The Awakening of Europe, 31. Thirty Years of War

31. Thirty Years of War

"It is without example In the world's history." —SCHILLER.

While the Pilgrim Fathers were building their new homes on the shores of America, the eyes of Europe were turned towards Germany, where war had broken out. It was destined to be one of the most terrible wars waged in modern times. This feud between the Protestants and Roman Catholics of Germany had long been simmering; but the great armed struggle finally broke forth on May 23, 1618, and continued till it had drawn nearly every European nation into its conflict, till it had lighted the fires of battle from the Baltic to the Mediterranean Seas.

To follow the war through all its many phases would be impossible, but two great names stand out from amid the waste of war, names among the most famous in the world's history—Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus. The war had raged for fourteen years when these two great generals met on the battlefield of Lützen. They had never met in battle before. They were never to meet again. A greater contrast than these two famous commanders never existed.

Wallenstein, fighting on the side of the Catholics, was cold, gloomy, silent. Ambition was the ruling power of his life.

"I must command alone or not at all," he had once said. All men stood in awe of him. He was a rich landowner, and raised armies at his own expense for the emperor; but "God help the land to which these men come!" said a frightened German who had just watched Wallenstein's troops marching past. Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, was a very different man. Frank and fearless, he was a staunch Protestant and the very idol of his own people. He now came forward to defend the liberty of his country and the Protestant religion, which both seemed in danger from Germany. Landing on the northern coast of Germany in a storm of thunder and lightning, he had been the first to leap ashore and to kneel in thanks to God for his safe passage.

"A good Christian can never be a bad soldier," he said as he led his men forward. As he passed through German territory men flocked to his stand-ard; they even knelt before him, struggling for the honour of touching the sheath of his sword or the hem of his garment.

"This people would make a king of me," he said sadly. "My God knoweth that I have no delight in it. Soon enough shall be revealed my human weakness." Nevertheless his march through the Protestant states of Germany was like a triumphal procession, and tears of relief and joy streamed down the cheeks of bearded men as they welcomed this "Lion of the North," who had come to deliver the oppressed Protestants. Gustavus Adolphus had reached the very heart of the nation. No wonder the emperor became alarmed and turned to Wallenstein, the only leader at all capable of measuring swords with the King of Sweden. Wallenstein answered his emperor's call. As if by magic he collected an enormous army. His military fame drew men of all nations to his banner. From north and south, from east and west, they came. "All swarm to the old familiar long-loved banner," and "Yet one sole man can rein this fiery host By equal rule, by equal love and fear Blending the many-nationed whole in one." It was in November 1632 that this mixed army under Wallenstein found itself at Lützen, a small town in Germany. The winter was coming on and Wallenstein was moving into winter quarters, hoping his rival would do the same, when he heard that Gustavus Adolphus was marching on Lützen—indeed that he was near even now.

Through the long dark night the Swedish army had been marching, till with the first streaks of dawn, when they had intended to surprise Wallenstein, they found a thick fog hiding everything from view.

Kneeling in front of his army, the king burst into Luther's hymn, "God is a strong tower," following it with his own battle-song, which began, "Be not dismayed, thou little flock." Some of his officers begged Gustavus to clothe himself in steel, after the custom of the age.

"God is my armour," he cried, throwing it aside. So he wore only a plain cloth coat and a buff waistcoat, which may be seen at Vienna to-day.

Toward eleven o'clock the sun burst forth, and the two armies could almost see the battle-light that glowed fiercely in each other's eyes. The Swedish king gave his last orders. Then drawing his sword and waving it above his head, he advanced with the Swedish war-cry: "God with us!" "It will now be shown whether I or the King of Sweden is to be master of the world," said Wallenstein gloomily, as he led his men to the battle. They had not fought long when the fog came down once more, and Gustavus dashed unawares into a regiment of the enemy. One shot passed through his horse, another shattered his own arm and wounded him in the back. He fell to the ground.

"Who are you?" asked one of his foes.

"I was the King of Sweden," gasped the dying king, and murmuring to himself, "My God! my God!" he died.

As the mournful tidings ran through the Swedish army it nerved the men to fresh effort. They cared not for their lives, now the most precious life had passed. With the fury of lions they rushed on the foe, and when the sun set that November night Wallenstein, defeated at last, was in full retreat.

Gustavus Adolphus, the great champion of Protestantism, was dead, but his men had won the victory as he would have had them do. They dragged a great stone to the place where their hero fell, and on it they wrote the words, "Our faith is the victory which overcometh the world." Wallenstein was assassinated two years after this great battle. Years later peace was made, and there has never been a war of religion in Europe since those days.

31. Thirty Years of War 31. Der Dreißigjährige Krieg 31. Treinta años de guerra 31. Trente ans de guerre 31. Trent'anni di guerra 31.30年戦争 31. Trisdešimties metų karas 31. Guerra dos Trinta Anos 31. Тридцатилетняя война 31. Otuz Yıl Savaşları 31. Тридцять років війни 31.三十年战争

"It is without example In the world's history." |||可比性|||| «Это без примера в мировой истории». "这是历史上无与伦比的。" —SCHILLER. 施莱尔席勒 —席勒。

While the Pilgrim Fathers were building their new homes on the shores of America, the eyes of Europe were turned towards Germany, where war had broken out. |||朝圣者父亲||||||||||||||||||||||| 当朝圣父辈们在美洲的海岸建造新家时，欧洲的目光则投向了德国，那里爆发了战争。 It was destined to be one of the most terrible wars waged in modern times. ||bylo určeno|||||||||||| |||||||||||进行的||| |||||||||||进行||| Era destinata ad essere una delle guerre più terribili dei tempi moderni. 这注定是现代史上最可怕的战争之一。 This feud between the Protestants and Roman Catholics of Germany had long been simmering; but the great armed struggle finally broke forth on May 23, 1618, and continued till it had drawn nearly every European nation into its conflict, till it had lighted the fires of battle from the Baltic to the Mediterranean Seas. |spor|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |冲突||||||||||||酝酿已久|||||||||||||||||几乎所有||||||||||点燃|||||||波罗的海|||| Questa faida tra i protestanti e i cattolici romani della Germania era in corso da tempo; ma la grande lotta armata scoppiò finalmente il 23 maggio 1618 e continuò fino a coinvolgere quasi tutte le nazioni europee, fino ad accendere i fuochi della battaglia dal Baltico al Mediterraneo. 这一德国新教徒与罗马天主教徒之间的 feud 早已酝酿已久；但这场伟大的武装斗争最终在1618年5月23日爆发，并持续到几乎所有欧洲国家都卷入其中，直到战火蔓延从波罗的海到地中海。

To follow the war through all its many phases would be impossible, but two great names stand out from amid the waste of war, names among the most famous in the world's history—Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus. |||||||||||||||||||uprostřed||||||||||||||||| ||||贯穿||||阶段||||||||突出|||||||||||||||||瓦伦斯坦||古斯塔夫|古斯塔夫·阿道夫 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||瓦尔特斯坦||古斯塔夫|阿道夫 Seguire la guerra in tutte le sue fasi sarebbe impossibile, ma tra i rifiuti della guerra spiccano due grandi nomi, tra i più famosi della storia mondiale: Wallenstein e Gustavo Adolfo. 追踪这场战争的所有阶段几乎是不可能的，但两个伟大的名字从战争的废墟中脱颖而出，这些名字是世界历史上最著名的名字之一——瓦伦斯坦和古斯塔夫·阿道夫。 The war had raged for fourteen years when these two great generals met on the battlefield of Lützen. |||zuřila|||||||||||||| 这场|||||||||||||||||吕岑 |||持续||||||||||||||吕岑 La guerra infuriava da quattordici anni quando questi due grandi generali si incontrarono sul campo di battaglia di Lützen. 这场战争已经持续了十四年，两个伟大的将军在吕岑的战场上相遇。 They had never met in battle before. Non si erano mai incontrati in battaglia. 他们以前从未在战斗中相遇。 They were never to meet again. Non si sarebbero mai più incontrati. 他们再也无法相见。 A greater contrast than these two famous commanders never existed. |||||||velitelé|| |||||||指挥官||存在过这两位著名指挥官之间没有比这更大的对比了。

Wallenstein, fighting on the side of the Catholics, was cold, gloomy, silent. ||||||||||sklíčený| 瓦伦斯坦||||||||||| 瓦伦斯坦站在天主教徒一方，冷酷、阴沉、沉默。 Ambition was the ruling power of his life. 抱负||||||| Амбиции были главной силой его жизни. 野心是他生活中的主宰力量。

"I must command alone or not at all," he had once said. |||||不命令|||||| «Я должен командовать один или не командовать вообще», - сказал он однажды. "我必须单独指挥，或者不指挥，"他曾经说过。 All men stood in awe of him. ||||úžasu|| ||站着||敬畏|| Все мужчины трепетали перед ним. 所有人都对他心怀敬畏。 He was a rich landowner, and raised armies at his own expense for the emperor; but "God help the land to which these men come!" ||||土地拥有者||筹集||||||||||上帝|保佑||土地||||| Он был богатым землевладельцем и собирал армии для императора за свой счет; но «Боже, помоги земле, в которую пришли эти люди!» 他是一个富有的土地拥有者，以自己的费用为皇帝召集军队；但是"上帝保佑这些人所到之地！" said a frightened German who had just watched Wallenstein's troops marching past. 说||||||||瓦伦斯坦的||| ||||||||||行进| 一个害怕的德国人说，他刚刚看到瓦伦斯坦的军队走过。 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, was a very different man. 古斯塔夫||||||||| 瑞典国王古斯塔夫·阿道夫是一个截然不同的人。 Frank and fearless, he was a staunch Protestant and the very idol of his own people. ||||||pevný||||||||| 弗兰克||||||坚定的|||||偶像|||| ||无畏||||||||||||| Откровенный и бесстрашный, он был стойким протестантом и кумиром своего народа. 坦率而无畏，他是一个坚定的基督教新教徒，也是他自己人民的偶像。 He now came forward to defend the liberty of his country and the Protestant religion, which both seemed in danger from Germany. ||||||||||||||||||处于||| Теперь он выступил, чтобы защитить свободу своей страны и протестантскую религию, которые, казалось, находились в опасности со стороны Германии. 他现在站出来为国家的自由和新教宗教辩护，这两者似乎都受到德国的威胁。 Landing on the northern coast of Germany in a storm of thunder and lightning, he had been the first to leap ashore and to kneel in thanks to God for his safe passage. ||||||||||||||||||||跳||||跪下|||||||| 在雷电的暴风雨中登陆德国北部海岸，他成为第一个跳上岸并跪下感谢上帝保佑他安全渡海的人。

"A good Christian can never be a bad soldier," he said as he led his men forward. "Un buon cristiano non può mai essere un cattivo soldato", disse mentre guidava i suoi uomini. "一个好基督徒永远不会成为一个坏士兵，"他在带领部队前进时说。 As he passed through German territory men flocked to his stand-ard; they even knelt before him, struggling for the honour of touching the sheath of his sword or the hem of his garment. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||okraje||| ||||||||||旗帜||||||||||||||剑鞘|||||||||衣服的边缘 |||||||||||旗帜|||||||||||||||||||||| Al suo passaggio in territorio tedesco gli uomini si accalcavano al suo posto; si inginocchiavano persino davanti a lui, lottando per l'onore di toccare il fodero della sua spada o l'orlo della sua veste. Когда он проезжал через территорию Германии, люди стекались к его штандарту; они даже преклонили колени перед ним, борясь за честь прикоснуться к ножнам его меча или краю его одежды. 当他经过德国领土时，士兵们纷纷投奔他的旗帜；他们甚至在他面前跪下，争抢触碰他剑鞘或衣服下摆的荣耀。

"This people would make a king of me," he said sadly. |||立为||||||| «Эти люди сделали бы меня королем», - грустно сказал он. “这个民族想要让我做国王，”他悲伤地说道。 "My God knoweth that I have no delight in it. ||ví||||||| ||知道||||||| ||知道||||||| "Mijn God weet dat ik er geen behagen in heb. "Мой Бог знает, что мне это не нравится. “我的上帝知道我对此并没有任何喜悦。” Soon enough shall be revealed my human weakness." 我的人类弱点很快就会被揭示出来。 Nevertheless his march through the Protestant states of Germany was like a triumphal procession, and tears of relief and joy streamed down the cheeks of bearded men as they welcomed this "Lion of the North," who had come to deliver the oppressed Protestants. ||行军|||||||||||游行|||||||涌流|||||有胡子的||||||||||||||||| 然而，他穿越德意志新教国家的行军就像是一场凯旋游行，当他们欢迎这位前来拯救受压迫新教徒的“北方之狮”时，胡须浓密的男人们的脸颊上流下了解脱和喜悦的泪水。 Gustavus Adolphus had reached the very heart of the nation. 古斯塔夫||||||||| 古斯塔夫·阿道夫已经抵达国家的核心。 No wonder the emperor became alarmed and turned to Wallenstein, the only leader at all capable of measuring swords with the King of Sweden. 难怪|难怪||||||||瓦伦斯坦||||||||比剑|||||| Неудивительно, что император встревожился и обратился к Валленштейну, единственному лидеру, который вообще мог помериться силами с королем Швеции. 难怪皇帝感到警觉，并转向沃伦斯坦，他是唯一能与瑞典国王争锋的领导者。 Wallenstein answered his emperor's call. 沃伦斯坦回应了皇帝的召唤。 As if by magic he collected an enormous army. Словно по волшебству он собрал огромную армию. 仿佛是在施展魔法，他召集了一个庞大的军队。 His military fame drew men of all nations to his banner. |||吸引了||||||| 他的军事声誉吸引了来自各国的人们归附于他的旗帜。 From north and south, from east and west, they came. 他们从北方和南方，从东方和西方而来。 "All swarm to the old familiar long-loved banner," and |se hrnou|||||||| |聚集|||||长久以来||| "Tutti sciamano verso il vecchio e familiare stendardo amato da tempo", e «Все рой к старому знакомому давно полюбившемуся знамени» и "所有人都蜂拥而至，向这面古老熟悉、长久以来喜爱的旗帜致敬，" "Yet one sole man can rein this fiery host By equal rule, by equal love and fear Blending the many-nationed whole in one." |||||ovládat|||||||||||||||||| |||||统治||||||平等的统治|||||恐惧||||多民族的||| |||||驾驭|||||||||||||||多民族的||| «И все же один единственный человек может обуздать это огненное войско равным правлением, равной любовью и страхом, соединяя в одно целое, состоящее из многих наций». "然而，唯有一人能够凭借平等的法则、平等的爱与恐惧来统治这支火热的军队，从而将多国之众融为一体。" It was in November 1632 that this mixed army under Wallenstein found itself at Lützen, a small town in Germany. ||||||||||发现|自己||||||| 1632年11月，瓦尔登斯坦指挥的这支混合军队在德国的小镇吕岑遇到了状况。 The winter was coming on and Wallenstein was moving into winter quarters, hoping his rival would do the same, when he heard that Gustavus Adolphus was marching on Lützen—indeed that he was near even now. |||||||||||冬季驻扎||||||||||||古斯塔夫|||||||||||| Приближалась зима, и Валленштейн переезжал на зимние квартиры, надеясь, что его соперник поступит так же, когда он услышал, что Густав Адольф идет маршем на Лютцен - действительно, он был рядом даже сейчас. 冬天即将来临，瓦尔登斯坦正在迁入冬季驻地，希望他的对手也能这样做，然而他听说古斯塔夫·阿道夫正在向吕岑进军——实际上他现在离得很近。

Kneeling in front of his army, the king burst into Luther's hymn, "God is a strong tower," following it with his own battle-song, which began, ||||||||||路德的|赞美诗|||||||||||||| |||||||||||圣歌|||||||||||||| "Be not dismayed, thou little flock." ||znepokojeni|||stádo ||惊慌||| ||害怕|||小羊群 "不要灰心，你这个小羊群。" Some of his officers begged Gustavus to clothe himself in steel, after the custom of the age. |||||||obleci||||||zvyku||| ||||恳求|古斯塔夫||穿上盔甲|||||||||时代 |||||||给自己穿上||||||||| 他的几个官员恳求古斯塔夫按照当时的习俗为自己披上钢铁盔甲。

"God is my armour," he cried, throwing it aside. ||||||扔掉|| "上帝是我的盔甲，" 他大喊，随手将其扔掉。 So he wore only a plain cloth coat and a buff waistcoat, which may be seen at Vienna to-day. ||||||||||sandy||||||||| ||||||||||黄褐色|马甲||||||维也纳|| |||||||||||背心|||||||| 所以他只穿了一件简单的布外套和一件淡黄色背心，这件衣服今天在维也纳可以看到。

Toward eleven o'clock the sun burst forth, and the two armies could almost see the battle-light that glowed fiercely in each other's eyes. |||||||||||||||||||zuřivě|||| ||||||||||||||||战斗之光||闪烁||||| ||||||||||||||||||闪烁||||| 到十一点钟，太阳突然爆发出来，两个军队几乎可以看到彼此眼中熊熊燃烧的战斗光芒。 The Swedish king gave his last orders. 瑞典国王下达了他的最后命令。 Then drawing his sword and waving it above his head, he advanced with the Swedish war-cry: "God with us!" |拔出||||||||||前进||||战争|||| 然后，他拔剑高举，随着瑞典的战吼向前推进："上帝与我们同在！" "It will now be shown whether I or the King of Sweden is to be master of the world," said Wallenstein gloomily, as he led his men to the battle. |||||是否||||||||||||||||阴郁地|||||||| "现在将显示出我和瑞典国王谁才是世界的主人，"瓦伦斯坦阴沉地说道，他正在带领他的士兵去参战。 They had not fought long when the fog came down once more, and Gustavus dashed unawares into a regiment of the enemy. |||||||mlha|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||古斯塔夫||不知不觉地|||团||| |||||||||||||||不知不觉地||| Regiment||| 他们没战斗多久，雾气又一次降临，古斯塔夫不知不觉中冲入了敌人的一支队伍。 One shot passed through his horse, another shattered his own arm and wounded him in the back. |一枪|||||||||手臂|||||| 一发子弹穿过了他的马，另一发击碎了他的手臂并伤了他的背。 He fell to the ground. È caduto a terra. 他倒在了地上。

"Who are you?" "你是谁？" asked one of his foes. ||||敌人

"I was the King of Sweden," gasped the dying king, and murmuring to himself, "My God! ||||||喘息道|||||低声自语|||| "我是瑞典国王，"垂死的国王喘息着，喃喃自语，"我的上帝！", my God!" "我的上帝！" he died. |死了他死了。

As the mournful tidings ran through the Swedish army it nerved the men to fresh effort. ||smutné||||||||||||| ||悲伤的||||||||||||新的| ||||||||||鼓舞||||| La notizia luttuosa si diffuse nell'esercito svedese e stimolò gli uomini a nuovi sforzi. 当悲伤的消息在瑞典军队中传播时，激励了士兵们的斗志。 They cared not for their lives, now the most precious life had passed. |||||生命||||||| 他们不再关心自己的生命，因为现在最宝贵的生命已逝去。 With the fury of lions they rushed on the foe, and when the sun set that November night Wallenstein, defeated at last, was in full retreat. |||||||||||||太阳|||||||||||| 他们像狮子般愤怒地冲向敌人，当那年11月的夜晚落下时，最终被击败的瓦伦斯坦正在全面撤退。

Gustavus Adolphus, the great champion of Protestantism, was dead, but his men had won the victory as he would have had them do. 古斯塔夫||||||||||||||||||会|||| 伟大的新教 champion 古斯塔夫·阿道夫已经去世，但他的部下如他所希望的那样赢得了胜利。 They dragged a great stone to the place where their hero fell, and on it they wrote the words, "Our faith is the victory which overcometh the world." |||||||||||||||||||||||||přemáhá|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||胜过|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||胜过|| 他们拖着一块巨石来到他们英雄倒下的地方，在上面写下了"我们的信仰是胜过世界的胜利。" Wallenstein was assassinated two years after this great battle. ||zavražděn|||||| 瓦尔登斯坦|||||||| 瓦伦斯坦在这场伟大战役两年后被刺杀。 Years later peace was made, and there has never been a war of religion in Europe since those days. 多年以后达成了和平，从那时起欧洲再也没有发生过宗教战争。