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The Fraser Institute, Essential Coase: Transaction Costs & Institutions

Essential Coase: Transaction Costs & Institutions

Welcome to the essential ideas of Ronald Coase.

In a previous video, we explored the importance of the costs incurred when

goods and services are exchanged, such as the time it takes to find a person to exchange with,

the time and costs to negotiate a deal, and the costs of enforcing the sales agreement.

Coase called these “transaction costs.” But he not only identified the importance

of transaction costs, he also understood the way they shaped how the entire economy works.

As Coase explained, it's important to keep transaction costs low so that more economic

exchanges can occur, which makes people better off. But when transaction costs are too high,

they impede economic activity. For example, imagine if the legal and

regulatory steps required to buy a house—hiring a realtor and a lawyer and changing titles with the

land registry office, and so on—were also required when you bought a bike. No one would ever buy a

bike because the transaction costs are too high. However, for a major and costly purchase like a

house, the higher transaction costs don't impede exchange. Or imagine if bikes were only allowed to

be sold in separate parts. You have to buy the frame from one store, the tires from another,

the gears and brakes from another, and the accessories from yet another. The time,

energy and costs involved would likely prohibit almost everyone except the most ardent cyclists

from buying bikes. Simply put, the transaction costs involved in buying a bike would be too high.

Given that there are transaction costs for every exchange we make, and because it's so important

to keep them as low as possible, many of the institutions we see in the economy emerged to

do exactly that—minimize transaction costs. Take the banking industry, for example,

whose entire reason for being is to conveniently –and at a low cost—bring

together savers and borrowers. Without banks, the transaction costs for borrowing money would be

much higher because it would mean borrowers would have to spend a lot of time and money to find

other people interested in lending their savings. A more modern example is internet search engines,

which reduce transaction costs by making it easier to find shops and sellers who offer

what you're looking for. Online reviews, too, reduce transaction costs because they

help would-be buyers identify better, potentially more trustworthy sellers and service providers.

Coase not only identified the importance of transaction costs, but also how businesses

and institutions designed to lower the costs of exchange are all around us today.

For more information on Ronald Coase visit EssentialCoase.org,

and to learn about more essential scholars, visit EssentialScholars.org

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Essential Coase: Transaction Costs & Institutions Coase esencial: Costes de transacción e instituciones Essential Coase: Транзакционные издержки и институты Temel Coase: İşlem Maliyetleri ve Kurumlar 科斯精髓:交易成本与制度

Welcome to the essential ideas of Ronald Coase.

In a previous video, we explored the  importance of the costs incurred when |||||探りました||||||発生した| |||||||||||poniesionych kosztów| Num vídeo anterior, explorámos a importância dos custos incorridos quando У попередньому відео ми досліджували важливість витрат, понесених під час

goods and services are exchanged, such as the  time it takes to find a person to exchange with, ||||wymieniane||||||||||||| os bens e serviços são trocados, como o tempo que demora a encontrar uma pessoa com quem trocar,

the time and costs to negotiate a deal, and  the costs of enforcing the sales agreement. |||||||||||||||contract |||||交渉する||契約|||||履行する||| ||||||||||||wyegzekwowania||| o tempo e os custos de negociação de um acordo e os custos de execução do acordo de venda.

Coase called these “transaction costs.” But he not only identified the importance |||||||||||znaczenie Coase chamou-lhes "custos de transacção". Mas ele não só identificou a importância

of transaction costs, he also understood the  way they shaped how the entire economy works. |||||rozumiał||||kształtują||||| dos custos de transacção, compreendeu também a forma como estes moldam o funcionamento de toda a economia.

As Coase explained, it's important to keep  transaction costs low so that more economic Tal como Coase explicou, é importante manter os custos de transacção baixos para que mais economia

exchanges can occur, which makes people better  off. But when transaction costs are too high, as trocas podem ocorrer, o que melhora a situação das pessoas. Mas quando os custos de transacção são demasiado elevados,

they impede economic activity. For example, imagine if the legal and |hamują||||||||prawne| impedem a actividade económica. Por exemplo, imagine-se que a legislação e

regulatory steps required to buy a house—hiring a  realtor and a lawyer and changing titles with the |||||||engaging professionals||real estate agent|||||||| |||||||雇う|||||||||| |kroki||||||wynajęcie||||||||tytuły|| |||||||||corretor|||||||| passos regulamentares necessários para comprar uma casa - contratação de um agente imobiliário e de um advogado e alteração dos títulos de propriedade com a

land registry office, and so on—were also required  when you bought a bike. No one would ever buy a |登記所|||||||||||||||||| |rejestr|||||||||||||||||| registo predial, etc. - também eram necessários quando se comprava uma bicicleta. Ninguém comprava uma

bike because the transaction costs are too high. However, for a major and costly purchase like a |||purchase process||||||||||||| rower, ponieważ koszty transakcyjne są zbyt wysokie. Jednak w przypadku dużego i kosztownego zakupu, takiego jak rower, koszty transakcyjne są zbyt wysokie. bicicleta porque os custos de transacção são demasiado elevados. No entanto, para uma compra importante e dispendiosa como uma

house, the higher transaction costs don't impede  exchange. Or imagine if bikes were only allowed to casa, os custos de transacção mais elevados não impedem a troca. Ou imagine se as bicicletas só pudessem

be sold in separate parts. You have to buy the  frame from one store, the tires from another, |||||||||||||||タイヤ|| |||||||||||||||opony|| ser vendido em partes separadas. É preciso comprar o quadro numa loja e os pneus noutra,

the gears and brakes from another, and the  accessories from yet another. The time, |ギア||ブレーキ|||||||||| |||hamulce|||||akcesoria|||||

energy and costs involved would likely prohibit  almost everyone except the most ardent cyclists |||関わる|||||||||熱心な| |||zaangażowane koszty||||||oprócz|||zagorzałych| energia i związane z tym koszty prawdopodobnie uniemożliwiłyby prawie każdemu, z wyjątkiem najbardziej zagorzałych rowerzystów a energia e os custos envolvidos provavelmente proibiriam quase todos, excepto os ciclistas mais fervorosos

from buying bikes. Simply put, the transaction  costs involved in buying a bike would be too high. |||単純に||||||||||||| de comprar bicicletas. Simplesmente, os custos de transacção envolvidos na compra de uma bicicleta seriam demasiado elevados.

Given that there are transaction costs for every  exchange we make, and because it's so important Dado que existem custos de transacção para cada troca que fazemos, e porque é tão importante

to keep them as low as possible, many of the  institutions we see in the economy emerged to ||||||||||||||||pojawiły się|

do exactly that—minimize transaction costs. Take the banking industry, for example, |||minimalizować koszty||||||||

whose entire reason for being is to  conveniently –and at a low cost—bring |||||||便利に|||||| |||||||wygodnie|||||| cuja razão de ser é trazer convenientemente - e a baixo custo

together savers and borrowers. Without banks, the  transaction costs for borrowing money would be |貯金者|||||||||||| |oszczędzający||pożyczkobiorcy|||||||||| entre aforradores e mutuários. Sem bancos, os custos de transacção para pedir dinheiro emprestado seriam

much higher because it would mean borrowers would  have to spend a lot of time and money to find ||||||pożyczkobiorcy||||||||||||

other people interested in lending their savings. A more modern example is internet search engines, ||||pożyczaniu|||||||||| outras pessoas interessadas em emprestar as suas poupanças. Um exemplo mais moderno são os motores de busca da Internet,

which reduce transaction costs by making it  easier to find shops and sellers who offer ||||||||||||sprzedawców||

what you're looking for. Online reviews,  too, reduce transaction costs because they o que está a procurar. As avaliações online também reduzem os custos de transacção porque

help would-be buyers identify better, potentially  more trustworthy sellers and service providers. ||||||||信頼できる|||| ||||||||wiarygodniejszymi||||usługodawców ajudar os potenciais compradores a identificar vendedores e prestadores de serviços melhores e potencialmente mais fiáveis.

Coase not only identified the importance of  transaction costs, but also how businesses

and institutions designed to lower the  costs of exchange are all around us today. e as instituições destinadas a reduzir os custos de troca estão hoje à nossa volta.

For more information on Ronald  Coase visit EssentialCoase.org,

and to learn about more essential  scholars, visit EssentialScholars.org