4.10 – The Reformation in Norway The|Reformation|in|Norway 4.10 – Die Reformation in Norwegen 4.10 – La Reforma en Noruega 4.10 – La Réforme en Norvège 4.10 – De Reformatie in Noorwegen 4.10 – Reformacja w Norwegii 4.10 – A Reforma na Noruega 4.10 – Реформация в Норвегии 4.10 – Реформація в Норвегії 4.10 – The Reformation in Norway

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Reformasjonen i Norge Reformasjonen begynte i 1517 da Martin Luther publiserte sine 95 teser i Wittenberg i Tyskland. the Reformation|in|Norway|the Reformation|began|in|when|Martin|Luther|published|his|theses|in|Wittenberg|in|Germany la Reforma||||comenzó|||Martín|Lutero|publicó|sus|tesis||Wittenberg||Alemania 挪威的宗教改革 宗教改革始于 1517 年，当时马丁·路德在德国维滕贝格发表了他的 95 条论纲。 The Reformation in Norway The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther published his 95 theses in Wittenberg, Germany. Luther kritiserte kirka og ønska å reformere den. Luther|criticized|the church|and|wanted|to|reform|it |criticó|la iglesia||deseaba||reformar|ella 路德批评教会并希望对其进行改革。 Luther criticized the church and wanted to reform it. Reformasjonen førte til store endringer i Europa. the Reformation|led|to|significant|changes|in|Europe la Reforma|llevó||grandes|cambios||Europa The Reformation led to significant changes in Europe. Kirka i Vest-Europa blei splitta mellom katolikker og protestanter. The Church|in|||was|split|between|Catholics|and|Protestants ||Oeste|Europa|fue|dividida|entre|católicos||protestantes The church in Western Europe was split between Catholics and Protestants. Mange land og områder i Nord-Europa blei protestantiske, mens Sør-Europa holdt seg til katolisismen. Many|countries|and|regions|in|||became|Protestant|while|||remained|itself|to|Catholicism ||y|áreas||Norte||se volvieron|protestantes|mientras|Sur|Europa|se mantuvo|se|a|catolicismo Many countries and regions in Northern Europe became Protestant, while Southern Europe remained Catholic.

Reformasjonen hadde store religiøse, kulturelle og politiske konsekvenser. the Reformation|had|large|religious|cultural|and|political|consequences |tuvo|grandes|religiosas|culturales||políticas|consecuencias 宗教改革产生了重大的宗教、文化和政治后果。 The Reformation had major religious, cultural, and political consequences. Dette er for mye å se på i én episode, derfor kommer jeg til å forenkle litt. This|is|too|much|to|watch|at|in|one|episode|therefore|will|I|to||simplify|a little esto||demasiado|||ver|||una|episodio|por eso|||||simplificar| This is too much to take in in one episode, so I will simplify a bit. Bakgrunnen for reformasjonen er også viktig. The background|for|the Reformation|is|also|important el trasfondo||reforma|es|también|importante The background of the Reformation is also important. Reformasjonen var basert på humanismen og renessansen i Europa. the Reformation|was|based|on|humanism|and|the Renaissance|in|Europe la Reforma|fue|basada||humanismo||renacimiento||Europa 宗教改革以欧洲的人文主义和文艺复兴为基础。 The Reformation was based on humanism and the Renaissance in Europe. I tillegg kan man knytte inn politiske faktorer i bakgrunnen. In|addition|can|one|connect|in|political|factors|in|the background |además|puede|se|||políticos|factores||el trasfondo 此外，政治因素也可能与背景有关。 In addition, one can connect political factors to the background. Så la oss forenkle litt. So|let|us|simplify|a little |||simplar|un poco So let's simplify a bit. Luther starta reformasjonen i 1517. Luther|started|the Reformation|in Lutero|inició|reforma| Luther started the Reformation in 1517. Dette spredde seg til flere områder i Tyskland. This|spread|itself|to|more|areas|in|Germany esto|se extendió||a|varios|áreas||Alemania This spread to several areas in Germany. Luther blei fordømt som kjetter i Worms i 1521. Luther|was|condemned|as|heretic|in|Worms|in ||condenado|como|hereje||Worms| 1521 年，路德在沃尔姆斯被定为异端。 Luther was condemned as a heretic in Worms in 1521. Paven sa offisielt at Luther og hans tilhengere hadde feil. The Pope|said|officially|that|Luther|and|his|followers|had|wrong el Papa||oficialmente|que|Lutero||sus|seguidores|tenían|error 教皇正式表示路德和他的追随者是错误的。 The Pope officially stated that Luther and his followers were wrong. Etter en krig blei derimot Lutheranismen, en retning innenfor protestantisme, godkjent i 1555 i Augsburg. After|a|war|was|however|Lutheranism|a|denomination|within|Protestantism|approved|in|in|Augsburg |una||fue|sin embargo|el luteranismo||corriente|dentro de|protestantismo|aprobado|||Augsburgo 然而，战后，路德教（新教内部的一个方向）于 1555 年在奥格斯堡获得批准。 After a war, however, Lutheranism, a branch of Protestantism, was approved in 1555 in Augsburg. La oss nå flytte fokuset fra Europa til Danmark og Norge. Let|us|now|shift|focus|from|Europe|to|Denmark|and|Norway nos|nos|ahora|mover|foco||||||Noruega Let us now shift the focus from Europe to Denmark and Norway.

Norge var i en union med Danmark da reformasjonen brøt ut på 1500-tallet. Norway|was|in|a|union|with|Denmark|when|the Reformation|broke|out|in|the 1500s ||||unión||Dinamarca||reforma|estalló|estalló|en|siglo Norway was in a union with Denmark when the Reformation broke out in the 1500s. Norge var altså under Danmark i denne perioden. Norway|was|therefore|under|Denmark|in|this|period Noruega|estaba|entonces|bajo|Dinamarca|||período Norway was thus under Denmark during this period. Danmark hadde tette bånd til Tyskland. Denmark|had|close|ties|to|Germany |tenía|estrechos|vínculos||Alemania Denmark had close ties to Germany. Danmark ligger nærmer Tyskland, og dette gjorde at reformasjonen spredde seg raskt til Danmark. Denmark|is located|closer|Germany|and|this|made|that|the Reformation|spread|itself|quickly|to| ||más cerca||||hizo|que|la reforma|se extendió|se|rápidamente|| Denmark is closer to Germany, and this caused the Reformation to spread quickly to Denmark. Christian 3., konge av Danmark, erklærte i 1536 at statsreligionen i Danmark-Norge skulle være Lutheranismen. Christian|king|of|Denmark|declared|in|that|state religion|in|||should|be|Lutheranism Cristiano||||declaró|||la religión del estado||Dinamarca|Noruega||ser|el luteranismo Christian III, King of Denmark, declared in 1536 that the state religion in Denmark-Norway would be Lutheranism. Dette førte til at lutherske biskoper erstatta de katolske biskopene; klostrene blei lagt ned og stengt; kirkas eiendommer blei gitt til kongen; og Christian 3. blei offisielt kirkas øverste leder. This|led|to|that|Lutheran|bishops|replaced|the|Catholic|bishops|the monasteries|were|placed|down|and|closed|the church|properties|were|given|to|the king|and|Christian|was|officially|the church|highest|leader ||||luteranos|obispos|sustituyeron|los|católicos|obispos|los monasterios||puestas|abajo|||de la iglesia|propiedades||||||Cristiano||oficialmente|de la iglesia|supremo|líder Це призвело до того, що лютеранські єпископи замінили католицьких; монастирі були закриті і закриті; церковні маєтки були передані королю; і Крістіан III офіційно став верховним лідером церкви. This led to Lutheran bishops replacing the Catholic bishops; the monasteries were closed and shut down; the church's properties were given to the king; and Christian 3. became the official supreme leader of the church. Det var altså mange fordeler for Christian 3. å innføre lutheranismen i Danmark-Norge. It|was|therefore|many|advantages|for|Christian|to|introduce|Lutheranism|in|| había|había||||||||luteranismo||| Thus, there were many advantages for Christian 3. to introduce Lutheranism in Denmark-Norway.

I Norge var kirka den største organisasjonen på 1500-tallet. In|Norway|was|the church|the|largest|organization|in|the 16th century |Noruega|era||la|más grande|organización|en|siglo In Norway, the church was the largest organization in the 16th century. Den katolske kirka var også den viktigste politiske institusjonen i Norge. The|Catholic|church|was|also|the|most important|political|institution|in|Norway la|católica|iglesia|era|también|la|más importante|política|institución||Noruega The Catholic Church was also the most important political institution in Norway. Erkebiskopen av Nidaros, den viktigste personen i Norge, var leder av det norske riksrådet. The Archbishop|of|Nidaros|the|most important|person|in|Norway|was|leader|of|the|Norwegian|council El Arzobispo|||||persona||||líder||el|noruego|consejo del reino 尼达罗斯大主教是挪威最重要的人物，也是挪威国民议会的主席。 The Archbishop of Nidaros, the most important person in Norway, was the leader of the Norwegian Council of the Realm. Det norske riksrådet styrte Norge sammen med kongen. The|Norwegian|council|governed|Norway|together|with|the king |noruego|consejo del reino||||| 挪威国民议会与国王一起统治挪威。 The Norwegian Council of the Realm governed Norway together with the king. Det var altså viktig for Norge sin stemme i unionen med Danmark. It|was|therefore|important|for|Norway|its|voice|in|union|with|Denmark eso|era||importante|||su|voz||unión|con|Dinamarca 因此，挪威在与丹麦的联盟中的发言权非常重要。 It was therefore important for Norway's voice in the union with Denmark.

I 1536 innførte Christian 3. lutheranismen i Norge. In|introduced|Christian|Lutheranism|in|Norway In 1536, Christian III introduced Lutheranism in Norway. Før dette var det nesten ingen protestanter i Norge. Before|this|were|there|almost|no|Protestants|in|Norway |esto|había|había|casi|ninguno|protestantes||Noruega 在此之前，挪威几乎没有新教徒。 Before this, there were almost no Protestants in Norway. Det var helt annerledes i Danmark og Sverige; der var det mange protestanter. It|was|completely|different|in|Denmark|and|Sweden|there|were|it|many|protestants |era|totalmente|diferente|||||allí|había||muchos|protestantes 丹麦和瑞典的情况完全不同。有很多新教徒。 It was completely different in Denmark and Sweden; there were many Protestants there. Slik var det ikke i Norge. This way|was|it|not|in|Norway así||||| 挪威的情况并非如此。 It was not like that in Norway. I Norge skjedde reformasjonen ovenfra. In|Norway|happened|the Reformation|from above ||sucedió||desde arriba In Norway, the Reformation happened from above. Norge hadde ikke blitt et luthersk land i 1536 hvis ikke Christian 3. hadde innført det. Norway|had|not|become|a|Lutheran|country|in|if|not|Christian|had|introduced|it |había|no|sido||luterano|país||||Cristiano|había|introducido|eso 如果克里斯蒂安三世没有引入挪威，挪威就不会在 1536 年成为路德教国家。 Norway would not have become a Lutheran country in 1536 if Christian III had not introduced it. Her ser vi hvor viktig unionen med Danmark var for utviklinga i Norge. Here|we see|we|how|important|union|with|Denmark|was|for|development|in|Norway aquí|se||cuán|importante||con|Dinamarca||para|el desarrollo||Noruega 在这里我们可以看到与丹麦的联盟对于挪威的发展有多么重要。 Here we see how important the union with Denmark was for the development in Norway.

Reformasjonen svekka Norges posisjon i unionen med Danmark. the Reformation|weakened|Norway|position|in|the union|with|Denmark la Reforma|debilitó|Noruega|posición||unión|| The Reformation weakened Norway's position in the union with Denmark. Grunnen til det var at Norges riksråd blei fjerna i 1536. The reason|for|it|was|that|Norway’s|council of state|was|removed|in la razón||eso|fue|que|Noruega|||| The reason for this was that Norway's council of the realm was removed in 1536. Den danske kongen fjerna Norges riksråd slik at Danmark fikk større makt over Norge. The|Danish|king|removed|Norway’s|council|so|that|Denmark|gained|greater|power|over|Norway el|danés||removió||consejo de reino|así||||mayor|poder|sobre|Noruega The Danish king removed Norway's council of state so that Denmark gained greater power over Norway. I tillegg blei Norges største og viktigste politiske institusjon, den katolske kirka, lagt ned. In|addition|became|Norway|largest|and|most important|political|institution|the|Catholic|church|laid|down |además|fue|Noruega|más grande||más importante|política|institución|la|católica|iglesia|cerrada|cerrada 此外，挪威最大、最重要的政治机构天主教堂也被关闭。 In addition, Norway's largest and most important political institution, the Catholic Church, was dissolved. Den katolske erkebiskopen i Nidaros Olav Engelbrektsson blei tvunget til å flykte fra Norge i 1537. The|Catholic|archbishop|in|Nidaros|Olav|Engelbrektsson|was|forced|to||flee|from|Norway|in |católica|arzobispo||Nidaros|Olav|Engelbrektsson||forzado|a||huir|de|Noruega| The Catholic archbishop in Nidaros, Olav Engelbrektsson, was forced to flee from Norway in 1537. Selv om Norge blei et protestantisk land, så var ikke dette bygd på det norske folket. Even|though|Norway|became|a|Protestant|country|so|was|not|this|built|on|the|Norwegian|people aunque|aunque|||un|protestante||entonces|era|no|esto|construido|sobre|el|noruego| Хоча Норвегія стала протестантською країною, це не було побудовано на норвезькому народі. Although Norway became a Protestant country, this was not based on the Norwegian people. Dette gjorde at det tok ganske lang tid før Norge blei et reelt protestantisk land. This|made|that|it|took|quite|long|time|before|Norway|became|a|real|Protestant|country |||eso|tomó|bastante||tiempo|antes||||real|protestante|país This meant that it took quite a long time before Norway became a real Protestant country.

Reformasjonen i Norge har et ganske dårlig omdømme i norsk historieskriving. the Reformation|in|Norway|has|a|quite|poor|reputation|in|Norwegian|historiography la Reforma|||||bastante|malo|reputación||noruega|historiografía 挪威的宗教改革在挪威史学中名声不佳。 The Reformation in Norway has a rather poor reputation in Norwegian historiography. Mange norske historikere har vært kritiske til hvordan Norge blei protestantisk. Many|Norwegian|historians|have|been|critical|of|how|Norway|became|Protestant muchos|noruegos|historiadores||sido||a|cómo|Noruega||protestante 许多挪威历史学家对挪威如何成为新教持批评态度。 Many Norwegian historians have been critical of how Norway became Protestant. Grunnen til det er at det skjedde ved makt. The reason|for|it|is|that|it|happened|by|force la razón|de|eso|es|que|eso|sucedió|por|fuerza 其原因是它是通过武力发生的。 The reason for this is that it happened by force. Christian 3. tvang Norge til å bli protestantisk. Christian|forced|Norway|to|(infinitive marker)|become|Protestant Cristiano|forzó|Noruega|||ser|protestante Christian III forced Norway to become Protestant. Han fjerna også mye av Norges autonomi. He|removed|also|much|of|Norway|autonomy |quitó|también|||Noruega|autonomía 他还取消了挪威的大部分自治权。 He also removed much of Norway's autonomy. Dette har gjort at reformasjonen i Norge har et dårligere omdømme enn for eksempel i Sverige og Danmark. This|has|made|that|the Reformation|in|Norway|has|a|worse|reputation|than|for|example|in|Sweden|and|Denmark ||hecho||la Reforma|||tiene|un|peor|reputación|que|por|por ejemplo|en|Suecia||Dinamarca 这意味着挪威的宗教改革的声誉比瑞典和丹麦等国更差。 This has resulted in the Reformation in Norway having a worse reputation than, for example, in Sweden and Denmark.

Vocabulary: Vocabulario Vocabulary:

Reformasjonen – The Reformation The Reformation|| Reforma|| The Reformation

Å føre til – To lead to To|lead|to||| |llevar|||| To lead to

Endring – Change Change| Change

Å holde seg til – To keep to To|keep|oneself|to||| |mantener||a||| To keep to

Å forenkle – To simplify To|simplify|| |simplificar|| To simplify

Bakgrunn – Background Background| Background

Å knytte inn – To tie in To|tie|in||| |knotar|||| To tie in

Fordømt – Condemned Condemned| condemned| Condemned

Kjetter – Heretic Heretic| Kjetter| Heretic

Tilhengere – Supporters Supporters| Tilhengere| Supporters

Retning – Movement Direction|Movement dirección| Movement

Brøt ut – Erupted Broke|out|Erupted brot|salió| Erupted

Å erklære – To declare To|declare|| To declare

Eiendom – Property Property| propiedad| Property

Fordel – Advantage Advantage| Advantage

Å innføre – To introduce To|introduce|| |introducir|| To introduce

Riksrådet – Council of the Realm (also translated as: Privy council) Council of the Realm||||||||| Consejo del Reino||||||||| Council of the Realm (also translated as: Privy council)

Stemme – Voice Voice| voz| Voice

Helt annerledes – Completely different Completely|different|| |diferente|| 完全不同——完全不同 Completely different

Ovenfra – From above From above|| desde arriba|| From above

Utvikling – Development Development| desarrollo| Development

Å svekke – To weaken To|weaken|| To weaken

Å legge ned – To abolish To|lay|down|To|abolish To abolish

Blei tvunget til – Was forced to Was|forced|to||| 被迫——被迫 Was forced to

Å flykte – To flee To|flee|| To flee – Å flykte

Omdømme – Reputation Reputation| Reputation – Omdømme