Binda koldíoxíð eða nota í framleiðslu?
Lier|dioxyde de carbone||||
Bind|carbon dioxide|or|use|in|production
Kohlendioxid binden oder in der Produktion nutzen?
¿Secuestrar dióxido de carbono o utilizarlo en la producción?
Séquestrer le dioxyde de carbone ou l’utiliser en production ?
Kooldioxide vastleggen of gebruiken in de productie?
Sekwestrować dwutlenek węgla czy wykorzystywać go w produkcji?
Sequestrar dióxido de carbono ou utilizá-lo na produção?
Avskilja koldioxid eller använda den i produktionen?
Karbondioksiti ayrıştırmak mı, yoksa üretimde kullanmak mı?
封存二氧化碳还是将其用于生产？
Bind carbon dioxide or use it in production?
**Etýlen úr koldíoxíði**
éthylène||dioxyde de carbone
Ethylene|from|carbon dioxide
Etylen z dwutlenku węgla
Ethylene from carbon dioxide
Í síðustu viku birtist grein í vísindaritinu Cell Reports Physical Science eftir hóp vísindafólks við Illinois háskólann í Chicago og fleiri sérfræðinga, þar sem sagt er frá aðferð sem þau hafa þróað til að breyta koldíoxíði í útblæstri frá verksmiðjum í etýlen (öðru nafni eten).
|||apparaît|article||revue scientifique|Cell|Rapports|physique|Science||groupe|scientifiques||Illinois|l'université||Chicago|||spécialistes||||||méthode||||développé||||||émissions||usines||||nom|éthylène
In|last|week|appeared|article|in|the scientific journal|Cell|Reports|Physical|Science|by|group|of scientists|at|Illinois|university|in|Chicago|and|other|experts|where|that|said|is|about|method|that|they|have|developed|to||convert|carbon dioxide|into|emissions|from|factories|into|ethylene|(also|known|as eten)
W zeszłym tygodniu w czasopiśmie naukowym Cell Reports Physical Science opublikowano artykuł grupy naukowców z University of Illinois w Chicago i innych ekspertów, w którym opowiedziano o opracowanej przez nich metodzie przekształcania dwutlenku węgla w emisjach fabrycznych w etylen (inna nazwa to eten).
Last week, an article was published in the scientific journal Cell Reports Physical Science by a group of scientists at the University of Illinois at Chicago and other experts, describing a method they have developed to convert carbon dioxide from factory emissions into ethylene (also known as ethene).
Þetta hafa reyndar fleiri gert, en aðferðin sem hér um ræðir er samt byltingarkennd vegna þess að í henni fer nánast ekkert koldíoxíðið til spillis, eða með öðrum orðum sleppur nánast ekkert koldíoxíð út í andrúmsloftið í ferlinu.
This|have|indeed|more|done|but|the method|that|here|about|discusses|is|still|revolutionary|because|that|to|in|it|goes|almost|no|the carbon dioxide|to|waste|or|with|other|words|escapes|almost|no|carbon dioxide|out|into|the atmosphere|in|the process
W rzeczywistości zrobiło to więcej osób, ale omawiana metoda jest nadal rewolucyjna, ponieważ prawie nie marnuje się w niej dwutlenku węgla, czyli innymi słowy, prawie żaden dwutlenek węgla nie przedostaje się do atmosfery w procesie.
Others have indeed done this, but the method in question is still revolutionary because it wastes almost no carbon dioxide, or in other words, releases almost no carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during the process.
**Hvað er þetta etýlen?
What|is|this|ethylene
Co to jest ten etylen?
What is this ethylene?
**
Etýlen (eða eten) gegnir stærra hlutverki í nútímanum en maður kannski áttar sig á, m.a.
Ethylene|or|ethylene|plays|larger|role|in|modern world|than|one|perhaps|realizes|oneself|||
Etylen (lub eten) odgrywa we współczesnych czasach większą rolę, niż mogłoby się wydawać, m.in
Ethylene (or ethene) plays a larger role in modern times than one might realize, among other things.
vegna þessa að efnið er grunneiningin í margs konar plastframleiðslu.
due to|this|that|material|is|the basic unit|in|many|types|plastic production
ze względu na fakt, że materiał jest podstawową jednostką w wielu rodzajach produkcji tworzyw sztucznych.
This is because the substance is the basic unit in various types of plastic production.
Margir kannast til dæmis við efnaheitið pólýetýlen, sem er mjög algeng tegund af plasti sem flest okkar nota með einhverjum hætti hvern einasta dag.
Many|recognize|to|example|with|chemical name|polyethylene|which|is|very|common|type|of|plastic|that|most|of us|use|in|some|way|every|single|day
Na przykład wiele osób zna nazwę chemiczną polietylen, który jest bardzo powszechnym rodzajem plastiku, którego większość z nas używa w jakiś sposób każdego dnia.
Many are familiar with the chemical name polyethylene, which is a very common type of plastic that most of us use in some way every single day.
Eten er líka notað í frostlög, sótthreinsiefni og utanhússklæðningar, svo eitthvað sé nefnt, auk þess að vera notað í landbúnaði.
Ethylene|is|also|used|in|antifreeze|disinfectants|and|exterior cladding|so|something|be|mentioned|in addition to|that|to|be|used|in|agriculture
Eten jest również stosowany w środkach przeciw zamarzaniu, środkach dezynfekujących i okładzinach zewnętrznych, by wymienić tylko kilka, oprócz stosowania w rolnictwie.
Ethene is also used in frost coatings, disinfectants, and outdoor cladding, to name a few, in addition to being used in agriculture.
Áætlað er að árlega séu framleidd um 160 milljón tonn af eteni í heiminum.
|||||||millions|tonnes||||dans le monde
Estimated|is|that|annually||produced|about|million|tons|of|ethylene|in|the world
Szacuje się, że na świecie produkuje się rocznie około 160 mln ton etylenu.
It is estimated that approximately 160 million tons of ethylene are produced annually in the world.
Hefðbundna aðferðin við þetta felst í stuttu máli í að hita jarðgas eða aðrar olíuafurðir upp í 800-900 °C, en við það verða til ýmsar lofttegundir sem hægt er að aðskilja.
traditional|method|in|this|consists|of|brief|summary|in|to|heat|natural gas|or|other|oil products|up|to|°C|but|at|that|become|produced|various|gases|that|possible|is|to|separate
Kurz gesagt besteht die herkömmliche Methode hierfür darin, Erdgas oder andere Erdölprodukte auf 800–900 °C zu erhitzen, wodurch verschiedene Gase entstehen, die getrennt werden können.
Krótko mówiąc, tradycyjnym sposobem na to jest podgrzanie gazu ziemnego lub innych produktów ropopochodnych do temperatury 800-900 °C, w wyniku czego powstają różne gazy, które można oddzielić.
The traditional method for this essentially involves heating natural gas or other oil products to 800-900 °C, which produces various gases that can be separated.
Ein þeirra er einmitt eten.
One|of them|is|exactly|eaten
Eines davon ist genau Ethen.
Jednym z nich jest właśnie eten.
One of them is indeed ethylene.
Eten er sem sagt alla jafna olíuafurð og auk þess er framleiðslan býsna orkufrek, rétt eins og ráða má af hitastiginu.
The food|is|as|said|usually|equal|oil product|and|in addition|that|is|production|quite|energy-intensive|just|as|and|deduce|may|from|the temperature
Ethen ist sozusagen ein Erdölprodukt und zudem ist die Herstellung recht energieintensiv, wie man auch an der Temperatur erkennen kann.
Eten jest, że tak powiem, produktem naftowym, a ponadto jego produkcja jest dość energochłonna, co widać po temperaturze.
Ethylene is generally an oil product, and in addition, the production is quite energy-intensive, as can be inferred from the temperature.
Í samræmi við þetta er gjarnan miðað við að við hefðbundna framleiðslu á einu tonni af eteni losni um 1,5 tonn af koldíoxíði út í andrúmsloftið.
||||||||||||||une tonne||éthylène||||||||
In|accordance|with|this|is|often|based|on|that|conventional|production|production|of|one|ton|of|ethylene|is released|about|tons|of|carbon dioxide|out|into|the atmosphere
Dementsprechend wird häufig davon ausgegangen, dass bei der herkömmlichen Herstellung einer Tonne Ethylen etwa 1,5 Tonnen Kohlendioxid in die Atmosphäre gelangen.
W związku z tym często przyjmuje się, że podczas tradycyjnej produkcji jednej tony etylenu do atmosfery uwalnia się około 1,5 tony dwutlenku węgla.
In line with this, it is often estimated that for the traditional production of one ton of ethylene, about 1.5 tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere.
Þetta þýðir að árlega losna samtals um 290 milljón tonn af koldíoxíði út í andrúmsloftið vegna etenframleiðslunnar.
This|means|that|annually|will be released|a total of|about|million|tons|of|carbon dioxide|out|into|the atmosphere|due to|ethylene production
Oznacza to, że w wyniku produkcji etylenu do atmosfery trafia rocznie łącznie 290 mln ton dwutlenku węgla.
This means that a total of about 290 million tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere annually due to ethylene production.
Það samsvarar meira en 20-faldri losun Íslands þegar allt er talið, bara vegna framleiðslu á þessu eina efni.
It|corresponds|more|than|20-fold|emissions|of Iceland|when|everything|is|counted|only|due to|production|of|this|one|material
Insgesamt entspricht das mehr als dem Zwanzigfachen der isländischen Emissionen, allein aus der Produktion dieses einen Stoffes.
Odpowiada to ponad 20-krotności emisji Islandii, biorąc pod uwagę wszystko, tylko z produkcji tej jednej substancji.
This corresponds to more than 20 times the emissions of Iceland when everything is accounted for, just from the production of this one substance.
Einu efnin sem valda meiri losun í framleiðslu eru ammoníak og sement.
The only|substances|that|cause|more|emissions|in|production|are|ammonia|and|cement
Die einzigen Chemikalien, die bei der Produktion mehr Emissionen verursachen, sind Ammoniak und Zement.
Jedynymi chemikaliami, które powodują większe emisje podczas produkcji, są amoniak i cement.
The only substances that cause greater emissions in production are ammonia and cement.
**Árangursrík rafgreining**
Successful|electrical analysis
Skuteczna elektroliza
Efficient electrolysis
Nýja aðferðin við etenframleiðslu byggir á rafgreiningu, þar sem koldíoxíð úr útblæstri steymir inn í þar til gerða sellu.
||||est basée||||||||||||||
The new|method|for|ethylene production|is based|on|electrolysis|where|that|carbon dioxide|from|exhaust|flows|into|into|that|specially|designed|cell
Nowa metoda produkcji etylenu opiera się na elektrolizie, podczas której dwutlenek węgla ze spalin przepływa do specjalnie zaprojektowanego ogniwa.
The new method of ethylene production is based on electrolysis, where carbon dioxide from exhaust flows into a specially designed cell.
Í sellunni er membra og hinum megin við hana er vatnslausn.
In|the cell|is|membrane|and|the other|side|of|it|is|water solution
Komórka ma membranę, a po jej drugiej stronie znajduje się roztwór wodny.
In the cell, there is a membrane and on the other side of it is an aqueous solution.
Þegar rafstraumi er hleypt á selluna dregur koldíoxíðið til sín vetnisfrumeindir úr vatnslausninni með hjálp sérstakra efnahvata.
When|electric current|is|allowed|onto|cell|draws|the carbon dioxide|to|itself|hydrogen atoms|from|the aqueous solution|with|help|special|catalysts
Kiedy do ogniwa doprowadzany jest prąd elektryczny, dwutlenek węgla przyciąga atomy wodoru z roztworu wodnego za pomocą specjalnych katalizatorów chemicznych.
When an electric current is applied to the cell, the carbon dioxide absorbs hydrogen atoms from the aqueous solution with the help of special catalysts.
Þar með getur koldíoxíðið hvarfast í eten, auk þess sem önnur kolefnissambönd og súrefni myndast sem hliðarafurðir.
Then|with|can|the carbon dioxide|react|in|ethene|in addition to|that|which|other|carbon compounds|and|oxygen|are formed|as|by-products
W ten sposób dwutlenek węgla może reagować, tworząc eten, a ponadto jako produkty uboczne powstają inne związki węgla i tlen.
This allows the carbon dioxide to react into ethylene, as well as producing other carbon compounds and oxygen as by-products.
Með þessari aðferð hefur tekist að framleiða eitt tonn af eteni úr 6 tonnum af koldíoxíði, sem ella hefði sloppið út í andrúmsloftið.
With|this|method|has|succeeded|to|produce|one|tonn|of|ethylene|from|tons|of|carbon dioxide|which|otherwise|would have|escaped|out|into|the atmosphere
Dzięki tej metodzie udało się wyprodukować jedną tonę etylenu z 6 ton dwutlenku węgla, który w przeciwnym razie przedostałby się do atmosfery.
Using this method, it has been possible to produce one ton of ethylene from 6 tons of carbon dioxide, which would otherwise have escaped into the atmosphere.
Með nokkurri einföldun getur maður því sagt að loftslagsávinningurinn af þessari etenframleiðslu jafngildi 7,5 tonnum af koldíoxíði fyrir hvert tonn af eteni, því að við tonnin sex sem ella hefðu sloppið út bætist eina og hálfa tonnið sem hefði losnað við hefðbundnu etenframleiðsluna.
With|some|simplification|can|one|therefore|said|that|climate benefit|from|this|ethylene production|is equivalent to|tons|of|carbon dioxide|for|each|ton|of|ethylene|because|that|with|ton|six|that|otherwise|would have|escaped|out|adds|one|and|half|ton|that|would have|been released|by|conventional|ethylene production
W pewnym uproszczeniu można zatem powiedzieć, że korzyści dla klimatu wynikające z tej produkcji etylenu odpowiadają 7,5 tonom dwutlenku węgla na każdą tonę etylenu, ponieważ sześć ton, które w przeciwnym razie by uciekły, dodaje się do półtora tony, które zostały uwolnione z tradycyjnej produkcji etylenu.
With some simplification, one can say that the climate benefit of this ethylene production is equivalent to 7.5 tons of carbon dioxide for each ton of ethylene, because the six tons that would have escaped are added to one and a half tons that would have been released from traditional ethylene production.
Eins og áður segir er þetta engan veginn í fyrsta sinn sem eten er framleitt úr koldíoxíði, en nýtingin í þessu ferli er hins vegar miklu betri en áður hefur sést.
As|and|previously|says|is|this|in no way|way|in|first|time|that|ethylene|is|produced|from|carbon dioxide|but|utilization|in|this|process|is|on the other hand|however|much|better|than|previously|has|been seen
Jak wspomniano wcześniej, nie jest to bynajmniej pierwszy raz, gdy eten został wyprodukowany z dwutlenku węgla, ale wykorzystanie w tym procesie jest znacznie lepsze niż wcześniej.
As previously mentioned, this is by no means the first time that ethanol is produced from carbon dioxide, but the utilization in this process is, however, much better than has been seen before.
Þarna er sem sagt verið að tala um hátt í 100% nýtingu, en hingað til hefur 10% nýting verið nokkuð dæmigerð.
There|is|as|said|been|to|talk|about|close|to|utilization|but|here|until|has|utilization|been|somewhat|typical
Mówią o prawie 100% wykorzystaniu, ale jak dotąd 10% wykorzystanie było dość typowe.
So we are talking about nearly 100% utilization, whereas until now, 10% utilization has been somewhat typical.
Svo er líka hægt að nota sömu aðferð til að framleiða önnur kolefnisrík efnasambönd sem nýtast í margs konar iðnaði.
So|is|also|possible|to|use|same|method|to||produce|other|carbon-rich|compounds|that|are useful|in|many|kinds|industry
It is also possible to use the same method to produce other carbon-rich compounds that are useful in various industries.
Auðvitað skiptir máli hvernig raforka er notuð í rafgreininguna, því að ef sú raforka er framleidd í kolaorkuverum tapast augljóslega eitthvað af loftslagsávinningnum.
Of course|matters|how|how|electricity|is|used|in|electric analysis|because|that|if|that|electricity|is|produced|in|coal power plants|is lost|obviously|something|of|climate benefit
Oczywiście ma znaczenie, w jaki sposób energia elektryczna jest wykorzystywana do elektrolizy, ponieważ jeśli ta energia elektryczna jest wytwarzana w elektrowniach węglowych, niektóre korzyści klimatyczne są oczywiście tracone.
Of course, it matters how electricity is used in the electrolysis, because if that electricity is produced in coal power plants, some of the climate benefits are obviously lost.
Vísindafólkið í Chicago hefur reyndar náð mjög athyglisverðum árangri í að nýta sólarorku til þess arna, svo góðum að það jafnast á við orkunýtingu plantna sem framleiða kolefnissambönd úr vatni og koldíoxíði með ljóstillífun.
The scientists|in|Chicago|has|indeed|achieved|very|remarkable|success|in|to|utilize|solar energy|for|that|purpose|so|good|that|it|compares|with|to|energy utilization|plants|that|produce|carbon compounds|from|water|and|carbon dioxide|by|photosynthesis
Naukowcy z Chicago osiągnęli naprawdę niezwykłe wyniki w wykorzystaniu energii słonecznej do tego kominka, tak dobre, że dorównują one wykorzystaniu energii przez rośliny, które w procesie fotosyntezy wytwarzają związki węgla z wody i dwutlenku węgla.
The scientists in Chicago have actually achieved very remarkable results in utilizing solar energy for this purpose, so good that it is comparable to the energy utilization of plants that produce carbon compounds from water and carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
**Eigum við ekki frekar bara að hætta þessu?
Should we|we|not|rather|just|to|stop|this
Czy nie powinniśmy tego po prostu zatrzymać?
Shouldn't we just stop this?
**
Nú er eðlilegt að spurt sé hvort svona uppgötvanir feli ekki bara í sér enn eina afsökunina fyrir því að halda áfram að framleiða fullt af einhverju drasli sem betra væri, frá umhverfislegu sjónarmiði, að framleiða ekki.
Now|is|natural|that|asked|be|whether|such|discoveries|contain|not|just|in|themselves|another|one|excuse|for|that|to|continue||to|produce|||||||||||||not
Teraz naturalne jest pytanie, czy takie odkrycia nie są kolejną wymówką do dalszego produkowania dużej ilości śmieci, których z ekologicznego punktu widzenia lepiej byłoby nie produkować.
Now it is natural to ask whether such discoveries are just another excuse to continue producing a lot of junk that would be better not produced from an environmental perspective.
Það má auðvitað til sanns vegar færa.
It|may|of course|to|||bring
Oczywiście, to może być prawda.
Of course, this can be argued.
En samt þarf ekki nema lítinn skammt af raunsæi til að átta sig á að hvað sem öllum óþarfa líður munu jarðarbúar ekki minnka etenframleiðsluna úr 260 milljónum tonna niður í ekki neitt í einu vetfangi.
But|still|needs|not|more than|small|amount|of|realism|to|that|||||what|as|all|unnecessary|feels|will|inhabitants of Earth|not|reduce|food production|from|million|tons|down|to|not|anything|in|one|moment
Jednak wystarczy odrobina realizmu, aby zdać sobie sprawę, że bez względu na to, jak bardzo wszyscy czują się niepotrzebni, ludzie na świecie nie zmniejszą produkcji etylenu z 260 milionów ton do zera za jednym zamachem.
But still, it takes only a small dose of realism to realize that regardless of all the unnecessary things, humanity will not reduce food production from 260 million tons to nothing in one go.
Eða með öðrum orðum: Á meðan við höldum áfram að nota vörur og efni þar sem eten kemur við sögu, þá hlýtur að vera ákjósanlegra að framleiðslan komi í veg fyrir losun koldíoxíðs en að hún auki hana.
Or|with|other|words|While|as long as|we|continue||to|use|products|and|materials|where|as|ethylene|comes|into|play|then|must|to|be|preferable|to|production|comes|in|the way|preventing|emission|carbon dioxide|than|to|it|increases|it
Innymi słowy: podczas gdy nadal używamy produktów i materiałów zawierających etylen, lepiej jest, aby produkcja zapobiegała uwalnianiu dwutlenku węgla niż zwiększała jego ilość.
In other words: As long as we continue to use products and materials that involve ethylene, it must be preferable for production to prevent carbon dioxide emissions rather than increase them.
**Er binding CO2 í bergi þá kannski ekki góð hugmynd?
Is|binding|CO2|in|rock|then|maybe|not|good|idea
Czy sekwestracja CO2 w skale to może nie jest dobry pomysł?
Is CO2 binding in rock perhaps not a good idea?
**
Nú er líka eðlilegt að spurt sé hvort það sé kannski eftir allt saman ekkert óskaplega góð hugmynd að farga koldíoxíði úr útblæstri með því að binda það í íslensku basalti eða í einhverju öðru bergi, þar sem það verður vissulega skaðlaust, en um leið gagnslaust.
Now|is|also|natural|that|asked|be|whether|it|be|maybe|after|all|together|nothing|terribly|good|idea|to|dispose of|carbon dioxide|from|emissions|by|it|to|bind|it|in|Icelandic|basalt|or|in|some|other|rock|there|which|it|will be|certainly|harmless|but|about|way|useless
Teraz naturalne jest też pytanie, czy nie byłoby jednak strasznie dobrym pomysłem pozbywanie się dwutlenku węgla z emisji poprzez wiązanie go w islandzkim bazalcie lub innej skale, gdzie na pewno będzie nieszkodliwy, ale jednocześnie bezużyteczny .
It is also natural to ask whether it might not be such a great idea after all to dispose of carbon dioxide from emissions by binding it in Icelandic basalt or some other rock, where it will certainly be harmless, but at the same time useless.
Í þessu gildir sjálfsagt sama regla og annars staðar, þ.e.a.s.
In|this|applies|surely|same|rule|and|elsewhere|place||||
Obowiązuje tu oczywiście ta sama zasada, co gdzie indziej, tj
The same rule applies here as elsewhere, namely.
að við flókinni spurningu er aldrei til eitt rétt og algilt svar.
to|the|complex|question|is|never|to|one|right|and|absolute|answer
że nigdy nie ma jednej poprawnej i uniwersalnej odpowiedzi na złożone pytanie.
The complex question never has one right and absolute answer.
En ef valið stendur annað hvort um að farga koldíoxíðinu eða að framleiða úr því vöru sem annars væri framleidd úr jarðgasi með tilheyrandi losun gróðurhúsalofttegunda, þá er líklegt að förgunin sé lakari hugmynd í umhverfislegu tilliti.
But|if|choice|stands|other|either|about|to|dispose of|the carbon dioxide|or|to|produce|from|it|product|that|otherwise|would be|produced|from|natural gas|with|associated|emission|greenhouse gases|then|is|likely|that|disposal|is|a worse|idea|in|environmental|regard
Ale jeśli wybór polega na unieszkodliwianiu dwutlenku węgla lub wytwarzaniu z niego produktu, który w przeciwnym razie byłby wytwarzany z gazu ziemnego z towarzyszącą emisją gazów cieplarnianych, wówczas unieszkodliwianie będzie prawdopodobnie gorszym pomysłem z ekologicznego punktu widzenia .
But if the choice is between disposing of carbon dioxide or producing a product that would otherwise be made from natural gas with the associated greenhouse gas emissions, then it is likely that disposal is the poorer idea from an environmental perspective.
Ekkert er alfarið rétt eða alfarið rangt.
Nothing|is|entirely|right|or|entirely|wrong
Nic nie jest całkowicie dobre lub całkowicie błędne.
Nothing is entirely right or entirely wrong.
Allt er þetta spurning um hvaða valkostir séu í boði og hver þeirra sé skástur miðað við bestu þekkingu á hverjum tíma.
Everything|is|this|question|about|what|options|are|in|available|and|which|of them|is|best|based|on|best|knowledge|at|each|time
Wszystko zależy od tego, jakie opcje są dostępne i która z nich jest najlepsza w oparciu o najlepszą wiedzę w danym momencie.
It is all a matter of what options are available and which of them is the best based on the best knowledge at any given time.
__Byggt á:__
Built|on
Based on:
__· Cell Reports Physical Science, 2022; 101053 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101053__
Cell|Reports|Physical|Science|DOI||
· Cell Reports Physical Science, 2022; 101053 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101053
__· University of Illinois Chicago.
University|of|Illinois|Chicago
· University of Illinois Chicago.
"A breakthrough discovery in carbon capture conversion for ethylene production."
A|breakthrough|discovery|in|carbon|capture|conversion|for|ethylene|production
"A breakthrough discovery in carbon capture conversion for ethylene production."
ScienceDaily.
ScienceDaily
ScienceDaily.
ScienceDaily, 9 September 2022.
ScienceDaily|September
ScienceDaily, 9 September 2022.
<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220909160320.htm>__
www|||releases|htm
<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220909160320.htm>
SENT_CWT:AFkKFwvL=14.37 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=2.07
en:AFkKFwvL
openai.2025-01-22
ai_request(all=62 err=0.00%) translation(all=51 err=5.88%) cwt(all=866 err=3.93%)
