Human Emotions (2) Human feelings, emotions|Feelings |Emociones Menschliche Emotionen (2) 6 Minute English - ¡Mega Clase de Emociones Humanas! Una hora de nuevos vocabul... (2) Les émotions humaines (2) Emozioni umane (2) 人間の感情 (2) 인간의 감정 (2) Ludzkie emocje (2) Emoções humanas (2) Эмоции человека (2) İnsan Duyguları (2) 人类情感 (2) 人類的情感 (2)

If something doesn't go well, you just smile and carry on. ||does not|||||||continue|continue Wenn etwas nicht gut läuft, lächelt man einfach und macht weiter. Якщо щось йде не так, ти просто посміхаєшся і продовжуєш.

Well, there's no need to do that in this programme. ||||||that task|||show

Now there's just time to remind you that we have a website with lots more learning English |||available moments|||||||||containing||||

content.

The address is bbclearningenglish.com.

Thanks for joining us and goodbye.

Goodbye!

Hello.

This is 6 Minute English, I'm Neil.

And I'm Rob. Ben de Rob'um.

What do you remember of your teenage years? Welche Erinnerungen haben Sie an Ihre Teenagerzeit?

Oh, I was a nightmare. Oh, ich war ein Albtraum. Ah, ben bir kabustum.

I was rude to my parents, always stayed out late, never did my homework, hung out with ||disrespectful|||||||||||||| Ich war unhöflich zu meinen Eltern, blieb immer lange weg, machte nie meine Hausaufgaben, hing mit ihnen rum Я был груб с родителями, всегда задерживался допоздна, не делал домашние задания, общался с

the wrong people and made lots of bad decisions. die falschen Leute und viele schlechte Entscheidungen getroffen. yanlış insanlar ve birçok kötü karar verdi.

How about you, Neil? Ya sen, Neil?

Well, much the same really. Naja, eigentlich ganz ähnlich.

People always say that about teenagers, don't they? Das sagen die Leute immer über Teenager, oder? İnsanlar bunu gençler için hep söyler, değil mi?

That they go through a period where they are out of control and behave badly.

But apparently, it's not their fault. |seemingly|||| |どうやら|||| Aber anscheinend ist es nicht ihre Schuld.

At least not directly.

So whose fault is it?

Our brains', apparently. Anscheinend unser Gehirn.

Teenagers' brains are still developing in areas that control behaviour, which could

mean that you can't blame them for acting the way they do. significa que no puedes culparlos por actuar como lo hacen. означає, що ви не можете звинувачувати їх у тому, що вони діють так, як діють.

Before we find out more, let's have our question.

There have always been teenagers, but when was the word ‘teenager' first used to Teenager gab es schon immer, aber wann wurde das Wort „Teenager“ zum ersten Mal verwendet? Siempre ha habido adolescentes, pero ¿cuándo se utilizó por primera vez la palabra 'adolescente' para Підлітки були завжди, але коли вперше було вжито слово "підліток" для позначення

refer to the 13 – 19 age group? beziehen sich auf die Altersgruppe 13 – 19?

Was it:

a) the 1920s a) la década de 1920

b) the 1930s

c) the 1950s

Any ideas, Rob?

Well, I think it came along around the time of rock and roll, so that would have made そうですね、ロックンロールの頃にやってきたと思います。

it the 1950s.

That's my guess. Das ist meine Vermutung.

I'll have the answer later in the programme.

Sarah-Jayne Blakemore from University College London specialises in the workings of the

brain, particularly the teenage brain.

Recently she was a guest on the BBC Radio programme, The Life Scientific. ||||||||||||related to science

She explained that the understanding that the brain is still developing during the teenage ||||ongoing brain development|||||||||

years is quite new.

When does she say the first research came out? Wann, sagt sie, kam die erste Forschung heraus? Коли, за її словами, з'явилося перше дослідження?

The first study showing that the human brain undergoes this very substantial and significant ||||||||experiences|||major|| ||||||||経験する|||かなりの|| Die erste Studie, die zeigt, dass das menschliche Gehirn dies sehr erheblich und signifikant erfährt Перше дослідження, яке показує, що людський мозок зазнає цього дуже суттєвого та значного

development throughout adolescence and into the twenties; the first papers were published ||teenage years||||||||| розвиток протягом підліткового віку і до двадцятих років; були опубліковані перші статті

in the late 90s.

Before that, and for example when I was at university, the dogma in the text books was |||||||||||established belief||||| |||||||||||教義|||||

that the vast majority of brain development goes on in the first few years of life and ||overwhelming|most|||||||||||||

nothing much changes after mid-childhood.

That dogma is completely false. その教義は完全に誤りです。

So when did the research into the teenage brain come out? Wann kam also die Forschung über das Gehirn von Teenagern heraus? Коли ж з'явилися дослідження підліткового мозку?

Surprisingly, it wasn't until the late 1990s.

This was when she said that the first papers on this subject were published. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt seien die ersten Arbeiten zu diesem Thema veröffentlicht worden.

Papers in this context means the results of scientific research which are published. Unter Papers werden in diesem Zusammenhang die Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Forschung verstanden, die veröffentlicht werden.

And she didn't actually talk about teenagers, did she? Und sie hat nicht wirklich über Teenager gesprochen, oder? І вона насправді не говорила про підлітків, чи не так?

No, that's right.

She talked about the period of adolescence.

This noun, adolescence, is the period when someone is developing from a child into an

adult and it more or less is the same as the teenage years. Erwachsenen und es ist mehr oder weniger dasselbe wie die Teenagerjahre.

What I found interesting was that before the 1990s people believed something different

about the way our brains develop.

Yes, Professor Blakemore said that the dogma had been that our brains are mostly fully Так, професор Блейкмор сказав, що догмою було те, що наш мозок здебільшого повністю

developed in early childhood, long before adolescence.

Dogma is a word used to describe a strong belief that people are expected to accept Dogma ist ein Wort, das verwendet wird, um einen starken Glauben zu beschreiben, den die Menschen akzeptieren sollen Догма - це слово, яке використовується для опису сильного переконання, яке люди повинні прийняти.

as true. als wahr.

So our brains are still developing much later than was originally thought. Unser Gehirn entwickelt sich also immer noch viel später als ursprünglich angenommen. Отже, наш мозок все ще розвивається набагато пізніше, ніж вважалося раніше.

What does this tell us about teenage behaviour? Was sagt uns das über das Verhalten von Teenagern? Що це говорить нам про поведінку підлітків?

Of particular interest is an important part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex. ||||||||||||front part|brain's outer layer

Here is Professor Blakemore again.

What excuse can she give for teenagers who don't get their homework done in time? |Reason or justification||||||||||||| Яке виправдання вона може дати підліткам, які не встигають зробити домашнє завдання вчасно?

The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain right at the front, just behind the forehead

and it's involved in a whole range of very high-level cognitive tasks such as decision і бере участь у вирішенні цілого ряду когнітивних завдань дуже високого рівня, таких як прийняття рішень

making and planning - we know that this region is undergoing very very large amounts of development

during the adolescent years.

And so in terms of the expectations that we place on teenagers to, for example, plan their

homework, it might be too much given that we know that the region of the brain that домашнє завдання, це може бути занадто, враховуючи, що ми знаємо, що ділянка мозку, яка відповідає за

critically involved in planning is not developed yet. critically involved in planning is not developed yet. 企画に深く関わることができる人材は、まだ育っていない。

So the prefrontal cortex is important in cognitive tasks.

What are those, Rob?

A cognitive task is one that requires conscious thinking and processing, such as making decisions

and planning.

It doesn't happen automatically, you have to think about it.

So in the adolescent years this part of the brain is not fully developed.

Note the adjective form here of the noun we had earlier adolescence. |||||||||||adolescent stage Note the adjective form here of the noun we had earlier adolescence. ここでは、名詞のwe had earlier adolescenceの形容詞形に注目してください。 Обратите внимание на прилагательную форму существительного we had earlier adolescence.

So this gives a good excuse for not doing your homework!

Ha, ha, I wish I'd known that.

I used to say that I'd left my homework on the bus or that the dog had eaten it.

Now I could say, "Sorry sir, my brain isn't developed enough for the cognitive task of

planning my homework".

Yes, I'm sure that would work!

Before we wrap up, time to get the answer to this week's question.

I asked when was the word ‘teenager' first used to refer to the 13 – 19 age group? ||||||adolescent term origin||||||||

Was it:

a) the 1920s

b) the 1930s

c) the 1950s

Rob, you said?

I guessed c) 1950s

The answer is actually b) the 1930s.

Very well done if you knew that.

Now a quick review of today's vocabulary.

Adolescence is the noun for the period of change from child to adult and the adjective

is adolescent – this same word is also the noun for someone who is in that teenage period.

So an adolescent might be responsible for adolescent behaviour in his or her adolescence. 青年期の人は、その青年期に青年期の行動に責任を持つかもしれません。 Таким образом, подросток может быть ответственен за подростковое поведение в подростковом возрасте.

Exactly. 正確に。

Papers is the word for published scientific research. Papersは、公開された科学的研究のための言葉です。

Dogma is strongly held beliefs that are not challenged. Unquestioned beliefs||||||||

The prefrontal cortex is an important part of the brain which deals with cognitive tasks.

And cognitive tasks are mental processes that require active thought and consideration,

such as planning and making decisions.

Well, my decision-making skills tell me that it's time to finish.

Well, your skills are working well Neil.

We may be going now but you don't need to – you can listen or watch us again and find

lots more learning English materials on our social media platforms.

You can also visit our website at bbclearningenglish.com.

See you soon, goodbye.

Bye!

Hello.

This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.

I'm Neil.

And I'm Sam.

Do you cry easily, Sam?

I mean, when was the last time you cried?

Let me think…

Last week watching a movie, probably.

I was watching a really dramatic film and in one scene, the heroine gets separated from |||||intense and emotional|||||||female lead|||

her children.

I just burst out crying.

How about you Neil - when was the last time you cried?

Men don't cry, Sam.

Come on, Neil!

That's a bit stereotypical, isn't it? – the idea that men don't show their emotions |||overgeneralized||||||||||

and women cry all the time.

Well, that's an interesting point, Sam, because in today's programme we're discussing

crying.

We'll be investigating the reasons why we cry and looking at some of the differences

between men and women and between crying in public and in private.

And of course, we'll be learning some related vocabulary along the way.

I guess it's kind of true that women do cry more than men.

People often think crying is only about painful feelings but we also cry to show joy and when

we are moved by something beautiful like music or a painting.

So, maybe women are just more in touch with their feelings and that's why they cry more.

Well actually, Sam, that brings me to our quiz question.

According to a study from 2017 conducted in the UK, on average, how many times a year

do women cry?

Is it: a) 52

b) 72, or c) 102

Hmm, it's a tricky question, Neil.

I mean, there are so many different reasons why people cry.

And what makes me cry might make someone else laugh.

I think some of my female friends probably cry around once a week, so I‘ll guess the

answer is a) 52.

OK, Sam.

We'll find out later if you were right.

Now, while it may be true that men cry less often, it also seems that they feel less embarrassed Now, while it may be true that men cry less often, it also seems that they feel less embarrassed さて、男性の方が泣く回数が少ないのは事実かもしれませんが、恥ずかしいと思う回数も少ないようです И хотя мужчины плачут реже, кажется, что они также чувствуют себя менее неловко. І хоча чоловіки справді рідше плачуть, схоже, що вони відчувають себе менш збентеженими.

about crying in public.

This may be because of differences in how men and women think others will view their This may be because of differences in how men and women think others will view their これは、男性と女性で、他人が自分をどう見るか、という考え方の違いによるものでしょう。 Це може бути пов'язано з відмінностями в тому, як, на думку чоловіків і жінок, оточуючі сприйматимуть їхні

public displays of emotion.

Here's BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour speaking to therapist Joanna Cross about the issue

of crying at work.

Let's take the workplace.

If you've got somebody who seems to cry regularly, I think that's not helpful for 定期的に泣く人がいるなら、その個人のためには役に立たないと思います。

the individual because then if they cry over something that really is important to them, なぜなら、それで大切なことに泣いたりすると、彼らは真剣に受け取られなくなるか、ラベルを貼られるかもしれません。 бо якщо вони плачуть через те, що для них справді важливо, то це означає, що вони плачуть через те, що для них справді важливо,

they might not be taken so seriously - or they get a label. 彼らはあまり真剣にとられないかもしれません - またはラベルが付けられることがあります。 їх можуть не сприймати так серйозно - або на них вішають ярлик.

But I do think crying is often a build-up of frustration and undealt-with situations |||||||||||||Unresolved|| しかし、私は泣くことはしばしば、不満や未解決の状況の積み重ねだと思います。 Але я вважаю, що плач часто є нагромадженням розчарування та невирішених ситуацій

and it's a bit of a final straw moment. |||||||breaking point| |||||||限界点| そしてそれは最後の一抵抗の瞬間です。 и это немного похоже на момент последней капли. і це трохи останній момент.

So people who regularly cry at work risk not being taken seriously – not being treated ||||||||||||||扱われる では、職場で定期的に泣く人は、真剣に受け取られず、適切に扱われない可能性がある。 Тож люди, які регулярно плачуть на роботі, ризикують, що їх не сприймуть всерйоз – не отримають лікування

as deserving attention or respect. |注目に値する||| 注意や尊敬を受けるに値すると見なされる。 як такі, що заслуговують на увагу чи повагу.

And they might even get a label – become thought of as having a particular character そして、彼らはラベルを付けられるかもしれません - 特定の特性を持つと考えられるようになる

whether that's true or not. それが真実であるかどうかは関係ありません。

Here's Joanna Cross again:

You build up your resentments, your lack of boundaries, not being able to say ‘no' ||||恨み|||||||||| あなたは恨みを抱き、境界がないこと、『いいえ』と言えないことを構築していて、

and then somebody says, ‘Can you go and make a cup of tea?' and you suddenly find そして誰かが『お茶を淹れてくれますか？』と言ったとき、突然、

yourself weeping. |泣いている自分 涙が出てくる自分に気づく。

And everybody says, ‘What's wrong with her?'

but actually that's often a backlog of situations. |||||積み残しの状況|| 実際には、これはしばしば状況のため

So, a common reason for crying at work seems to be a build-up of resentments - feelings |||||||||||||||pent-up frustrations| 職場で泣く一般的な理由は、恨みが積もっていることのようです-感情

of anger when you think you have been treated unfairly or have been forced to accept something |||||||||不公平に||||||| 憤りの気持ち-あなたが不当に扱われたと感じたり、何かを受け入れざるを得なかったときに怒りを感じるとき гніву, коли ви вважаєте, що з вами вчинили несправедливо або змусили щось прийняти

you don't like.

When left undealt with, these feelings can create a backlog - an accumulation of issues |||||||||accumulated issues|||| |||||||||||蓄積|| 放置されたままにしておくと、これらの感情は問題の蓄積を引き起こす可能性があります Якщо ці почуття не вирішити, вони можуть створити беклог - накопичення проблем.

that you should have dealt with before but didn't. ||||対処した|||| 以前に対処すべきだったが対処しなかった問題です。

Right. わかりました。

And then, like Joanna says, someone asks you to do something very simple and easy, like

make a cup of tea, and you start weeping – another word for crying. заварити чашку чаю, і ти починаєш плакати - ще одне слово для плачу.

That's a good example of a final straw moment, a term which comes from the expression, ‘The

straw that broke the camel's back'.

The final straw means a further problem which itself might be insignificant but which finally

makes you want to give up.

I hope this programme won't be the final straw for us, Sam.

I doubt it, Neil.

The only time I cry at work is when you used to bring in your onion sandwiches for lunch.

In fact, I can feel a tear rolling down my cheek right now…

Ah, so that counts as one of your cries, Sam.

Remember, I asked you on average how many times a year women in the UK cry – and you

said?

I said a) 52.

Well, don't cry when I tell you that you were wrong.

The actual answer was c) 72 times a year.

Which on average is more than men, but less than parents of new-born babies, both mothers

and fathers.

They cry almost as much as their babies!

Today, we've been talking about crying – or weeping, as it's sometimes called.

People who often cry at work risk not being taken seriously – not treated as deserving

of attention or respect.

This means they might get a label – becoming known as someone with a particular kind of

personality, even though that may not be true.

But crying is also a healthy way of expressing emotions.

It can help deal with resentments – feelings of anger that you have been treated unfairly.

If we don't deal with these feelings in some way, they can grow into a backlog – an

accumulation of unresolved issues that you now need to deal with.

And if you don't deal with them, you might become a ticking bomb waiting to explode. |||||||||||potentially explosive situation|ticking time bomb|||burst with emotion |||||||||||時限爆弾||||

Then anything someone says to you can become the final straw – the last small problem

which makes you want to give up and maybe start crying.

What's the matter, Neil?

Was it something I said?

No, Sam – I'm crying because it's the end of the programme!

Ahh, don't worry because we'll be back soon for another edition of 6 Minute English.