The Awakening of Europe, 46. The Greatest General of His Age

46. The Greatest General of His Age

"Jack of Marlborough, Who beat the Frenchman thorough and thorough." —Old English Rhyme.

Though the seventeenth century ended in peace, yet dark storm-clouds were hovering over Europe. Louis XIV. still reigned in France, William III. in England; but it was towards distant Spain that the eyes of kings and people were now strained.

There on the throne of his forefathers sat a miserable and sickly king, whose death must end the long line of princes who had for two hundred years occupied the Spanish throne. The great question now engaging Europe was: Who should succeed him? Spain had fallen from her high estate, but so vast still was the extent of her empire that under vigorous rule her old power might yet return. In 1700 the poor king died, leaving his kingdom to Philip, the young grandson of Louis XIV. of France, the younger brother of that little Louis loved and taught by Fénelon years before. Nothing could have been more pleasing to the ambition of Louis XIV. Gladly enough he despatched his grandson, a boy of seventeen, to the Court of Madrid, though the boy-king of Spain was in bitter tears at leaving his home in Paris for a long winter journey to his new kingdom.

"Remember there are no longer any Pyrenean mountains," were Louis' parting words to Philip. Louis had promised faithfully never to unite the thrones of France and Spain, and it was with some uneasiness now that Europe watched him directing young Philip with a high hand.

No one felt more uneasy than William III. of England. His whole life had been a struggle to keep the ever-growing power of France within bounds. He distrusted Louis, and it was with reluctance that he acknowledged Philip as King of Spain. Now Louis went a step farther.

James, the exiled King of England, lay dying in France, when Louis entered his room and promised him to help his son Charles to regain the English throne when William should die. In a moment all England was in a blaze. The English people had never loved their Dutch king, but he had made them free, he had been the champion of the Protestant religion. Should the King of France dictate to them who was to be their king? A thousand times No. Rather would they fight. In the midst of these storms William was thrown one day from his horse and broke his collar-bone. In the wretched state of his health he had no strength to rally.

"There was a time when I should have been glad to have been delivered out of my difficulties," whispered the dying king to his lifelong Dutch friend; "but I see another scene, and could wish to live a little longer." This was denied him. It was in the year 1702 that William died, leaving his sister-in-law Anne to be Queen of England. Angrily the King of France received the news of her accession, and two months later war was declared by England against France and Spain.

The command of the troops was given by Anne to her old friend the Duke of Marlborough. This was the man who was now to carry on the work of his old master in baffling the ambitions of France—the man who was to decide the fate of Europe.

Already glimpses of him have appeared from time to time. He was one of those who deserted his king to fight under the banner of William of Orange. He had helped Anne to escape before her father, James II., reached London. He had later been caught plotting with the very king whom he had deserted, and thrown into prison by William. Pardoned and restored to favour, he became tutor to Anne's little boy, heir to the throne; for Mary had died of smallpox while still young, leaving no child to succeed her and William. Marlborough was ambitious and scheming, but he was a marvellous soldier. He did not take up his command till the age of fifty-two, an age when the work of many men is nearly done; but he had unbroken good fortune. Voltaire said that he never besieged a fortress that he did not take, or fight a battle that he did not win.

"Our Duke was as calm at the mouth of a cannon as at the door of a drawing-room," said one who served under him. "He was cold, calm, resolute as fate." "Yet those of the army who knew him best and had suffered most from him admired him most of all; and as he rode along the lines to battle, or galloped up in the nick of time to a battalion reeling from before the enemy's charge or shot, the fainting men and officers got new courage as they saw the splendid calm of his face, and felt that his will made them irresistible." Such was the Duke of Marlborough, the "greatest general of his age."

46. The Greatest General of His Age 46. Der größte General seiner Zeit 46. El mejor general de su época 46.当代きっての名将 46. O maior general da sua época 46. Величайший генерал своей эпохи 46. Çağının En Büyük Generali 46. Найвидатніший генерал свого часу 46.这个时代最伟大的将军

"Jack of Marlborough, Who beat the Frenchman thorough and thorough." 杰克|||||||彻底|| ||||||French soldier|completely|| "Джек Мальборо, который победил француза основательно и основательно". —Old English Rhyme. ||韵律 ||Ancient verse pattern ||韵律

Though the seventeenth century ended in peace, yet dark storm-clouds were hovering over Europe. ||||||||||||笼罩|| Despite the fact||||||||||||looming|| ||||||||||||笼罩|| Хотя семнадцатый век закончился миром, над Европой все же нависли темные грозовые тучи. 尽管十七世纪以和平结束，但黑暗的暴风云仍在欧洲盘旋。 Louis XIV. 路易十四。 still reigned in France, William III. |was king|||| |治めていた|||| Во Франции по-прежнему царствовал Вильгельм III. 威廉三世仍在法国统治。 in England; but it was towards distant Spain that the eyes of kings and people were now strained. |||||||||||||||||注视 |||||||||||||||||intently focused on |||||||||||||||||向けられた В Англии, но именно к далекой Испании были устремлены взоры королей и народа. 在英国；但现在国王和人民的目光都聚焦在遥远的西班牙。

There on the throne of his forefathers sat a miserable and sickly king, whose death must end the long line of princes who had for two hundred years occupied the Spanish throne. 在|||||||||可怜的||虚弱|||||||||||||||||||| |||royal seat|||ancestors|||unhappy and ill||In poor health||||||||||royal heirs|||||||||| |||王座|||先祖|||みじめな||病弱な|||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||可怜的||||||||||||王子|||||||||| На троне его предков сидел несчастный и больной король, смерть которого должна была положить конец длинной череде принцев, двести лет занимавших испанский престол. 在那里，他的祖先的王座上坐着一位可怜而多病的国王，他的死必须结束这条已经占据西班牙王位两百年的长长的王子血脉。 The great question now engaging Europe was: Who should succeed him? ||||吸引|||||| ||||occupying the attention|||||| Теперь перед Европой встал великий вопрос: Кто должен стать его преемником? 现在困扰欧洲的重大问题是：谁将继承他的王位？ Spain had fallen from her high estate, but so vast still was the extent of her empire that under vigorous rule her old power might yet return. ||||||地位|||||||||||||||||||| ||declined||||high status|||immense|even now|||size||||||energetic|governance|||||| ||||||地位|||||||||||||||||||| Испания утратила свои высокие позиции, но масштабы ее империи были столь велики, что при энергичном правлении ее былое могущество еще может вернуться. 西班牙已经从她的高贵地位上跌落，但她的帝国范围仍然如此广阔，在强有力的统治下，她的旧有权力或许仍能恢复。 In 1700 the poor king died, leaving his kingdom to Philip, the young grandson of Louis XIV. ||||||||||||young male descendant||| ||||||||||||孫||| В 1700 году бедный король умер, оставив свое королевство Филиппу, юному внуку Людовика XIV. 1700年，那个可怜的国王去世，将他的王国留给了年轻的路易十四的孙子菲利普。 of France, the younger brother of that little Louis loved and taught by Fénelon years before. |||||||||||||费内龙|| |||||||||||||French tutor|| Франции, младший брат того маленького Луи, которого любил и учил Фенелон много лет назад. 来自法国的他是那位多年之前被费内龙喜爱和教导的小路易的弟弟。 Nothing could have been more pleasing to the ambition of Louis XIV. ||||||||雄心||| |||||gratifying|||desire for power||| 何も|ことができた|||||||ルイ14世の野望||| Ничто не могло быть более приятным для амбиций Людовика XIV. 没有什么比路易十四的野心更令人高兴的了。 Gladly enough he despatched his grandson, a boy of seventeen, to the Court of Madrid, though the boy-king of Spain was in bitter tears at leaving his home in Paris for a long winter journey to his new kingdom. 高兴地||||||||||||||马德里||||||||在||||||||||||||||| Willingly|||sent off|||||||||||the Spanish capital|||||||||intense emotional pain|||||||French capital|in order to|||||||| С радостью он отправил своего внука, семнадцатилетнего юношу, ко двору Мадрида, хотя испанский король был в горьких слезах, покидая свой дом в Париже и отправляясь в долгое зимнее путешествие в свое новое королевство. 他欣然派遣了他的孙子，一个十七岁的男孩，前往马德里宫廷，尽管西班牙的小国王在离开他位于巴黎的家，踏上通往新王国的漫长冬季旅程时泪流满面。

"Remember there are no longer any Pyrenean mountains," were Louis' parting words to Philip. ||||||比利牛斯||||||| ||||||Pyrenees-related||||farewell||| ||||||ピレネー||||別れの||| ||||||比利牛斯||||||| "ピレネー山脈はもう存在しないことを忘れないでください、" これがルイのフィリップへの別れの言葉でした。 "Помни, что Пиренейских гор больше нет", - сказал Луи на прощание Филиппу. 路易对菲利普的告别话是："记住，已经没有比利牛斯山了。" Louis had promised faithfully never to unite the thrones of France and Spain, and it was with some uneasiness now that Europe watched him directing young Philip with a high hand. ||||||合并||王位|||||||||||||||||||||| |||with full commitment|||||||||||||||nervousness||||||guiding authoritatively|||||authoritative manner| |||忠実に|||||||||||||||不安||||||支配している|||||| ||||||||||||||||||不安|||||||||||| ルイはフランスとスペインの王位を決して統一しないと忠実に約束していたため、今やヨーロッパは若いフィリップを強引に指導する彼を不安を抱きながら見守りました。 Людовик твердо обещал никогда не объединять престолы Франции и Испании, и теперь Европа с некоторым беспокойством наблюдала, как он направляет юного Филиппа, высоко подняв руку. 路易斯曾忠诚地承诺永远不合并法国和西班牙的王位，如今欧洲以些许不安的心情注视着他高高在上地指导年轻的菲利普。

No one felt more uneasy than William III. ||||不安||| ||||more uncomfortable||| ||||不安に||| ウィリアム3世ほど不安に思っている者はいませんでした。 Никто не чувствовал себя более беспокойно, чем Вильгельм III. 没有人比威廉三世更感到不安。 of England. 来自英格兰。 His whole life had been a struggle to keep the ever-growing power of France within bounds. ||||||斗争|||||||||| ||||||constant effort||||||||||under control ||||||||||||||||限界 Вся его жизнь была борьбой за то, чтобы удержать в рамках постоянно растущее могущество Франции. 他一生的斗争就是将法国不断增长的权力控制在一定范围内。 He distrusted Louis, and it was with reluctance that he acknowledged Philip as King of Spain. |不信任|||||||||||||| |did not trust||||||hesitation|||accepted||||| |疑った|||||||||認めた||||| |不信任||||||||他|||||| Он не доверял Людовику и с неохотой признал Филиппа королем Испании. 他不信任路易，勉强承认菲利普是西班牙国王。 Now Louis went a step farther. ||proceeded||| 现在路易更进一步。

James, the exiled King of England, lay dying in France, when Louis entered his room and promised him to help his son Charles to regain the English throne when William should die. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||应该| ||banished from country||||was lying||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||亡命中の||||||||||||||||||||||取り戻す||||||| Яков, изгнанный король Англии, умирал во Франции, когда в его комнату вошел Людовик и пообещал ему помочь своему сыну Карлу вернуть английский трон, когда Вильгельм умрет. 被流放的英王詹姆斯在法国奄奄一息时，路易斯进入了他的房间，并向他承诺在威廉去世后帮助他的儿子查尔斯重新夺回英格兰王位。 In a moment all England was in a blaze. ||||||在||火焰 ||very short time||||||in turmoil ||||||||炎上 Через мгновение вся Англия была охвачена огнем. 片刻之间，整个英格兰都沸腾了。 The English people had never loved their Dutch king, but he had made them free, he had been the champion of the Protestant religion. ||||||||||||||||||||||Reformed Christian faith| Английский народ никогда не любил своего голландского короля, но он сделал их свободными, он был защитником протестантской религии. 英格兰人民从未爱过他们的荷兰国王，但他让他们获得了自由，他是新教宗教的捍卫者。 Should the King of France dictate to them who was to be their king? |||||决定|||||||| |||||impose authority over|||||||| |||||命じる|||||||| 法国国王是否应该告诉他们谁是他们的国王？ A thousand times No. 千百次不。 Rather would they fight. Prefer to|||engage in combat 他们宁愿战斗。 In the midst of these storms William was thrown one day from his horse and broke his collar-bone. ||||||||摔下|||||||||锁骨| ||||||||hurled off|||||||||collarbone| ||真っ最中|||嵐|||投げられた|||||||||鎖骨| В разгар этих бурь Уильям однажды был сброшен с лошади и сломал ключицу. 在这些风暴中，有一天威廉从马背上摔下来，摔断了他的锁骨。 In the wretched state of his health he had no strength to rally. ||||||||||||恢复 ||Poor condition||||||||||recover or improve ||悲惨な||||||||||回復する В таком плачевном состоянии здоровья у него не было сил на восстановление. 在他健康状况糟糕的情况下，他没有力量恢复。

"There was a time when I should have been glad to have been delivered out of my difficulties," whispered the dying king to his lifelong Dutch friend; "but I see another scene, and could wish to live a little longer." |||||||||||||rescued from|free from|||challenges|||||||long-time||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||救われた||||困難|||||||||||||||||||||| "Было время, когда я был бы рад избавиться от своих трудностей, - шептал умирающий король своему пожизненному голландскому другу, - но я вижу другую сцену и хотел бы прожить еще немного". "曾经有一段时间，我应该很高兴能够摆脱我的困境，"垂死的国王对他一生的荷兰朋友低声说；"但我看到另一个场景，想再活久一点。" This was denied him. ||拒绝| ||not given to| ||拒否された| В этом ему было отказано. 这被他拒绝了。 It was in the year 1702 that William died, leaving his sister-in-law Anne to be Queen of England. 威廉于1702年去世，留下他的姐夫安妮成为英格兰女王。 Angrily the King of France received the news of her accession, and two months later war was declared by England against France and Spain. |||||||||||||||||||||||西班牙 With anger||||||||||taking the throne||||||||||||| 怒って||||||||||即位|||||||宣戦された|||||| Король Франции с гневом воспринял новость о ее воцарении, а через два месяца Англия объявила войну Франции и Испании. 法国国王愤怒地接到了她登基的消息，两个月后英格兰对法国和西班牙宣战。

The command of the troops was given by Anne to her old friend the Duke of Marlborough. ||||部隊||||||||||マールバラ公|| Командование войсками Анна передала своему старому другу герцогу Мальборо. 军队的指挥由安妮交给了她的老朋友马尔堡公爵。 This was the man who was now to carry on the work of his old master in baffling the ambitions of France—the man who was to decide the fate of Europe. |||||||||||||||||挫败||野心|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||Thwarting|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||妨げる||野望||||||||||運命|| Это был человек, которому теперь предстояло продолжить дело своего старого хозяина по пресечению амбиций Франции - человек, которому предстояло решить судьбу Европы. 这个人现在要继承他老主人的工作，以挫败法国的野心——这个人将决定欧洲的命运。

Already glimpses of him have appeared from time to time. |出现|||||||| |brief sightings|||||||| |彼の姿が時々見えることがありました。|||||||| Уже сейчас время от времени появляются его проблески. 他已经不时地显露出端倪。 He was one of those who deserted his king to fight under the banner of William of Orange. ||||||背叛|||||||||威廉|| ||||||abandoned|||||||flag or cause||||William III ||||||裏切った|||||||旗|||| Он был одним из тех, кто дезертировал от своего короля, чтобы сражаться под знаменем Вильгельма Оранского. 他是那些背叛国王跟随威廉·奥兰治作战的人之一。 He had helped Anne to escape before her father, James II., reached London. ||||||||||James the Second||the capital city |||||逃げる||||||| Он помог Анне бежать до того, как ее отец, Яков II, добрался до Лондона. 在她的父亲詹姆斯二世到达伦敦之前，他帮助安妮逃跑。 He had later been caught plotting with the very king whom he had deserted, and thrown into prison by William. |||||密谋|||||||||||||| ||||apprehended|conspiring||||||||abandoned or left|||||| ||||||||||その||||||||| Позже его поймали на заговоре с тем самым королем, которого он покинул, и Вильгельм бросил его в тюрьму. 后来他因与他曾背叛的国王密谋而被抓，随后被威廉投入监狱。 Pardoned and restored to favour, he became tutor to Anne's little boy, heir to the throne; for Mary had died of smallpox while still young, leaving no child to succeed her and William. 被赦免||恢复||恩宠||||||||||||||||||||||||||||威廉 Forgiven||"Returned to favor"||good graces|||private teacher||Anne of England||||||||||passed away||infectious disease||||||||||| 赦された||復帰させられた||恩恵|||家庭教師||||||||||||||天然痘||||||||||| Помилованный и восстановленный в правах, он стал воспитателем маленького мальчика Анны, наследника престола; ведь Мария умерла от оспы, будучи еще маленькой, не оставив ребенка, который мог бы стать наследником ее и Вильгельма. 被宽恕并恢复了宠幸，他成为安娜的小儿子的 tutor，未来的王位继承人；因为玛丽在年轻时死于天花，未留下继承人和威廉。 Marlborough was ambitious and scheming, but he was a marvellous soldier. 马尔堡||||算计|||||出色的| ||||plotting or conniving|||||exceptional| ||||陰謀を巡らす|||||素晴らしい|兵士 Мальборо был амбициозен и интриган, но при этом он был прекрасным солдатом. 马尔伯勒雄心勃勃且善于算计，但他是一位出色的士兵。 He did not take up his command till the age of fifty-two, an age when the work of many men is nearly done; but he had unbroken good fortune. |||接手|||指挥|||||||||||||||||||||不断的||运气 |||assume||||||||||||||tasks||||||||||||good luck |||||||||||||||||||||||||||途切れない||運 Он принял командование только в пятьдесят два года - возраст, когда работа многих мужчин уже почти завершена; но ему постоянно сопутствовала удача. 他直到五十二岁才开始承担指挥职务，那个年纪许多人的事业几乎都已结束；然而他一直幸运不断。 Voltaire said that he never besieged a fortress that he did not take, or fight a battle that he did not win. 伏尔泰|||||||堡垒|||||||||||||| the philosopher|||||laid siege to|||||||capture||||||||| ヴォルテール|||||包囲した||要塞|||||||||||||| Вольтер говорил, что он никогда не осаждал крепость, которую не взял, и не сражался в битве, которую не выиграл. 伏尔泰说，他从未围攻过一个没有攻下的堡垒，也从未打过一场没有获胜的战斗。

"Our Duke was as calm at the mouth of a cannon as at the door of a drawing-room," said one who served under him. ||||冷静||||||||||||||||||服侍|| ||||unflustered|||opening of|||large gun|||||||reception room||||||| ||||||||||大砲|||||||||||||| "Наш герцог был так же спокоен перед пушкой, как и перед дверью гостиной", - сказал один из тех, кто служил под его началом. 一位在他手下服务的人说道："我们的公爵在大炮口前的冷静程度和在客厅门口一样。" "He was cold, calm, resolute as fate." ||冷|||| ||||determined|| ||||決然とした|| "Он был холоден, спокоен, решителен, как судьба". "他冷静、沉着、果断，如同命运一般。" "Yet those of the army who knew him best and had suffered most from him admired him most of all; and as he rode along the lines to battle, or galloped up in the nick of time to a battalion reeling from before the enemy's charge or shot, the fainting men and officers got new courage as they saw the splendid calm of his face, and felt that his will made them irresistible." |||||||||||受苦||||欣赏|||||||||||||||奔跑||在|的|及时||时刻|||营|摇摇欲坠|||||指责||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||traveled on horseback|||||||rushed swiftly||||critical moment|||||military unit|staggering under pressure|||||||||losing consciousness|||||||||||||||||||||||unbeatable |||||||||||||||称賛した||||||||乗った|||||||駆け寄った||||間一髪|||||大隊|よろめいている|||||||||気絶|||||||||||素晴らしい||||||||||||抗しがたい ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||赶到|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| "Но больше всего им восхищались те, кто знал его лучше всех и больше всех от него пострадал; и когда он скакал вдоль строя на битву или галопом подбегал к батальону, отступавшему перед вражеской атакой или выстрелом, терявшие сознание люди и офицеры обретали новое мужество, видя великолепное спокойствие его лица и чувствуя, что его воля делает их непреодолимыми". "然而，那些军中最了解他并且受他影响最深的人却是最崇拜他的人；当他骑马沿着战线走向战斗，或在关键时刻飞奔到一个因敌人冲击或炮火而摇摇欲坠的营时，昏厥的士兵和军官看到他面容的辉煌安静，感受到他的意志使他们无畏，重新获得了勇气。" Such was the Duke of Marlborough, the "greatest general of his age." |是|||||||||| Таким был герцог Мальборо, "величайший полководец своей эпохи". 这就是马尔伯orough公爵，"他那个时代最伟大的将领。"