Class 9. Polish Power and Cossack Revolution (2) Klasse 9. Polnische Macht und Kosakenrevolution (2) Clase 9. El poder polaco y la revolución cosaca (2) Klas 9. Poolse macht en Kozakkenrevolutie (2) Klasa 9. Polska potęga i rewolucja kozacka (2) Aula 9. O poder polaco e a revolução cossaca (2) Sınıf 9. Polonya İktidarı ve Kazak Devrimi (2) 第九课 波兰政权与哥萨克革命（2）

you'd fish with this person, and that's what you would do.

You travel the entire time if you were king. Als König reist man die ganze Zeit.

It's kind of interesting.

And so they would have to campaign

to become kings of Poland.

And what do you do?

What do you promise people? Was versprichst du den Leuten?

Well, you say things like,

okay, if I agree to give you a privilege ||||||||privilege Dobrze, jeśli zgodzę się dać ci przywilej

in exchange for taxes. w zamian za podatki.

So there are no regular taxes.

Now think about how the state's gonna operate.

There are no regular taxes.

Every time a tax is levied on the nobility, |||||imposed||| |||||課される|||

the monarch has to give them something.

But the nobility has a sense

of its own interests and is smart.

And unlike the monarch who's kind of a,

it's in a one-off situation, |||||一時的状況

the nobility is thinking long term.

And so what do you trade the taxes for?

You trade them for rights.

You say, okay, we'll pay taxes as a one-off,

but in exchange, we are gonna get rights

and these rights last forever.

And they're gonna last forever because we're

gonna have pieces of paper

with beautiful cursive and wax, right? ||script writing||sealing material| ||筆記体|||

Okay, that's not really why, but they did have that.

But, you see the notion, you see the logic here, right?

And so those rights then only accumulate over time. ||||||蓄積される||

And so then there's another logic to this, okay?

The other logic to this besides election is that there

are a few very powerful families,

most of them, Lithuanian or Ukrainian, actually.

A few powerful nobles who are called magnates, |||||||wealthy lords

M-A-G-N-A-T-E, magnates. |||||||大物

Magnateria was the Polish word for this group. nobility|||||||

That if you think oligarchy today, you won't be far off. |||||||||not far|

So, and the king would be in many ways less powerful

than these most powerful nobles

who would tend to own hundreds of thousands of acres |||||||||land area

and have tens of thousands of serfs

and be able to raise private armies

of their own when they wanted to.

And so, if you're the king,

you need to counterbalance the force of these magnates, |||offset||||| |||対抗する|||||

of these great nobles.

And so what do you do?

Again, you give rights to the nobility as a whole.

You try to bring the lesser nobility,

the middle nobility over to your side.

And so in order to do that, you give them rights.

So some of these rights as they accumulate over time,

are listed on your sheet.

There's the Czerwinsk Privilege of 1422,

which is about property rights, very familiar concept.

And it's a big concept, right?

Property rights is a very important thing.

Again, remember the difference in Muscovy.

In Muscovy, if you die, I can just decide

that your property is gonna go to somebody else.

I mean, you don't even have to die,

but you don't have to do me the courtesy of dying. ||||||||politeness||

I can just decide.

But if you die, you'll only own the property

in a contingent way. ||dependent on circumstances|

Whereas in 1422, the Polish nobility

is already arranged for something,

which it looks very much like property rights at Czerwinsk.

1430, they get the right that they

cannot be imprisoned for no reason. |||on account of||

Again, you might be thinking, or you might not

be thinking depending on where you come from,

what your background is.

That doesn't seem like a big deal,

but that's a very, very big deal.

In the English tradition that will be known

later as habeas corpus, ||you have|body of law ||人身保護|人身保護令

that you can't just imprison somebody

without giving a reason.

Again, the difference between this and Muscovy is stark. |||||||is|very noticeable

So these basic rights that you can have property

and that your body can't just be put behind bars

for no reason, that establishes a fundamental kind

of political, let's call it, dignity, okay. |||||political respect|

So, and then a third thing which happens,

and this is under Casimir the Jagiellon.

I think I listed these characters on your sheet.

Casimir the Jagiellon ruled ||ヤギェウォ家|

in the middle end of the 15th century.

He encouraged the lower nobility |||lower class|

to create local parliaments.

Very big deal.

Because when you talk about how this is something

which is cool about the early modern period.

When you talk about how there's like democracy

or assemblies, you have to look very carefully |meetings|||||| |組立品||||||

to see what's meant by this.

Because very often, and the Cossacks

are a good example of this,

very often when you say, okay, there was popular approval,

there was voting, there was an assembly,

what's really meant is like, one guy gets to stand up

on a chair or at the top of a palace, which is even cooler,

and like, shout out what's gonna happen.

And then ideally with a spear, you know, ||preferably|||a weapon||

and then everyone else says, yeah, right?

And so like, in this form of democracy, you're like,

your role is reduced to saying, yeah!

You don't have to do that.

Actually, you know, definitely don't do that actually,

'cause like, we'll all regret it later if you do.

But, so acclimation is one form of participation, right? ||adaptation|||||| ||順応|||||参加|

And traditionally, the king and the royal council in Poland,

in the capital, which at the time was Krakow,

they would announce a decision and then there would

be like a lot of shaking of spears and shouting.

And that would be approval, right?

But under Casimir the Jagiellonian, the idea was that you can,

you as the nobility can organize yourself

into local parliaments, which were called Sejmikis

or dietines in English. |dietary supplements|| |代議員会議||

Very awkward word, diet sounds like a regimen of eating. |||||||plan|| |||||||食事療法||

But a diet is another name for a parliament. ||assembly||||||

And then the diminutive of a diet, |||small version|||

a little diet is a dietine, okay? |||||small diet|

You definitely learned something today, right?

A dietine, so if you wanna tell your friends, like,

I'm just going on diet, only on Thursdays,

you can call it dietine.

And they'll be like, wow, what's a dietine?

And you can say, well, my History of Ukraine class,

I learned that under Casimir the Jagiellon,

the minor Polish nobility was encouraged to organize itself

into local assemblies, which were called dietines.

Okay, now you know, you'll never forget.

So, but the, no, I don't plan these jokes.

So, but this is important because it's moving

towards representation, right?

Not just acclimation, but representation.

And these dietines then elect representatives

who go to the central diet or in Polish,

very important word in Polish,

Lithuanian too, also exist at Ukrainian, Sejm,

that's the name of the parliament,

the lower house of the parliament, the Sejm. 下院|||||||

And so if, you know, you guys were all minor nobles

in a certain region,

you could elect one of you to go to the,

so then you actually do have something

which is like representative democracy. |||representative|

And that's a step so then you can discuss your interests

over the course of the year.

You send your representative and you actually get to vote.

The voting still had to be unanimous, ||||||unanimous

which we'll talk about maybe later,

that can pose a problem,

as the European Union sometimes notices.

But, you had a vote, you actually had a vote.

You were, you were represented, okay.

In foreign policy, three questions for Poland.

Very quickly, I just want you to know about these things.

Mazovia, Mazovia is the central district of Poland.

It's where the current capital of Poland, Warsaw is.

Warsaw is not the historic capital of Poland.

The historic capital of Poland is Krakow.

Warsaw becomes the capital of Poland after 1569.

Krakow is the capital of Poland, historically. ||||||歴史的に

Mazovia is only added the Poland in 1526.

So, the Dukes of Mazovia die out

and Mazovia becomes part of Poland in 1526.

Okay. just so you know.

Second thing I need you to know,

and we'll return to these guys in a couple of lectures,

the Habsburgs.

There's a very important central European family

called the Habsburgs who are going to emerge

and they're going to be in competition with the Poles for,

you know, only about half a millennium. ||||||500 years

And they are going to, in general be making alliances |||||||||partnerships

with the Russians or later,

with the Prussians against Poland.

And as a result of this rivalry, ||||||competition

we get these two very interesting moments that define Poland

as an East European and not a Central European country.

The first is very early, we already talked about it,

when the, the Polish king Jadwiga marries Jagiello.

Jadwiga's a she, she marries Jagiello

instead of marrying a Habsburg.

We talked about that a couple lectures ago.

Because Jadwiga marries Jagiello

instead of marrying a Habsburg,

Poland then becomes an East European country, right?

Poland and Lithuania together

instead of Poland and the Habsburg are together.

The second moment like this is 1515 and 1526,

the early 16th century, when as part of an attempt

to make peace with the Habsburgs,

there is a complicated marriage deal,

which I have to spend basically a whole lecture

explaining in my other class.

And I'm not gonna do that now,

I'm just gonna say complicated marriage deal.

The result of which is that a Pole dies in a battle in 1526.

And this is something you never wanna have happen.

His brother-in-law then inherits all of his claims. |||||receives by succession||||

And these include the claims to Bohemia and Hungary,

which from 1526 onward are ||from 1526 forward|

at least theoretically part of the Habsburg domain.

So that's the next part of Poland becoming an East European

rather than a Central European power, okay.

The third little thing in foreign affairs that again, ||||||international relations||

I just need you to note

because it's gonna become important later,

before we can get to, you know, Angela Merkel,

and you know, Willy Brandt,

and Hitler, and the Second Reich,

and the unification of Germany and all of these nice things, ||coming together||||||||

we have to get to Prussia. |||||Prussia (location)

Prussia is the bit, the little tiny bit,

the little tiny German state originally,

which eventually will grow and expand

and unite Germany in January of 1871.

Prussia at this time in the 16th century

is a a little tiny state, which Poland recognizes in 1563.

And Poland accepts a family called the Hohenzollerns.

I didn't write that down.

The Hohenzollerns will be allowed to govern.

That family is then going to be the princes of Prussia

then the kings of Prussia, and then eventually they're going

to be the rulers of Germany.

It's under them that Germany is going to be unified.

So I just mention this because later on,

Prussia is gonna take advantage of moments

of Polish weakness to become more important

to declare itself a kingdom,

declare itself independent of Poland,

and so on and so on and so on,

until later in the 18th century,

Prussia will take part in partitioning Poland, |||||dividing of|

and then Prussia will become a great power.

It will become Germany and so on.

Okay, so that's Poland in domestic

and in foreign policy, very briefly.

What about the relationship between Poland and Lithuania?

This is also very important.

When Poland and Lithuania come together,

it raises the question of what Lithuania is |brings up||||||

and how Lithuania is different from Poland.

On the one side, Lithuanian nobles

take something from Poland, which is the idea of rights,

a pretty important thing to take.

So the Polish noble clans adopt, ||||families|

join themselves with Lithuanian noble families.

And the Lithuanian noble families take the idea

that they have rights.

Up until that point, they had not had rights.

But at the same time, Lithuania remained a distinct state

in the sense that you had to be a Lithuanian to serve

in office under the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

And here's an important one,

which we have to remember for the Cossacks later on.

In order to own land in Lithuania,

you had to be a Lithuanian.

So, and remember Lithuania at the time I'm talking about

means not Lithuania, today's Belaya Rus, all the way down

into most of what's today's Ukraine.

So in order to own land in those places,

you had to be Lithuanian, okay.