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Steve's Language Learning Tips, Language & History

Language & History

Today. I want to talk about language and history.

Hi there, Steve Kaufmann here today, wanna talk about language and history, uh, but if you enjoy these videos, please subscribe. You can click on the bell to get notifications, come and join me at LingQ, where I learn languages. So, you know, I've been... embarked on this sort of effort to learn the languages of the Middle East, uh, to learn more about the history and I'm amazed at what I'm discovering.

Uh, and it's just so fascinating to penetrate this world. And I just wanted to share with you because I find it quite exciting. So, so I had my Arabic period and I did some reading and I have to do more reading about the, Arab world and the history of Arab people before Islam, after Islam. Uh, and so forth, but now I'm into my, um, Persian period, but what's interesting is that the history of Iran...

so, and of course now, not only have I been listening to the stories or the episodes, the course we have at LingQ on the history of Iran, I've also been listening to our course that saw Sahra did for us on the different, different ethnic groups in Iran. And of course, it's very interesting because in Iran, of course, whatever it is...

80% of the population is, is a Farsi people, Persians, if you want Farsi people. And, um, whatever number 15, 18% are... I'm going to end up with more than a hundred percent, but it doesn't matter are Azeri Turks. And then we have, you know, Kurds and Turkmens and Arabs and other sort of linguistic groups, which are essentially Persian.

So what's interesting in all of this is because I now start to read, not only do I hear Sahra describe the different sort of other, also Armenians for example, and who are Christian. And there are some Jews in Iran, but, but she describes how these different groups, some are on the border with sort of a, another country that has more of the same population, which would be the case with Azeris, which would be the case with Kurds, which would be the case with Arabs.

Obviously not the case with Armenians because the Armenians are not located near the border with Armenia. I'm not even sure there is a border with Armenia, but...so I, I read about that, that she provided that, you know, I get the terminology and all in the Persian language, but then I read up in English.

And right now, for example, there's a major, um, you know, conflict in the border between Azerbaijan, or even within Azerbaijan and between them and Armenia and different countries are interfering, Iran, Turkey, Russia, US, whatever. Well, what's interesting is I have this big thick book on the history of modern Iran, and it starts with the Safavid Dyntisty, Dynasty, which was founded by, and I'm not entirely clear on this, but it was founded by a person

Ismail

I think. Who who was from this Azerbaijan area. And depending on which source I read, he was either, an Azerbaijani, uh, therefore Turk, or he was a Turkmen, but his forces were primarily Turkmen. And so it was a group of people from this region who are not Iranians, who basically took over

iran after the country had been, you know, in great disarray as a result of the Mongol invasions and so forth and so on. And so it's very interesting. It's this, it's kind of similar to say in China, where for the last thousand years of their history, they were for a good part of the time dominated by, uh, sort of peoples from inner Asia, Manchurians, Mongolians and stuff.

Uh, and similarly in Iran, uh, there were a number of, uh, dynasties that were founded by Turkmens or Azeris or, uh Uzbeks or whatever, I don't know enough yet. So, so that's in a sense, fascinating. And he imposed the Shia religion on the Iranians, uh, very ruthlessly. Uh, but then it's interesting to see that the Azeris in terms of sort of the connection sort of language versus

call it ethnicity DNA. Uh, the Kurds, their language is related to the Iranian language family, which includes Baluchi and Pashto in, in, in Pakistan and Afghanistan. And even the Ossetians, uh, in Southern Russia and in disputed area in Georgia. So that's that language group, but language doesn't necessarily match genetics.

So that the people in the Caucuses, even the Georgians. Uh, and, and it's a number of say, Azeri Iranians may share more DNA with Georgians than they do with Persians, depending on where these Persians come from. And so there's this whole mixture and the same is true for people who would now say some Syrians.

So, so there's, depending on when the language and how the language is imposed on people who were originally living there. Uh, the people that we identify by their language, maybe that's all you can say about them, that this is their language. And because that's their language, then they identify a certain way.

But that doesn't mean somehow that genetically they are that group. Uh, I mean the same is true throughout history. Why don't we talk about Celts or any other group? We don't really know if we're talking about, you know, as a unique tribe genetically, or whether we're talking about a group of people who had a certain language imposed on them for whatever historical reason and who now identify, or maybe that same group called Celts has many languages.

In fact, in many cases they did. So it's very interesting that that language gets us into history and enables us to see, you know, certain things and enables us to discover that language is only one layer of identity. Uh, and historically these identity markers have changed. So people might identify primarily by their religion here again in Iran, there's a Shia relationship.

And then as I read these books, I learned more about what she, uh, She is, uh, is, uh, cause I could never quite understand why there was this difference between the Sunni and the Shia. And I still don't, but I'm getting closer, because another thing I've found is not only in language learning, but in everything we learn, we kind of have to cover the same ground many, many times before things start to become clear.

It's not because you read it once, say a grammar explanation or a description of what distinguishes a Shia from a Sunni and the Twelvers and. Whatever, you know, all this stuff, Ali and stuff. It doesn't make much of an impression until you have come across it in different contexts. And then it starts to become clear.

And then when you hear about it in say Persian or in Arabic, it, it resonates even more. So, uh, all I'm saying is, as someone like myself was interested in history, engaging with the languages of an area, uh, it helps you explore all these relationships. And that reminds me that, uh, while I'm in Persian now, and occasionally I refresh my Arabic, I am going to get back to Turkish because the Turks have had an amazing influence on the history of, you know, the, you know, call it the whole area from, from Turkey to India, uh, that the Turks were always out there ready to come in and beat up on the sedentary people and impose their will.

So. Essentially Moogle India was a Turkish empire with Persian speaking bureaucrats and the Persians were always the, sort of the Mandarins and the people who, who provided the bureaucracy and the ministers. I mean, I'm exaggerating to simplify, but that's kind of the impression. And many of the dynasties in Iran were started by one form of Turk or another.

And they were always, you know, ready to do, whether it be Timor or whether it be, uh, you know, the Safavids or, or other groups. Uh, so that whole complex of relationships is something that through my study of those languages, I'm going to not only learn about in those languages, but I will then be encouraged, stimulated to go and read up about them in say, English or French where I, you know, obviously can,

you know, read and get that information faster, but language and history in my mind are intimately connected. Anyway. Thanks for listening. Bye for now. .

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Language & History |Tarih |Storia della lingua Sprache und Geschichte Language & History Lengua e historia Langue et histoire Lingua e storia 言語と歴史 언어 및 역사 Język i historia Língua e história Язык и история Språk och historia Dil ve Tarih Мова та історія 语言与历史 語言與歷史

Today. 今日。 I want to talk about language and history. |||||||tarih

Hi there, Steve Kaufmann here today, wanna talk about language and history, uh, but if you enjoy these videos, please subscribe. ||||||möchte|||||||||||||| ||||||istiyorum|||||||||||||| ||||||voglio|||||||||||||| ||||||quero falar|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||sign up Merhaba, burası Steve Kaufmann, bugün dil ve tarih hakkında konuşmak istiyorum, uh, ama eğer bu videoları beğeniyorsanız, lütfen abone olun. You can click on the bell to get notifications, come and join me at LingQ, where I learn languages. ベルをクリックして通知を受け取り、言語を学ぶLingQに参加してください。 Bildirim almak için zile tıklayabilirsiniz, benimle birlikte dil öğrendiğim LingQ'e katılın. So, you know, I've been... embarked on this sort of effort to learn the  languages of the Middle East, uh, to learn more about the history and I'm amazed at what I'm discovering. |||||начал|||||||||||||||||||||||в восторге|||| |||||engagé||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||started||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||embarcado||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||begonnen mit|||||||||||||||||||||||erstaunt||||entdecke |||||girişti||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||intrappreso||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||开始||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||取り組んでいる|||||||||||||||||||||||驚いている|||| |||||embarcado||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Weißt du, ich habe ... diese Art von Bemühungen unternommen, um die Sprachen des Nahen Ostens zu lernen, um mehr über die Geschichte zu erfahren, und ich bin erstaunt über das, was ich entdecke. ですから、私は中東の言語を学び、歴史についてもっと学ぶために、この種の努力に着手してきました。 Tātad, zini, esmu... uzsācis šo veidu pūles iemācīties Vidusāzijas valodas, lai uzzinātu vairāk par vēsturi, un esmu pārsteigts par to, ko atklāju. Yani biliyorsunuz, Orta Doğu dillerini öğrenmek için bu tür bir çabaya... başladım, tarihi daha iyi öğrenmek için ve keşfettiğim şeylere hayret ediyorum.

Uh, and it's just so fascinating to penetrate this world. |||||увлекательно||погрузиться в|| |||||captivating||delve into|| |||||||girmek|| Uh, and it's just so fascinating to penetrate this world. ええと、この世界に浸透するのはとても魅力的です。 Un vienkārši ir tik fascinējoši iesvētīties šajā pasaulē. Eh, bu dünyaya girmek gerçekten çok büyüleyici. And I just wanted to share with you because I find it quite exciting. とてもエキサイティングだと思うので、あなたと共有したかっただけです。 Un es gribēju to ar jums dalīties, jo man šķiet diezgan aizraujošs. Ve sizinle paylaşmak istedim çünkü bunu oldukça heyecan verici buluyorum. So, so I had my Arabic period and I did some reading and I have to do more reading about the, Arab world and the history of Arab people before Islam, after Islam. それで、私はアラビア語の時代を過ごし、いくつかの読書をしましたが、アラブ世界と、イスラム教の前、イスラム教後のアラブ人の歴史についてもっと読まなければなりません。 Tātad, man bija mans arābu laikmets un es izlasīju dažas lietas un man vajadzētu lasīt vairāk par Arābu pasauli un arābu tautu vēsturi pirms islāma, pēc islāma. Yani, Arap dönemi yaşadım ve biraz okuma yaptım, İslam öncesi ve sonrası Arap dünyası ve Arap halkının tarihi hakkında daha fazla okumam gerekiyor. Uh, and so forth, but now I'm into my, um, Persian period, but what's interesting is that the history of Iran... ||||||||||персидский|||||||||| ええと、そして今、私はペルシャ時代に入りましたが、興味深いのはイランの歴史です... Un tā tālāk, bet tagad esmu savā persiešu laika periodā, bet interesanti ir tas, ka Irānas vēsture... Uh, ve böyle devam ediyor, ama şimdi artık, um, Fars dönemime girdim, ama ilginç olan İran'ın tarihi... 呃,等等,但现在我进入了我的,嗯,波斯时期,但有趣的是,伊朗的历史...

so, and of course now, not only have I been listening to the stories or the episodes, the course we have at LingQ on the history of Iran, I've also been listening to our course that saw Sahra did for us on the different, different ethnic groups in Iran. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Sahra||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||course|||||||||||cultural groups|||Iran ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||İran ですから、もちろん今、ストーリーやエピソードを聞いているだけでなく、イランの歴史に関する LingQ のコースも聞いています。 、イランのさまざまな民族グループ。 tātad, un protams, tagad ne tikai esmu noklausījies stāstus vai epizodes, kursu, kas mums ir pieejams LingQ par Irānas vēsturi, esmu arī noklausījies mūsu kursu, ko Sahra sagatavoja mums par dažādajām tautu grupām Irānā. Bu nedenle, elbette şimdi, sadece İran tarihine ilişkin hikayeleri veya bölümleri dinlemekle kalmadım, aynı zamanda Sahra'nın bizim için yaptığı İran'daki farklı etnik gruplar üzerine olan kursumuzu da dinledim. And of course, it's very interesting because in Iran, of course, whatever it is... |||||||||||o que quer que seja|| E naturalmente, è molto interessante perché in Iran, naturalmente, qualunque cosa sia... そしてもちろん、イランではもちろん、それが何であれ... Un protams, tas ir īslikti interesants, jo Irānā, protams, neatkarīgi no tā, kas tas ir... Ve tabii ki, İran'da çok ilginç çünkü orada, elbette ne olursa olsun...

80% of the population is, is a Farsi people, Persians, if you want Farsi people. ||Bevölkerung||||Farsi||Perser||||| ||Farsi people||||||Persian||||| 80% of the population is, is a Farsi people, Persians, if you want Farsi people. L'80% della popolazione è un popolo Farsi, Persiani, se vuoi popolo Farsi. 人口の80%は、ペルシア人といえばペルシア人です。 80% no iedzīvotājiem ir farsi tautības cilvēki, persieši, ja vēlaties farsi tautības cilvēkus. 80% 的人口是波斯人,波斯人,如果你想知道波斯人的话。 And, um, whatever number 15, 18% are... I'm going to end up with more than a hundred percent, but it doesn't matter are Azeri Turks. ||||||||||||||cent|||||||Azerbaïd| |||||||||||||||||||||Azerbaijani Turks| |||||||||||||||||||||turcos azeris| |||||||||||||||||||||Aserbaidschaner|Türken |||||||||||||||||||||Azerbaycanlı| |||||||||||||||||||||Azeri| |||||||||||||||||||||阿塞拜疆| |||||||||||||||||||||Azerbejdżan| |||||||||||||||||||||アゼルバイジャン人| |||||||||||||||||||||turcos azeríes| And, um, whatever number 15, 18% are... I'm going to end up with more than a hundred percent, but it doesn't matter are Azeri Turks. E, um, qualunque numero, il 15, 18% sono... finirò con più del cento percento, ma non importa, sono Turchi Azeri. そして、ええと、15、18% が何であろうと... 最終的には 100% 以上になりますが、アゼリ トルコ人であることは問題ではありません。 Un, nu, nekādu numuru 15, 18%... es beigšu ar vairāk nekā simts procentiem, bet nav svarīgi, ka tie ir azerbaidžāņu turki. En, eh, wat nummer 15 ook is, 18% is... Ik eindig met meer dan honderd procent, maar het maakt niet uit of het Azeri Turken zijn. Ve, um, neyse 15, 18% ne olursa olsun... Ben, Azeri Türklerin de olduğu düşünüldüğünde, yüzde yüzden fazla bir sonuca ulaşacağım ama bunun önemi yok. 而且,嗯,不管是 15% 还是 18% 都是...我最终会得到超过百分之百的数字,但是否是阿塞拜疆土耳其人并不重要。 And then we have, you know, Kurds and Turkmens and Arabs and other sort of linguistic groups, which are essentially Persian. |||||||||||||||||||essentiellement| ||||||the Kurdish people||Turkmen|||||||||||| ||||||os curdos||os turcomenos|||||||||||| ||||||Kurden||Turkmen|||||||||||| ||||||||Türkmenler|||||||||||| ||||||||turkmeni|||||||||||| ||||||kurdi|||||||||||||| ||||||库尔德人||土库曼人|||||||||||| ||||||||Turkmeni|||||||||||| ||||||クルド人||トルクメン|||||||||||| ||||||los kurdos||turcomanos|||||||||||| そして、ご存知のように、クルド人、トルクメン人、アラブ人、その他の言語グループがあり、それらは基本的にペルシャ語です。 Un tad mums ir, ziniet, kurdi, turkmēņi, arābi un citas lingvistiskās grupas, kas būtībā ir persieši. Sonra, biliyorsunuz, Kürtler, Türkmenler, Araplar ve esasen Fars olan diğer dil gruplarımız var.

So what's interesting in all of this is because I now start to read, not only do I hear Sahra describe the different sort of other, also Armenians for example, and who are Christian. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||Armenians|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||descreverá|||||||os armênios||||||cristãos |||||||||||||||||||||||||||Armenier|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||Ermeniler|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||gli armeni|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||armēņi|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||アルメニア人|||||| これらすべてで興味深いのは、私が今読み始めたからです.Sahraが別の種類の他の人、たとえばアルメニア人、そしてキリスト教徒について説明しているのを聞くだけではありません. Tāpēc interesants šeit ir tas, ka tagad, sākot lasīt, ne tikai dzirdu, kā Sahra apraksta dažādas citas grupas, piemēram, armēņus, kuri ir kristieši. Bu durumda ilginç olan, şimdi okuyup sadece Sahra'nın farklı türde diğerlerini tanımlamasını duymakla kalmıyorum, aynı zamanda örneğin Ermenilerin de olduğunu ve onların Hristiyan olduğunu. And there are some Jews in Iran, but, but she describes how these different groups, some are on the border with sort of a, another country that has more of the same population, which would be the case with Azeris, which would be the case with Kurds, which would be the case with Arabs. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||cas 2|||||||cas 3|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Azerbaijanis|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||os azeris|||||||||||||| ||||Juden|||||||||||||||Grenze||||||||||||||||||||Aserbaidschaner|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||durum||Azeriler|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Curdi||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||阿塞拜疆人|||||||库尔德人||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Azerowie|||||||||||||| ||||ユダヤ人|||||彼女||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||アゼルバイジャン人|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||azeríes|||||||||||||| イランには何人かのユダヤ人がいますが、彼女は、これらの異なるグループ、一部は、同じ人口のより多い別の国と国境を接していることを説明しています。クルド人の場合、アラブ人の場合も同様です。 Ir arī daži ebreji Irānā, bet viņa apraksta, kā šīs dažādās grupas dažas ir pie robežas ar citu valsti, kurā ir vairāk līdzīgas iedzīvotāju grupas, kas attiecas uz azerbaidžāņiem, kas attiecas uz kurdiešiem, kas attiecas uz arābiem. И в Иране есть евреи, но она описывает, как эти различные группы, некоторые из которых находятся на границе с другой страной, где проживает большее количество того же населения, что и в случае с азербайджанцами, что с курдами, что с арабами. 伊朗也有一些犹太人,但是,她描述了这些不同的群体,其中一些群体与另一个拥有更多相同人口的国家接壤,例如阿塞拜疆人、库尔德人、阿拉伯人。

Obviously not the case with Armenians because the Armenians are not located near the border with Armenia. |||le cas||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||Armênia ||||||||||||||||Ermenistan ||||||||armeni|||||||| ||||||||||||||||Armēnijas robežas tuvumā |||||亚美尼亚人|||亚美尼亚人||||||||亚美尼亚 ||||||||||||||||アルメニア Ovviamente non è il caso degli armeni perché gli armeni non si trovano vicino al confine con l'Armenia. アルメニア人はアルメニアとの国境近くに位置していないため、明らかにアルメニア人には当てはまりません。 Protams, tas neattiecas uz armēņiem, jo armēņi neatrodas tuvu Armēnijas robežai. I'm not even sure there is a border with Armenia, but...so I, I read about that, that she provided that, you know, I get the terminology and all in the Persian language, but then I read up in English. |||||||||Armenien|||||||||||||||||Terminologie||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||understand||||||||||||||read||| |||||||||Armenia|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||用語||||||||||||| Non sono nemmeno sicuro che ci sia un confine con l'Armenia, ma... quindi, ho letto di questo, che lei ha fornito, sai, ho capito la terminologia e tutto nella lingua persiana, ma poi ho letto in inglese. アルメニアとの国境があるかどうかさえ定かではありません.英語。 Pat es neesmu pārliecināts, ka ir robeža ar Armēniju, bet... tāpēc es lasīju par to, ka viņa sniedza šo informāciju, es saprotu terminoloģiju un visu persiešu valodā, bet tad es izlasu angļu valodā.

And right now, for example, there's a major, um, you know, conflict in the border between Azerbaijan, or even within Azerbaijan and between them and Armenia and different countries are interfering, Iran, Turkey, Russia, US, whatever. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||вмешиваются||||| ||||||||||||||||Azerbaijan|||||||||Armenia|||||meddling||||| ||||||||||||||||Azerbaijão||||||||||||||interferindo||||| |||||||||||Konflikt|||||||||Aserbaidschan||||||||||eingreifen||||| ||||||||||||||||Azerbaycan||||Azerbaycan||||||||||müdahale ediyorlar||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||Armenia|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||iejaucas||||| ||||||||||||||||阿塞拜疆||||||||||||||干涉||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ingerują||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||干渉している||||| ||||||||||||||||Azerbaiyán|||||||||Armenia|||||||||| E proprio adesso, per esempio, c'è un grande, um, sai, conflitto al confine tra l'Azerbaigian, o anche all'interno dell'Azerbaigian e tra loro e l'Armenia e diversi paesi stanno interferendo, Iran, Turchia, Russia, Stati Uniti, qualunque cosa. そして今、例えば、アゼルバイジャンの国境、あるいはアゼルバイジャン内でさえ、アルメニアとさまざまな国が干渉している、イラン、トルコ、ロシア、米国など、大きな紛争があります。 Un tieši tagad, piemēram, notiek liela, em, ziniet, konflikts starp Azerbaidžānu, pat iekš Azerbaidžānas un starp viņiem un Armēniju un dažādas valstis iejaucas, Irāna, Turcija, Krievija, ASV, kā nu vien. Well, what's interesting is I have this big thick book on the history of modern Iran, and it starts with the Safavid Dyntisty, Dynasty, which was founded by, and I'm not entirely clear on this, but it was founded by a person |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||не совсем|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||dynastie safavide|dynastie||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||substantial|||||||||||||Safavid Dynasty|Safavid Dynasty|Safavid Dynasty|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||grosso|||||||||||||Dinastia Safávida|Dinastia Safávida||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||Safavid|Dynastie||||||||||||||||gegründet||| ||||||||kalın|kitap||||||||||||Safevi|Dünyası|Hanedanlığı|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||grosso|||||||||||||Safavidi|Dinastia||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||Safavīdu dinastija||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||萨法维|王朝||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||Safawidów|Dynastia||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||grueso|||||||||||||Safavíes|dinastía|||||||||entero|||||||||| 興味深いのは、現代のイランの歴史に関する分厚い本を私が持っていることです。それはサファヴィー朝から始まり、王朝が設立されました。これについては完全にはわかりませんが、ある人物によって設立されました。 Nu, kas ir interesants, man ir šī liela bieza grāmata par modernās Irānas vēsturi, un tā sākas ar Safavīdu dinastiju, kas tika dibināta, un es neesmu pilnībā skaidrs par to, bet tā tika dibināta no personas Что интересно, у меня есть большая толстая книга по истории современного Ирана, и она начинается с династии Сефевидов, которая была основана, и я не совсем понимаю, но она была основана человеком.

Ismail Ismail (1) a name Ismail Ismail İsmail Ismail 伊斯梅尔 Ismail イスマイル Ismail Ismail Исмаил

I think. Я думаю. Who who was from this Azerbaijan area. このアゼルバイジャン地域から来たのは誰ですか。 Кто был родом из этого азербайджанского района. And depending on which source I read, he was either, an Azerbaijani, uh, therefore Turk, or he was a Turkmen, but his forces were primarily Turkmen. |||||||||||Azerbaijani person||as a result|||||||||military units||mainly|Turkmen people |||||||||||Azerbaijano|||turco|||||turcomano|||tropas||| |||||||||||Aserbaidschaner|||Türke|||||||||||Turkmen |||||||||||Azerbaycanlı|||Türk|||||Türkmen||||||Türkmen |||||||||||Azerbaigiano||||||||||||||turkmeni |||||||||||Azerbaidžāņu tautības||||||||turkmēnis|||||| |||||||||||阿塞拜疆人|||土耳其人|||||土耳其人||||||土库曼 ||||||||||||||Turkiem|||||Turkmen|||||| |||||||||||アゼルバイジャン人|||トルコ人|||||トルクメン|||||| |||||||||||azerbaiyano|||||||||||||| E a seconda della fonte che leggo, era o un azero, eh, quindi turco, oppure era un turkmeno, ma le sue forze erano principalmente turkmene. そして、私が読んだ情報源に応じて、彼はアゼルバイジャン人、つまりトルコ人であるか、トルクメン人でしたが、彼の軍隊は主にトルクメン人でした. И в зависимости от того, какой источник я читал, он был либо азербайджанцем, э-э, следовательно, турком, либо туркменом, но его силы были в основном туркменскими. And so it was a group of people from this region who are not Iranians, who basically took over ||||||||||||||Iraner|||| E così era un gruppo di persone di questa regione che non sono iraniani, che fondamentalmente hanno preso il controllo そして、基本的に乗っ取ったのはイラン人ではないこの地域の人々のグループでした И вот группа людей из этого региона, которые не являются иранцами, по сути, захватила власть.

iran after the country had been, you know, in great disarray as a result of the Mongol invasions and so forth and so on. ||||||||||беспорядке|||||||вторжениях|||||| ||||||||||grand désordre||||||||||||| ||||||||||chaos|||||||Mongol invasions|||||| ||||||||||desordem||||||||||||| ||||||||||Unordnung||||||Mongolen||||||| ||||||||||dağınıklık||||||||||||| ||||||||||disordine totale||||||mongole||||||| ||||||||||kekacauan|||||||invasi|||||| ||||||||||nekārtība||||||mongoļu iebrukumi||||||| ||||||||||混乱||||||||||||| ||||||||||bałaganie||||||||||||| ||||||||||混乱||||||||||||| ||||||||||desorden total||||||||||||| dell'iran dopo che il paese era stato, sai, in grande disordine a causa delle invasioni mongole e così via. モンゴルの侵略などの結果として、国が大きな混乱に陥った後のイラン。 Иран после того, как страна была в большом беспорядке в результате монгольских нашествий и т.д. и т.п. And so it's very interesting. そして、それは非常に興味深いです。 It's this, it's kind of similar to say in China, where for the last thousand years of their history, they were for a good part of the time dominated by, uh, sort of peoples from inner Asia, Manchurians, Mongolians and stuff. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Asie intérieure||||| ||It is|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Manchurians|Mongolians|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||interior||manchus|mongóis|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Manchuren|Mongolen|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Mançuryalılar|Moğollar|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||interna||Manciù|Mongoli|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Mandžūrieti|mongoļi|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||满洲人|蒙古人|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||内陸の||満州人|モンゴル人|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Mandżurowie|Mongołowie|| これは、中国で言うのと似ていますが、彼らの歴史の最後の1000年の間、彼らはかなりの時間、内アジア、満州人、モンゴル人などからのある種の人々によって支配されていました. Это похоже на Китай, где в течение последней тысячи лет истории большую часть времени доминировали народы из внутренней Азии, маньчжуры, монголы и т. д.

Uh, and similarly in Iran, uh, there were a number of, uh, dynasties that were founded by Turkmens or Azeris or, uh Uzbeks or whatever, I don't know enough yet. ||||||||||||династий||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||dynasties|||fondées|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||dynasties|||||||Azerbaijanis|||Uzbeks||||||| ||||||||||||dinastias||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||Usbekisch||||||| ||||||||||||hanedanlar||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||turchmeni||Azeri|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||uzbeki||||||| ||||||||||||王朝||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||王朝||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||dynastii||||||||||||||||| ええと、そして同様にイランでも、ええと、トルクメン人やアゼリ人、あるいはウズベク人などによって設立された多くの王朝がありましたが、私はまだ十分に知りません. В Иране также было несколько династий, основанных туркменами, азербайджанцами, узбеками или кем-то еще, я пока не знаю. So, so that's in a sense, fascinating. |||zināmā mērā||zināmā mērā| ||||||увлекательно ||||||Really interesting ですから、それはある意味で魅力的です。 Так что, в некотором смысле, это очень увлекательно. And he imposed the Shia religion on the Iranians, uh, very ruthlessly. ||навязал||шиитскую|||||||безжалостно ||||religion chiite|||||||sans pitié ||||Shiite Islam|Shia faith||||||with great severity ||||xiita|||||||de forma implacável ||||Schia|||||||rücksichtslos ||||Şii|||||||acımasızca ||||shia|||||||spietatamente |||||||||||tanpa ampun ||||šiītu reliģiju|||||||nežēlīgi ||||什叶|||||||残酷地 ||||szyicką|||||||bezwzględnie ||||シーア|シーア派宗教||||||無慈悲に ||||chiíta|||||||sin piedad そして彼はシーア派の宗教をイラン人に押し付けました、非常に容赦なく。 И он навязал иранцам шиитскую религию, причем очень безжалостно. Uh, but then it's interesting to see that the Azeris in terms of sort of the connection sort of language versus ||||||||||||||||||||по сравнению с |||||||||Azerbaijanis||||||||||| |||||||||Azeri||||||||||| ええと、でも興味深いのは、接続の種類の言語と Но интересно, что азербайджанцы, с точки зрения языка связи, в отличие от

call it ethnicity DNA. ||этническая принадлежность|ДНК этнич ||ethnicité| ||racial background| ||etnia| ||etnik köken| ||etnia| ||etniskā piederība DNS| ||种族 DNA| ||etniczność| ||民族性| ||etnicidad| chiamalo DNA etnico. それを民族性DNAと呼んでください。 называют этнической ДНК. Uh, the Kurds, their language is related to the Iranian language family, which includes Baluchi and Pashto in, in, in Pakistan and Afghanistan. ||||||||||||||baloutche|||||||| ||||||||||||||Balochi||Pashto||||in Pakistan|| ||||||||||||||balúchi||pashto||||Paquistão|| ||||||||||||||Balochi||Pashto||||Pakistan||Afghanistan ||||||||||||||Beluci||||||Pakistan|| ||||||||||||||||pashto|||||| ||||||||||||||balūču valoda||paštū valoda||||Pakistānā un Afganistānā|| ||||||||||||||俾路支语||普什图语|||||| ||||||||||||||balochijski||paszto|||||| ||||||||||||||バルーチ語||パシュトー語|||||| ||||||||||||||baluchi||pashto|||||| Eh, i curdi, la loro lingua è legata alla famiglia linguistica iraniana, che include il baluci e il pashto in Pakistan e Afghanistan. Uh, de Koerden, hun taal is verwant aan de Iraanse taalfamilie, waaronder Baluchi en Pashto in, in, in Pakistan en Afghanistan. And even the Ossetians, uh, in Southern Russia and in disputed area in Georgia. ||||||||||спорная||| |||ossètes|||||||zone contestée||| |||Ossetian people|||||||contested|||Georgia region |||ossetas||||||na área|controvérsia|||Geórgia |||Osseten|||||||umstrittenes Gebiet||| |||Ossetler|||||||||| |||osseti|||||||contesa||| |||Osetīni|||||||strīdīgā teritorija||| |||奥塞梯人|||||||争议的|||格鲁吉亚 |||オセチア人|||||||||| ||||||||||spornym||| E anche gli osseti, eh, nel sud della Russia e in un'area contesa in Georgia. そしてオセチア人でさえ、ええと、ロシア南部とグルジアの係争地域にいます。 So that's that language group, but language doesn't necessarily match genetics. |||||||||atbilst| ||||||||notwendigerweise|übereinstimmen|Genetik ||||||||||genetica

So that the people in the Caucuses, even the Georgians. ||||||Caucase||| ||||||Cáucaso|||os georgianos ||||||Kaukasus|||Georgier ||||||Kafkasya|||Gürcüler ||||||Caucaso|||georgiani ||||||Kaukāza reģions|||gruzīni ||||||高加索地区|||格鲁吉亚人 ||||||コーカサス|||ジョージア人 ||||||Kaukazie||| Uh, and, and it's a number of say, Azeri Iranians may share more DNA with Georgians than they do with Persians, depending on where these Persians come from. ||||||||||||||||||||波斯人||||||| |||||||||||||||Gürcüler|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||georgiani|||||||||||| ええと、そして、そしてそれは多くのことですが、アゼルバイジャン人は、ペルシア人がどこから来たのかによって、ペルシア人よりもグルジア人とより多くのDNAを共有するかもしれません。 And so there's this whole mixture and the same is true for people who would now say some Syrians. |||||смешение||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||os sírios ||||||||||||||||||Syrer ||||||||||||||||||Suriyeliler ||||||||||||||||||sīrieši ||||||||||||||||||叙利亚人 ||||||||||||||||||シリア人

So, so there's, depending on when the language and how the language is imposed on people who were originally living there. |||||||||||||навязывается||||||| Quindi, a seconda di quando la lingua è stata imposta alle persone che vivevano originariamente lì. Uh, the people that we identify by their language, maybe that's all you can say about them, that this is their language. Le persone che identifichiamo attraverso la loro lingua, forse questo è tutto ciò che puoi dire su di loro, che questa è la loro lingua. And because that's their language, then they identify a certain way. |||||||self-identify||| E poiché questa è la loro lingua, allora si identificano in un certo modo. そしてそれが彼らの言語なので、彼らは特定の方法を特定します。

But that doesn't mean somehow that genetically they are that group. ||||как-то|||||| ||||||by their genes|||| ||||||geneticamente|||| ||||irgendwie||genetisch|||| ||||||geneticamente|||| ||||||ģenētiski|||| ||||||遺伝的に|||| 但这并不意味着从基因上来说他们就是那个群体。 Uh, I mean the same is true throughout history. |||||||на протяжении| |||||||durch die gesamte| |||||||in tutta| |||||||ao longo de| Uh, intendo lo stesso vale nel corso della storia. Why don't we talk about Celts or any other group? |||||Celtic people|||| |||||die Kelten|||| |||||Celti|||| |||||ķelti|||| |||||凯尔特人|||| |||||ケルト人|||| Perché non parliamo dei Celti o di qualsiasi altro gruppo? ケルト人や他のグループについて話してみませんか? We don't really know if we're talking about, you know, as a unique tribe genetically, or whether we're talking about a group of people who had a certain language imposed on them for whatever historical reason and who now identify, or maybe that same group called Celts has many languages. |||||||||||||племя|генетически||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||tribu|génétiquement||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||Ethnic group|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||the same group||||||| |||||||||||||tribo|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||Stamm|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||geneticamente||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||部落|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||凯尔特人||| Non sappiamo realmente se stiamo parlando, sai, come un'unica tribù geneticamente, o se stiamo parlando di un gruppo di persone a cui è stata imposta una certa lingua per qualche motivo storico e che ora si identificano, o forse quel stesso gruppo chiamato Celti ha molte lingue. Мы не знаем, говорим ли мы об уникальном племени с генетической точки зрения, или о группе людей, которым по каким-то историческим причинам был навязан определенный язык, и которые теперь идентифицируют себя, или, может быть, у той же группы, называемой кельтами, много языков.

In fact, in many cases they did. 実際、多くの場合、彼らはそうしました。 На самом деле, во многих случаях так и было. So it's very interesting that that language gets us into history and enables us to see, you know, certain things and enables us to discover that language is only one layer of identity. ||||||||||||allows||||||||||||||||||level of identity||self-concept ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||uma camada|| ||||||||||||ermöglicht||||||||||||||||||Schicht|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||strato di identità|| |||興味深い||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||capa|| È molto interessante che quella lingua ci porti nella storia e ci permetta di vedere, sai, certe cose e ci consenta di scoprire che la lingua è solo uno strato dell'identità. ですから、その言語が私たちを歴史に引き込み、特定のことを見ることができ、言語がアイデンティティの1つの層にすぎないことを発見できることは非常に興味深いことです。 Поэтому очень интересно, что этот язык вводит нас в историю и позволяет нам увидеть некоторые вещи, а также обнаружить, что язык - это лишь один из слоев идентичности. Uh, and historically these identity markers have changed. |||||marqueurs|| |||||identity markers|| |||||marcadores de identidade|| |||||Marker|| |||||işaretleri|| |||||identitātes marķieri|| Uh, e storicamente questi marker di identità sono cambiati. Uh, en historisch gezien zijn deze identiteitsmarkeringen veranderd. И исторически эти маркеры идентичности менялись. So people might identify primarily by their religion here again in Iran, there's a Shia relationship. |||||||||||||||Beziehung ||||mainly||||||||||Islamic sect| ||||||||||||||sciita| Quindi le persone potrebbero identificarsi principalmente attraverso la loro religione qui di nuovo in Iran, c'è una relazione sciita.

And then as I read these books, I learned more about what she, uh, She is, uh, is, uh, cause I could never quite understand why there was this difference between the Sunni and the Shia. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sunnite||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Islamic denomination||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sunita||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Sunniten||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Sünni||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sunniti e sciiti|||Shia ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sunnītiem||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||逊尼||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||スンニ派||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sunita||| E poi, mentre leggevo questi libri, ho imparato di più su cosa lei, eh, è, eh, è, eh, perché non sono mai riuscito a capire perché ci fosse questa differenza tra sunniti e sciiti. And I still don't, but I'm getting closer, because another thing I've found is not only in language learning, but in everything we learn, we kind of have to cover the same ground many, many times before things start to become clear. E ancora non lo capisco, ma mi sto avvicinando, perché un'altra cosa che ho scoperto è che non solo nell'apprendimento delle lingue, ma in tutto ciò che apprendiamo, dobbiamo coprire lo stesso terreno molte, molte volte prima che le cose inizino a diventare chiare. そして、私はまだそうしていませんが、私が見つけたもう一つのことは言語学習だけでなく、私たちが学ぶすべてのことにおいて、物事が始まる前に何度も同じ分野をカバーしなければならないので、私は近づいています明確にするために。 И я все еще не знаю, но приближаюсь к этому, потому что я обнаружил еще одну вещь: не только в изучении языка, но и во всем, что мы изучаем, нам приходится много, много раз проходить один и тот же путь, прежде чем все начнет становиться понятным.

It's not because you read it once, say a grammar explanation or a description of what distinguishes a Shia from a Sunni and the Twelvers and. ||||||||||||||||отличает||||||||| ||||||||||||||||distinguant||||||||les Douze Imams| ||||||||||||||||sets apart||||||||| ||||||||||||||||distingue||||||||os doze| ||||||||||||||||unterscheidet||||||||Zwölfer| ||||||||||||||||ayıran||||||||On İkinciler| |||||||||||||||||||||Sunni|||Dodici Imam| ||||||||||||||||||||||||Divpadsmitnieki| ||||||||||||||||区分||||||||十二伊玛目派| ||||||||||||||||区別する||||||||十二イマーム派| Non è perché lo leggi una volta, diciamo un' spiegazione grammaticale o una descrizione di ciò che distingue uno sciita da un sunnita e dai Dodici. Het is niet omdat je het een keer hebt gelezen, zeg maar een grammaticale uitleg of een beschrijving van wat een sjiiet onderscheidt van een soenniet en de twaalf en. 这不是因为您阅读过一次,不是说语法解释,也不是描述什叶派与逊尼派和十二国派的区别。 Whatever, you know, all this stuff, Ali and stuff. ||||||Ali et tout ça|| ||||||Ali|| ||||||Ali|| ||||||Ali e coisas|| Qualunque cosa, sai, tutta questa roba, Ali e cose del genere. It doesn't make much of an impression until you have come across it in different contexts. ||||||впечатление||||||||| ||||||lasting impact||||||||| Non fa molta impressione finché non ci sei incappato in contesti diversi. And then it starts to become clear. E poi inizia a diventare chiaro.

And then when you hear about it in say Persian or in Arabic, it, it resonates even more. |||||||||||||||откликается|| |||||||||||||||strikes a chord|| |||||||||||||||ressoa|| |||||||||||||||resoniert|| |||||||||||||||yankılanıyor|| |||||||||||||||risuona|| |||||||||||||||产生共鸣|| |||||||||||||||響く|| So, uh, all I'm saying is, as someone like myself was interested in history, engaging with the languages of an area, uh, it helps you explore all these relationships. |||||||||||||||||||||eh|||||||relations And that reminds me that, uh, while I'm in Persian now, and occasionally I refresh my Arabic, I am going to get back to Turkish because the Turks have had an amazing influence on the history of, you know, the, you know, call it the whole area from, from Turkey to India, uh, that the Turks were always out there ready to come in and beat up on the sedentary people and impose their will. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||оседлые нар|||навязывать свою вол|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sédentaires||||| ||brings to mind||||||||||from time to time||brush up on|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||stationary|||enforce|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||atacar||||sedentários||||| ||||||||||||||auffrischen|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||beat|zurück|||sesshaften Menschen||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sedanter||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sedentario||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||打||||定居的||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||襲撃する||||定住民||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ritmo||||||||| Und das erinnert mich daran, dass ich, während ich jetzt auf Persisch bin und gelegentlich mein Arabisch auffrische, wieder auf Türkisch zurückkehren werde, weil die Türken einen erstaunlichen Einfluss auf die Geschichte von Ihnen hatten Wissen Sie, nennen Sie es das ganze Gebiet von der Türkei bis nach Indien, ähm, dass die Türken immer da draußen waren, um die sesshaften Menschen zu verprügeln und ihren Willen durchzusetzen. E questo mi ricorda che, uh, mentre adesso parlo persiano, e occasionalmente ripasso l'arabo, tornerò a studiare il turco perché i turchi hanno avuto un'influenza straordinaria sulla storia di, sai, chiamiamolo l'intera area che va dalla Turchia all'India, uh, i turchi erano sempre pronti a intervenire e sottomettere i popoli sedentari imponendo la loro volontà. そしてそれは、ええと、私が今ペルシャにいる間、そして時々アラビア語をリフレッシュしている間、トルコ語があなたの歴史に驚くべき影響を与えたので、私はトルコ語に戻るつもりであることを思い出させますトルコからインドまでの地域全体と呼んでください。トルコ人は常にそこにいて、座りがちな人々を殴り、意志を押し付ける準備ができていました。

So. Quindi. Essentially Moogle India was a Turkish empire with Persian speaking bureaucrats and the Persians were always the, sort of the Mandarins and the people who, who provided the bureaucracy and the ministers. ||||||||||чиновники||||||||||||||||||бюрократия||| |Moogle(1)|||||||||les bureaucrates||||||||||||||||||bureaucratie|||les ministres In essence|Mughal Empire|||||||||civil servants||||||||||bureaucrats||||||||administrative system||| |Moogle|||||||||os burocratas||||||||||mandarins persas||||||||burocracia|||ministros |Mogul-India|||||||||Beamte||||||||||Mandarinen||||||bereitstellten|||||Minister |Moogle|||||||||bürokratlar||||||||||Mandarinleri|||||||||||bakanlar |Moghul|||||||||||||||||||Mandarini||||||||||| |Mughalu impērija|||||||||birokrāti||||||||||Mandarīni||||||||||| |莫古|||||||||官员||||||||||官僚阶层|||||||||||部长们 |モーグル|||||||||官僚||||||||||官僚|||||||||||大臣 |Moogle|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Fondamentalmente, Moogle India era un impero turco con burocrati di lingua persiana e i persiani erano sempre, in un certo senso, i mandarini e le persone che fornivano la burocrazia e i ministri. In wezen was Moogle India een Turks rijk met Perzisch sprekende bureaucraten en de Perzen waren altijd het soort Mandarijnen en de mensen die voor de bureaucratie en de ministers zorgden. По сути, Индия была турецкой империей с персидскоязычными бюрократами, а персы всегда были своего рода мандаринами и людьми, которые обеспечивали бюрократию и министров. 本质上,莫古利印度是一个拥有讲波斯语的官僚的土耳其帝国,而波斯人一直都是官僚和提供官僚机构和部长的人。 I mean, I'm exaggerating to simplify, but that's kind of the impression. |||преувеличива||упростить|||||| |veux dire||exagérant|||||||| |||overstating||make clearer|||||| |||übertreibe||vereinfachen|||||| |||abartıyorum|||||||| |||夸张|||||||| |||誇張している|||||||| Ich übertreibe, um es zu vereinfachen, aber das ist eine Art Eindruck. And many of the dynasties in Iran were started by one form of Turk or another. |||||||||||||turco|| |||||||||||uma forma||||

And they were always, you know, ready to do, whether it be Timor or whether it be, uh, you know, the Safavids or, or other groups. ||||||||||||Timor|||||||||les Safavides|||| ||||||||||||Timor|||||||||Safavid dynasty|||| ||||||||||||Timor|||||||||os safávidas|||| ||||||||||||Timor||ob|||||||Safaviden|||| ||||||||||||Timor|||||||||Safeviler|||| ||||||||||||Timor|||||||||Safavidi|||| |||||||||||||||||||||Safavīdi|||| ||||||||||||东帝汶|||||||||萨法维王朝|||| ||||||||||||ティモール|||||||||サファヴィー朝|||| ||||||||||||Timor|||||||||los safávidas|||| En ze waren altijd, weet je, klaar om te doen, of het nu Timor is of de Safavids of andere groepen. Uh, so that whole complex of relationships is something that through my study of those languages, I'm going to not only learn about in those languages, but I will then be encouraged, stimulated to go and read up about them in say, English or French where I, you know, obviously can, ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||стимулирован|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||stimulé|||||||||||||||||| ||||network of relationships|||||||||||||||||||||||||||motivated||||||||||||||||||| ||||||Beziehungen|||||||||||||||||||||||||ermutigt|angeregt|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||stimulēts|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||激发了|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||刺激される|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||animado||||||||||||||||||| اوه، این مجموعه روابط چیزی است که از طریق مطالعه من در آن زبان ها، نه تنها در مورد آن زبان ها یاد می گیرم، بلکه تشویق می شوم و تشویق می شوم که بروم و در مورد آنها به زبان انگلیسی مطالعه کنم. یا فرانسوی جایی که من، می دانید، بدیهی است که می توانم، ええと、人間関係の複雑さ全体がそれらの言語の研究を通して私がそれらの言語で学ぶだけでなく、それから私が行って、例えば英語でそれらについて読むように励まされ、刺激されるものであるようにまたは私が知っているフランス語で、明らかにできる、

you know, read and get that information faster, but language and history in my mind are intimately connected. ||||||||||||||||неразрывно связ| ||||||||||||||||étroitement| ||||||||||||||||closely or deeply| ||||||||||||||||intimamente ligadas| ||||||||||||||||eng verbunden| ||||||||||||||||yakından| ||||||||||||||||紧密| ||||||||||||||||密接に| あなたは知っている、読んで、その情報をより速く得るが、私の心の中の言語と歴史は密接に関連している。 你知道,阅读并获取信息更快,但在我看来,语言和历史是紧密相连的。 Anyway. Thanks for listening. Bye for now. .