коротких відповідей на проблеми, які виникають у сучасних режисерів із Гамлетом. Officially, Protestants like Hamlet’s friend, Horatio, did not believe in ghosts for religious reasons. |protestánsok|||||||||||| 公式には、ハムレットの友人であるホレイショのようなプロテスタントは、宗教上の理由から幽霊を信じていませんでした。 Офіційно протестанти, такі як друг Гамлета Гораціо, не вірили в привидів з релігійних міркувань. So when the Ghost first appears, Horatio is sure that it is the Devil. だから、幽霊が最初に現れるとき、ホレイショはそれが悪魔であると確信しています。 Тож коли Привид вперше з’являється, Гораціо впевнений, що це Диявол. Hamlet thinks that it may be the Devil, so he has to wait until he can prove that the King is guilty before taking his revenge. ハムレットは悪魔かもしれないと考えているので、彼は復Kingする前に王が有罪であることを証明できるまで待たなければなりません。 Гамлет думает, что это может быть дьявол, поэтому ему приходится ждать, пока он не докажет, что король виновен, прежде чем отомстить. Hamlet bunun Şeytan olabileceğini düşünüyor, bu yüzden intikamını almadan önce Kralın suçlu olduğunu kanıtlayana kadar beklemesi gerekiyor. Гамлет думає, що це може бути Диявол, тому йому доводиться чекати, поки він зможе довести, що король винен, перш ніж помститися. He sees his opportunity, halfway through the play, when he asks the actors to perform a play with a scene like his father’s murder. 彼は、俳優に父親の殺人のような場面で演劇を行うように頼むとき、劇の途中で彼の機会を見ます。 Он видит свою возможность в середине спектакля, когда просит актеров разыграть пьесу со сценой, подобной убийству его отца. Oyunun yarısında, oyunculardan babasının cinayeti gibi bir sahne ile bir oyun oynamalarını istediğinde, fırsatını görüyor. But even then, only he and Horatio understand why the King is shocked. しかし、それでも、彼とホレイショだけが王がショックを受ける理由を理解しています。 Но даже тогда только он и Горацио понимают, почему король шокирован. If they have not read the story, the audience do not know if the Ghost is the Devil, either, until just before that scene. 物語を読んでいない場合、観客はそのシーンの直前まで幽霊が悪魔かどうかも知りません。 Если они не читали рассказ, зрители не знают, является ли Призрак дьяволом, вплоть до непосредственно перед этой сценой. After that, Hamlet acts immediately, but by mistake kills the minister - Polonius, Ophelia’s father - instead of the King. |||||||||||Polonius|||||| その後、ハムレットはすぐに行動しますが、誤って王の代わりにオフェリアの父ポロニウスの大臣を殺します。 He does not have another opportunity until the end of the play. 彼は演劇の終わりまで別の機会がありません。 Oyunun sonuna kadar başka şansı yok.

Polonius’s death is the cause of the tragedy. Polonius||||||| ポロニウスの死は悲劇の原因です。 Ophelia goes mad and her brother, Laertes, when he returns from France, is in the same situation as Hamlet. ||||||Laertes|||||||||||| オフィーリアは発狂し、彼女の兄弟であるレールテスはフランスから戻ったとき、ハムレットと同じ状況にあります。 The King blames Hamlet, and Laertes wants revenge. 王はハムレットを非難し、レールテスは復venを望んでいる。 He is more typical of an Elizabethan gentleman than Hamlet. 彼は、ハムレットよりエリザベス朝の紳士の典型です。 He does not stop to find out if the Kings story is true. 彼はキングスの物語が真実かどうかを見つけるために停止しません。 Kings hikayesinin doğru olup olmadığını öğrenmek için durmaz. He says that he will cut Hamlet’s throat in the church. 彼は、ハムレットの喉を教会で切ると言います。

The Elizabethan audience shared Hamlets view of his mothers marriage to his uncle. エリザベス朝の聴衆は、彼の母親の結婚に関するハムレットの見解を彼の叔父と共有しました。 Публика в елизаветинском стиле разделила взгляд Гамлета на брак его матери с дядей. Elizabeth dönemi izleyicileri, Hamlets'in annesinin amcasıyla evliliği hakkındaki görüşlerini paylaştı. For them, this was the same as a man marrying his sister. 彼らにとって、これは妹と結婚する男性と同じでした。 So when the King, pretending that he is Hamlet’s friend, calls him 'my cousin [relative] and my son', Hamlet turns away from him. それで、王がハムレットの友人であるふりをして、彼を「私のいとこ(息子)」と呼ぶと、ハムレットは彼から背を向けます。 Поэтому, когда король, притворившись другом Гамлета, называет его «мой кузен [родственник] и мой сын», Гамлет отворачивается от него. Böylece Kral, Hamlet'in arkadaşıymış gibi davranarak ona 'kuzenim [akrabam] ve oğlum' dediğinde, Hamlet ondan yüz çevirir. He tells the audience that the King is closer than a relative but less than natural. 彼は聴衆に、王は親relativeよりは近いが自然よりは小さいと言います。 Он говорит аудитории, что Король ближе, чем родственник, но менее чем естественен. Seyirciye, Kralın bir akrabadan daha yakın ama doğaldan daha az olduğunu söyler.

Elizabethan audiences were never in doubt about Hamlet’s madness. エリザベス朝の聴衆はハムレットの狂気について疑うことはなかった。 Елизаветинские зрители никогда не сомневались в безумии Гамлета. Shakespeare used different forms of language for his speeches. シェークスピアはスピーチにさまざまな形式の言語を使用しました。 These showed clearly when he was shocked by his father’s death and his mother’s marriage and when he was pretending. これらは、彼が父親の死と母親の結婚によってショックを受けたときと、彼がふりをしていたときをはっきりと示していました。 Это было ясно видно, когда он был шокирован смертью своего отца и женитьбой матери и когда он притворялся. Babasının ölümü ve annesinin evliliği karşısında şoka girdiğinde ve numara yaptığında bunlar açıkça görülüyordu.

Most audiences admire Hamlet. ||csodálják| ほとんどの聴衆はハムレットを賞賛します。 But it is true that he changes during the play. しかし、プレイ中に彼が変わることは事実です。 We admire the Hamlet that we see at the end. 最後に見るハムレットに感心します。 Sonunda gördüğümüz Hamlet'e hayran kalıyoruz. Then he speaks calmly to Horatio, saying that the opportunity to revenge his father will come in time, and he will be ready. それから彼は、父親に復calmする機会がやがて来て、彼が準備ができていると言って、ホレイショに冷静に話します。 Ardından Horatio ile sakince konuşur ve babasından intikam alma fırsatının zamanla geleceğini ve hazır olacağını söyler. We should also recognize that the tradition in revenge plays is similar to the tradition in a Western film. また、復ven劇の伝統は西洋映画の伝統に似ていることを認識すべきです。 The villain had to be the cause of his own death. |gonosz||||||||| 悪役は彼自身の死の原因でなければなりませんでした。 Злодей должен был стать причиной собственной смерти. In the same way, the bad man in a Western always reaches for his gun first, before the hero shoots him. 同様に、西洋人の悪人は、ヒーローが彼を撃つ前に、常に最初に銃に手を伸ばします。 If the hero shot first, we would not like it. ヒーローが最初に撃った場合、私たちはそれを好まないでしょう。

Shakespeare gives us his idea of Hamlet in the words of Ophelia. シェークスピアは、オフィーリアの言葉で私たちにハムレットの考えを教えてくれます。 When she thinks that he is mad, she speaks of him as he was before the play began and as he is again at the end. 彼女が彼が怒っていると思うとき、彼女は彼が演劇が始まる前であり、彼が再び終わりであるので彼について話します。 Когда она думает, что он сумасшедший, она говорит о нем таким, каким он был до начала пьесы и каким он снова будет в конце. He is the perfect Elizabethan prince, a man who knows how to behave in society, who reads books to increase his knowledge of the world, and who will fight bravely when this is necessary. ||||||||||||viselkedni||||||||||||||||||||| 彼は完璧なエリザベス朝の王子であり、社会での振る舞いを知っており、世界の知識を高めるために本を読み、必要なときに勇敢に戦う男です。

At this time, Shakespeare also wrote Twelfth Night, his last romantic comedy. このとき、シェークスピアは彼の最後のロマンチックコメディである第12夜も書いた。 Bu sırada Shakespeare, son romantik komedisi olan Twelfth Night'ı da yazdı. It is a fine play, with wonderfully funny scenes and beautiful romantic speeches. それは素晴らしいプレーであり、素晴らしく面白いシーンと美しいロマンチックなスピーチがあります。 But there is a kind of sadness about it that lasts even after the happy ending. ||||||||||tart||||| しかし、ハッピーエンドの後でも続く悲しみがあります。 Orsino, the hero, is in love with the idea of love, but Viola, the heroine, is really in love. Orsino||||||||||||Viola|||||| 主人公のオルシーノは愛のアイデアに恋をしていますが、ヒロインのヴィオラは本当に恋をしています。 She acts as Orsino’s servant for most of the play, dressed as a boy. |||Orsino|||||||||| 彼女は、少年の格好をしたプレイのほとんどでオルシーノの僕として機能します。 In the end, we feel that he does not really deserve her. 最後に、私たちは彼が本当に彼女に値しないと感じています。

At the end of Twelfth Night Feste, one of the main comic characters in the play, sings a song. ||||||Feste|||||||||||| 劇中の主なコミックキャラクターの1人である第12ナイトフェステの終わりに、歌を歌います。 Will Kempe had left the company and a different actor, Robert Armin, who could sing well, had taken his place. |||||||||||Armin|||||||| ウィル・ケンペは退社し、歌が上手な別の俳優のロバート・アーミンが代わりになりました。 Shakespeare wrote the comic parts in his plays to suit him. シェークスピアは彼に合うように戯曲で漫画の部分を書きました。 The meaning of Feste’s song is not clear, but it may be about an actor’s life. フェステの歌の意味は明確ではありませんが、俳優の人生に関するものかもしれません。 It is a hard life. The wind blows and the rain falls every day. When Feste sings about men shutting their gates against thieves, we remember that councils disliked actors and wanted to shut them out. |||||zárni||||||||tanácsok|||||||| フェステが泥棒に対して門を閉める男たちについて歌ったとき、評議会が俳優を嫌い、彼らを締め出したかったことを思い出します。 Когда Фесте поет о мужчинах, закрывающих ворота от воров, мы вспоминаем, что советы недолюбливали актеров и хотели их закрыть. Feste, hırsızlara karşı kapılarını kapatan adamlar hakkında şarkı söylediğinde, konseylerin oyuncuları sevmediğini ve onları dışarı atmak istediğini hatırlıyoruz. But at the end of the song, Feste tells the audience that they will try to please them every day. しかし、歌の終わりに、フェステは観客に、彼らが毎日彼らを喜ばせようとすると言う。

John Manningham, a law student, kept a diary. |Manningham|||||| Law students in London were fond of plays and could afford to pay the actors to put on special performances for them. |||||szerették|||||megengedhették||||||||||| ロンドンの法学部の学生は演劇が好きで、俳優に特別なパフォーマンスをするために俳優にお金を払う余裕がありました。 Лондонские студенты-юристы любили спектакли и могли позволить актерам ставить для них специальные представления. Manningham saw Twelfth Night in February 1602, and the next month he wrote down a story that he had heard about Burbage and Shakespeare. Burbage had seen a good-looking woman in the audience, and arranged to meet her. |||||||||||megszervezte||| Burbageは聴衆の中に見栄えの良い女性を見つけ、彼女に会うよう手配しました。 Burbage seyirciler arasında yakışıklı bir kadın görmüş ve onunla buluşmayı ayarlamıştı. But Shakespeare had heard the conversation, and when Burbage knocked on her door, Shakespeare was already making love to her. しかし、シェークスピアは会話を聞いていました、そして、バーベジが彼女のドアをノックしたとき、シェークスピアはすでに彼女を愛していました。 Но Шекспир слышал этот разговор, и когда Бербедж постучал в ее дверь, Шекспир уже занимался с ней любовью. Her servant gave Burbage a message from Shakespeare, saying 'William I (the first King of England) came before Richard III (Burbages most famous part). 彼女の召使は、シェークスピアからのメッセージをバーベージに与えました。 '             The story is almost certainly not true. '物語はほとんど間違いなく真実ではありません。 It is the kind of joke that students invent about famous people. それは学生が有名人について発明する一種の冗談です。 But it shows that by this time they thought of Burbage and Shakespeare as stars. Ancak bu zamana kadar Burbage ve Shakespeare'i yıldız olarak düşündüklerini gösteriyor. Although Shakespeare did not act the hero or the villain in his plays, people knew that he was one of the main reasons for his company’s success. シェークスピアは彼の演劇でヒーローや悪役を演じなかったが、人々は彼が彼の会社の成功の主な理由の一つであることを知っていた。 Students at Cambridge University had written a comedy about actors a year or two before this, and in that play the characters were Burbage, Kempe and Shakespeare. ケンブリッジ大学の学生は、この1年か2年前に俳優についてのコメディを書いていました。 Студенты Кембриджского университета за год или два до этого написали комедию об актерах, и в этой пьесе героями были Бербедж, Кемпе и Шекспир.

Between writing Hamlet and Twelfth Night, Shakespeare had had a lucky escape. 「ハムレット」と「十二夜」の執筆の間に、シェークスピアは幸運な逃亡をしていた。 Hamlet ve Twelfth Night'ı yazarken Shakespeare şanslı bir kaçış yaşadı. His company had always supported the Earl of Essex, who was popular with the ordinary people, and the Earl of Southampton was Essex’s closest friend. ||||||||||||||||||||||Essex|| 彼の会社は常に普通の人々に人気のあるエセックス伯爵を支援し、サウサンプトン伯爵はエセックスの親友でした。 Essex had been a favourite at court for many years. ||||||udvarban||| エセックスは長年にわたって法廷で人気がありました。 Although he had annoyed the Queen and the government on several occasions, they gave him the command of the army when the Irish rebelled in 1599. |||megsértette|||||||több|alkalommal||||||||||||| 彼は女王と政府を何度か悩ませましたが、1599年にアイルランド人が反乱を起こしたとき、彼らは彼に軍の指揮を与えました。 Хотя он несколько раз раздражал королеву и правительство, они дали ему командование армией, когда ирландцы восстали в 1599 году. Shakespeare included a speech in Henry V, comparing him to the hero of that play. シェークスピアはヘンリー5世で演説を行い、彼をその劇のヒーローと比較しました。 But Essex failed. しかし、エセックスは失敗しました。 He was ordered to stay at home and keep away from the court. 彼は家にいて裁判所から離れるように命じられました。 Ему приказали оставаться дома и держаться подальше от суда.

Early in February 1601, one of his friends asked Shakespeare’s company to perform Richard II, a play in which the King loses the throne. 1601年2月初旬、彼の友人の1人がシェークスピアの会社に、王が王位を失うリチャード2世を演じるように頼みました。 Essex and his friends wanted to see it before they rode to the Queen’s palace. ||||||||||elmentek|||| エセックスと彼の友人たちは、女王の宮殿に行く前にそれを見たかったのです。 Essex ve arkadaşları, Kraliçe'nin sarayına gitmeden önce onu görmek istediler. The actors agreed, but the next day Essex failed to get any popular support. 俳優たちは同意したが、翌日エセックスは一般的な支持を得られなかった。 Актеры согласились, но на следующий день Эссекс не получил поддержки. He was sent to prison and executed a few days later. 彼は刑務所に送られ、数日後に処刑されました。 Southampton was lucky to escape with his life but stayed in prison until the Queen died in 1603. サウサンプトンは幸運にも彼の人生を逃れたが、1603年に女王が亡くなるまで刑務所に留まった。 Саутгемптону посчастливилось бежать, но он оставался в тюрьме до смерти королевы в 1603 году.

Augustine Phillips, one of the actors, defended his friends at the trial. |Phillips|||||||||| He said that they had only acted Richard II because they were offered more money. 彼は、より多くのお金を提供されたので、リチャード2世を演じただけだと言いました. It is unlikely that the Queen believed him. ||valószínűtlen||||| 女王が彼を信じた可能性は低い. She told one of the lords at court, 'I am Richard II. 彼女は法廷で領主の一人に言った、「私はリチャード2世です。 You know that, don’t you?' あなたはそれを知っていますよね?」 But she did not punish the actors or the man who had written the play. しかし、彼女は俳優や劇を書いた男を罰しませんでした。 Perhaps she was so fond of plays that she did not want to lose the best actors in the country. ||||rajongott||||||||||||||| Instead, she warned them of the danger. ||figyelmeztette|||| They were ordered to perform at court on the night before Essex was executed. 彼らは、エセックスが処刑される前夜に法廷で演奏するよう命じられました。

Troilus and Cressida was the last play that Shakespeare wrote during the old queen’s reign. Troilus||Cressida|||||||||||| Troilus und Cressida war das letzte Stück, das Shakespeare während der Regentschaft der alten Königin schrieb. トロイラスとクレシダは、シェークスピアが古い女王の統治時代に書いた最後の劇でした。 It is a clever, cruel play, popular then and now with young people, and was probably first performed for the law students in London. 巧妙で残酷な劇で、当時も今も若者に人気があり、おそらくロンドンの法学部学生のために最初に上演されました。 The traditional characters, Hector and Troilus, have simple beliefs about love and war. |||Hektor||||||||| 伝統的なキャラクター、ヘクターとトロイラスは、愛と戦争についての単純な信念を持っています。 But in the real world, Shakespeare suggests, neither love nor war is fair. しかし、現実の世界では、愛も戦争も公平ではない、とシェイクスピアは示唆しています。 Но в реальном мире, считает Шекспир, ни любовь, ни война не справедливы. Ama gerçek dünyada, Shakespeare'e göre ne aşk ne de savaş adildir. In the end, people win by using force. 最後に、人々は力を使うことで勝ちます。 Achilles murders Hector, and Cressida accepts Diomedes as her lover because she has never believed that love can last. Achilles||||||Diomédész|||||||||||| アキレスはヘクターを殺害し、クレシダはディオメデスを恋人として受け入れました。 Ахилл убивает Гектора, и Крессида принимает Диомеда как своего любовника, потому что никогда не верила, что любовь может длиться долго. The play is typical of attitudes in the last year of the old queen’s reign. この演劇は、旧女王の統治の昨年における典型的な態度です。 Oyun, eski kraliçenin saltanatının son yılındaki davranışların tipik bir örneğidir. People looked back at the past sadly and were not confident about the future. 人々は悲しげに過去を振り返り、未来に自信が持てませんでした。

Towards the end of 1601, John Shakespeare died. 1601年の終わり頃、ジョンシェークスピアは亡くなりました。 He had lived long enough to see his son become the most successful man in Stratford. 彼は息子がストラトフォードで最も成功した男になるのを見るのに十分な長さで暮らしていました。 He left his two houses to William. 彼は2つの家をウィリアムに残しました。 Он оставил свои два дома Уильяму. Joan, William’s sister, lived in one with her husband, and a man and his wife rented the other as a pub. ウィリアムの妹であるジョアンは夫と一緒に住んでいて、男性とその妻はパブとしてもう一方を借りていました。