4.2 – The Viking Age in Norway Эпоха|викингов|век|в|Норвегия the|Viking|Age|| 4.2 – Die Wikingerzeit in Norwegen 4.2 - The Viking Age in Norway 4.2 – La era vikinga en Noruega 4.2 - L'âge viking en Norvège 4.2 – Wiek Wikingów w Norwegii 4.2 – A Era Viking na Noruega 4.2 – Эпоха викингов в Норвегии 4.2 – Norveç'te Viking Çağı 4.2 – Епоха вікінгів у Норвегії 4.2 – 挪威的维京时代

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Vikingtida i Norge Vikingtida er en periode i Norge som varte fra 800 til 1050. эпоха викингов||Норвегия||||период||||длилась|| Viking Age|in|Norway|the Viking Age||a|period||Norway|that|lasted||to The Viking Age in Norway The Viking Age is a period in Norway that lasted from 800 to 1050. A Era Viking na Noruega A Era Viking é um período na Noruega que durou de 800 a 1050. Fra 800 til 1050 sier vi at det var vikingtid i Norge. ||говорим мы|||||время викингов|| |to|say||that|it|was|Viking Age|in|Norway From 800 to 1050 we say that it was Viking times in Norway. De 800 a 1050 dizemos que foi a Era Viking na Noruega. Ofte sier man at vikingtida begynte med vikingangrepet mot klosteret Lindisfarne i Nord-England i 793. ||люди|||||викингское нападение||монастырь|Линдисфарн||Северной|Северная Англия| Often||one|that|the Viking Age|began|with|Viking attack|against|the monastery|Lindisfarne monastery|in|North||in Es wird oft gesagt, dass die Wikingerzeit mit dem Angriff der Wikinger auf das Lindisfarne-Kloster in Nordengland im Jahr 793 begann. It is often said that the Viking Age began with the Viking attack on the Lindisfarne monastery in Northern England in 793. Costuma-se dizer que a Era Viking começou com o ataque Viking ao mosteiro de Lindisfarne, no norte da Inglaterra, em 793. Likevel kan man si at perioden begynte enda tidligere. Тем не менее||можно|сказать||период||даже|ранее Nevertheless||one|say|that|the period|began|even|earlier Nevertheless, it can be said that the period began even earlier. Contudo, pode-se dizer que o período começou ainda mais cedo. For eksempel måtte skipsteknologien utvikle seg i Skandinavia slik at det var mulig å gå på vikingferder. ||должна была|технология кораблей|развиваться|||Скандинавия|||||возможно||||викингские походы For example|for example|had to|ship technology|develop itself|develop|||in such a way|so that|it||possible|to||on|Viking expeditions For example, ship technology had to develop in Scandinavia so that it was possible to go on Viking voyages. Por exemplo, a tecnologia naval teve que se desenvolver na Escandinávia para que fosse possível realizar viagens Viking. Skipene måtte bli gode nok for at det skulle være mulig med vikingraid. корабли||||достаточно хорошими||||||возможно||викингские набеги The ships||become|good enough|good enough|for|that|it|should|be|possible|to conduct|Viking raids The ships had to be good enough for a Viking raid to be possible. Os navios tinham que ser bons o suficiente para que os ataques vikings fossem possíveis. Dette begynte allerede i 750. ||уже| This||already|"began already in" This began already in 750. Isso já começou em 750. Slutten på vikingtida blir oftest satt til 1050. конец||||чаще всего|установлена| The end|of|the Viking Age|is|most often|set|to The end of the Viking Age is usually set at 1050. O fim da Era Viking é geralmente definido em 1050. Grunnen til at man sier at vikingtida slutta i 1050 er at Skandinavia innen denne tida hadde konvertert til kristendommen og fått en sterkere sentralmakt. Причина|||||||закончилась|||||к этому времени|этой|это время||приняла||христианству||получила||более сильную|централизованная власть The reason||that|one|says||the Viking Age|ended|the year|is|that|Scandinavia|by this time|this|time|had|converted to|to|Christianity||gained|a|stronger central authority|central authority The reason why it is said that the Viking Age ended in 1050 is that Scandinavia by this time had converted to Christianity and gained a stronger central power. A razão pela qual se diz que a Era Viking terminou em 1050 é que nessa altura a Escandinávia já se tinha convertido ao Cristianismo e ganhado um poder central mais forte. 之所以说维京时代于1050年结束，是因为此时斯堪的纳维亚半岛已经皈依了基督教，并获得了更强大的中央权力。 På 1000-tallet blei Skandinavia en del av Europa. |веке 1000|стала||||| In the|the 1000s|became||a|part|of| Im 11. Jahrhundert wurde Skandinavien Teil Europas. In the 11th century, Scandinavia became part of Europe. No século XI, a Escandinávia tornou-se parte da Europa.

De aller fleste i Norge i vikingtida var bønder. The|the very|the majority|in|Norway|in||were|farmers The vast majority in Norway in the Viking Age were farmers. A grande maioria das pessoas na Noruega na Era Viking eram agricultores. De arbeida på jorda. They|worked|on|the earth They worked on the land. Eles trabalhavam na terra. Samfunnet var bygd på bøndene og det de dyrka. The society|was|built on|on|the farmers|and what|what|what they|grew crops The society was built on the farmers and what they cultivated. A sociedade foi construída sobre os agricultores e o que eles cultivavam. 社会是建立在农民和他们耕种的基础上的。 Husholdene, altså hvem som bodde på gårdene, var et ektepar, deres barn, arbeidsfolk og treller. The households||who|who|lived|on|the farms|were|a|married couple|their|children|workers|and|slaves or thralls The households, ie who lived on the farms, were a married couple, their children, workers and slaves. Os domicílios, ou seja, que viviam nas fazendas, eram um casal, seus filhos, trabalhadores e escravos. Treller var en viktig del av arbeidskrafta. Slaves|was||important|part|of|the workforce Treller was an important part of the workforce. Treller era uma parte importante da força de trabalho. De var viktige for arbeidet på gården. They|were (1)|important||the work|on the|the farm They were important for the work on the farm. Eles eram importantes para o trabalho na fazenda. Trellene var ufrie, de hadde altså ikke rettigheter og blei behandla som eiendom. The thralls|were|unfree|they|had|therefore|not|rights|and|were|treated|as|property The slaves were unfree, so they had no rights and were treated as property. Os escravos não eram livres, portanto não tinham direitos e eram tratados como propriedade. Med andre ord så var trellene slaver i vikingsamfunnet. In other words|other|in other words|therefore|were|the thralls|slaves|the|Viking society In other words, the slaves were slaves in the Viking society. Em outras palavras, os escravos eram escravos na sociedade Viking. Så mye som ¼ til 1/3 av samfunnet i Norge var treller. So|so much|as|of|of|society||Norway||slaves As much as ¼ to 1/3 of society in Norway were slaves. Cerca de ¼ a 1/3 da sociedade na Noruega eram escravos.

I vikingtida var ætta svært viktig. In|the Viking Age|was|the family|very|important In Viking times, the family was very important. Na Era Viking, a família era muito importante. Ei ætt er slektningene dine. Your family|Family lineage|is|your relatives|your relatives A clan is your relatives. Um clã são seus parentes. Ætta bestod altså av deg, dine foreldre, deres foreldre, søsken, onkler, tanter og så videre. The family|consisted|consisted thus||you|your|parents|their parents|parents of them|siblings|uncles|aunts|and|and so|and so on The family thus consisted of you, your parents, their parents, siblings, uncles, aunts and so on. A família, portanto, consistia em você, seus pais, os pais deles, irmãos, tios, tias e assim por diante. Altså de du er i slekt med er ætta di. So|those||are|in|relation|with||the family|your Mit anderen Worten, diejenigen, mit denen Sie verwandt sind, sind Ihre Familie. So the ones you are related to are your clan. Em outras palavras, aqueles com quem você está relacionado são sua família. Ætta var veldig viktig i vikingtida. The family|was|very|important||the Viking Age O clã foi muito importante na Era Viking. Dersom noen drepte noen i ætta di, så måtte ætta ta hevn. If|someone|killed|someone|your|clan|your clan|then|must|clan|take|revenge If someone killed someone in your family, then the family had to take revenge. Se alguém matasse alguém da sua família, a família teria que se vingar. Dette gjorde man ved å drepe en fra den andres ætt. This|did||by|by|kill one|||the other|other's|clan This was done by killing one from the other's lineage. Isso foi feito matando um da semente do outro. Dette kalles for æresdrap. This|is called|of|Honor killing This is called honor killing. Isso é chamado de crime de honra. Likevel prøvde man som oftest å løse konflikter uten bruk av vold. Nevertheless|tried|one usually|one|most often|to|resolve|conflicts|without|use|of|violence Nevertheless, attempts were usually made to resolve conflicts without the use of violence. No entanto, geralmente tentavam resolver os conflitos sem o uso da violência. Dette kunne for eksempel skje på tinget. This|could|for example||happen|at|the parliament This could, for example, happen at the parliament. Isto poderia, por exemplo, acontecer na audiência. Tinget var et sted der man møtte de viktigste personene i et område for å diskutere lover, løse konflikter, hylle kongen, drive handel og inngå ekteskap. the Thing|was||place|where|one|met|the most|most important|the important people|in|a|region||to|discuss|laws|resolve conflicts|conflicts|praise|the king|engage in|trade|and|enter into|marriage The parliament was a place where one met the most important people in an area to discuss laws, resolve conflicts, pay homage to the king, trade and marry. O ting era um lugar onde as pessoas mais importantes de uma área se reuniam para discutir leis, resolver conflitos, prestar homenagem ao rei, realizar negócios e casar-se. Tinget var altså viktig for veldig mye. The Assembly|was|thus|important|for very much|very|a lot The thing was important for a lot. A coisa era, portanto, importante para muitas pessoas. De største tingene i Norge var Gulating på Vestlandet og Frostating i Trøndelag. The|largest|things|in||were|Gulating Assembly|on|the West Coast|and|Frostating assembly|Trøndelag|Trøndelag region The biggest things in Norway were Gulating in Western Norway and Frostating in Trøndelag. As maiores coisas na Noruega foram Gulating no oeste da Noruega e Frostating em Trøndelag.

Det som er litt interessant er at nasjonalforsamlinga i Norge er oppkalt etter denne vikinginstitusjonen. The|that|is|a bit||is|that|the parliament|in|Norway|is|named|after|this|Viking assembly institution Etwas interessant ist, dass die Nationalversammlung in Norwegen nach dieser Wikinger-Institution benannt ist. What is somewhat interesting is that the national assembly in Norway is named after this Viking institution. O que é interessante é que a assembleia nacional na Noruega tem o nome desta instituição Viking. Vårt parlament heter Stortinget. Our|parliament|is called|the Storting Our parliament is called the Storting. Nosso parlamento se chama Storting. Dette ordet, tinget, stammer fra vikingtida. This|the word|the thing|originates||the Viking Age This word, the thing, originates from the Viking Age. Esta palavra, a coisa, tem origem na Era Viking.

Samfunnet i vikingtida var stort sett fragmentert. society||the Viking Age|was|largely|mostly|fragmented Society in Viking times was largely fragmented. A sociedade na Era Viking estava amplamente fragmentada. Суспільство в епоху вікінгів було значною мірою роздробленим. Det betyr at det ikke fantes en sterk sentralmakt i Norge i vikingtida. It|means|that||not|existed|a|strong|central authority|in|Norway|in|the Viking Age This means that there was no strong central power in Norway in the Viking Age. Isto significa que não havia um poder central forte na Noruega na Era Viking. Det fantes ikke en konge med stor makt i hele Norge i vikingtida. There||not|a|king||great|power|in|all of||in|the Viking Age There was no king with great power in all of Norway in the Viking Age. Não havia um rei com grande poder em toda a Noruega na Era Viking. I vikingsamfunnet dominerte høvdinger og stammer. In|the Viking society|dominated|chieftains|and|tribes In Viking society, chieftains and tribes dominated. Na sociedade Viking, os chefes e as tribos dominavam. У суспільстві вікінгів домінували вожді та племена. 在维京社会中，酋长和部落占主导地位。 Høvdinger var lokale ledere. chiefs|were|local|local leaders Chiefs were local leaders. Os chefes eram líderes locais. Makten var altså spredd mye mer utover i vikingtida. The power||thus|spread out|much more|much more|beyond|the Viking Age|the Viking Age Power was thus spread much more throughout the Viking Age. O poder foi assim espalhado muito mais para fora na Era Viking. Тому в епоху вікінгів влада була набагато поширенішою. 因此，在维京时代，权力更加向外扩散。 Utover i vikingtida blei sentralmakta sterkere. In addition|the|the Viking Age|became|central authority|stronger During the Viking Age, the central power became stronger. Durante a Era Viking, o poder central tornou-se mais forte. В епоху вікінгів центральна влада зміцнилася. Sentralmakta var sterkere i 1050 enn i 800. Central power||stronger|the year|than|the year Die Zentralmacht war im Jahr 1050 stärker als im Jahr 800. Central power was stronger in 1050 than in 800. O poder central era mais forte em 1050 do que em 800.

Ære var veldig viktig i vikingtida. honor|was|very|important||the Viking Age Honor was very important in the Viking Age. A honra era muito importante na Era Viking. Det var viktig for et individ og et hushold å beskytte æra si. |was||for|an|individual|and|the|household|to|protect|honor|its era It was important for an individual and a household to protect their honor. Era importante para um indivíduo e uma família proteger sua época. Man måtte være klar til å beskytte sin og ættas ære. One must|had to|be|ready|to||protect|one's|one's|one's family's|honor One had to be ready to protect one's honor and that of one's family. Era preciso estar pronto para proteger a própria honra e a da família. Треба було бути готовим захистити свою честь і свою родину. Hevn var ofte helt nødvendig for å beskytte æra si. revenge|revenge was||absolutely|necessary|to||protect|era's|his era Rache war oft unbedingt notwendig, um ihre Ära zu schützen. Revenge was often absolutely necessary to protect their honor. A vingança era muitas vezes absolutamente necessária para proteger a sua época. Ære var viktig for allianser og ekteskap. Honor||important|for|alliances|and|marriage Honor was important to alliances and marriages. A honra era importante para alianças e casamentos. Man måtte beskytte æra si både fysisk og sosialt. |had to|protect one's era||its era|both|physically|and|socially One had to protect the era say both physically and socially. Era preciso proteger a época tanto física quanto socialmente. Det som er interessant med vikingtida var at kvinners ære ikke var tett forbundet med seksualitet og jomfruelighet. |that|is|interesting|about|the Viking Age||is that|women's|honor||was|closely|associated with|with|sexuality|and|virginity Das Interessante an der Wikingerzeit war, dass die Ehre der Frau nicht eng mit Sexualität und Jungfräulichkeit verbunden war. What is interesting about the Viking Age was that women's honor was not closely linked to sexuality and virginity. O que é interessante na Era Viking é que a honra das mulheres não estava intimamente ligada à sexualidade e à virgindade. 维京时代的有趣之处在于，女性的荣誉与性和贞操并没有紧密联系。 For kvinner var ikke å være jomfru det viktigste for å beskytte sin egen ære i vikingtida. For women|women|for women|not|to|being|virgin|the most|most important thing|to|to|protect|their own|own||the Viking Age|the Viking Age Für Frauen war es in der Wikingerzeit nicht das Wichtigste, Jungfrau zu sein, um ihre eigene Ehre zu schützen. For women, being a virgin was not the most important thing to protect their own honor in Viking times. Para as mulheres, ser virgem não era a coisa mais importante para proteger a sua própria honra na Era Viking. Для жінок незайманість не була найважливішою справою для захисту власної честі в епоху вікінгів. Ferdigheter og egenskaper som storsinnethet og å være god til å drifte en gård var viktigere for en kvinnes ære i vikingtida. Skills|and|qualities|such as|Generosity|and||being|good at|at|to|manage|a|farm|were|more important|for|a|woman's|honor||the Viking Age Fähigkeiten und Qualitäten wie Großzügigkeit und gute Führung eines Bauernhofs waren in der Wikingerzeit wichtiger für die Ehre einer Frau. Skills and qualities such as generosity and being good at running a farm were more important for a woman's honor in the Viking Age. Такі навички та якості, як щедрість і вміння вести господарство, були важливішими для честі жінки в епоху вікінгів.

I vikingtida var Norge ikke et kristent land. in|the Viking Age|was||not||Christian| In Viking times, Norway was not a Christian country. Na Era Viking, a Noruega não era um país cristão. Kristendommen kom seinere til Norge. Christianity|arrived|later|to| Mais tarde, o cristianismo chegou à Noruega. I vikingtida var det den norrøne religionen som dominerte i Norge. In the Viking Age||was||the|Norse|the Norse religion|that|dominated||Norway Na Era Viking, foi a religião nórdica que dominou na Noruega. De norrøne gudene som Odin, Tor og Frøya var viktige i vikingtida. The|Norse|the Norse gods|such as|Odin (the god)|Thor|and|Freya|were important||in| Die nordischen Götter wie Odin, Thor und Frøya waren in der Wikingerzeit wichtig. Os deuses nórdicos como Odin, Thor e Frøya foram importantes na Era Viking. I norrøn religion var offer viktigere enn tro. In|Norse|religion|was|sacrifice|more important|than|belief In der nordischen Religion war Opfer wichtiger als Glaube. In Norse religion, sacrifice was more important than faith. Na religião nórdica, o sacrifício era mais importante que a fé. Det var viktigere å gjøre ritualer og ofre enn å tro på gudene. It|it was|more important||perform|rituals|and offer|offer sacrifices|than||believe|believe in|the gods Es war wichtiger, Rituale und Opfer zu bringen, als an die Götter zu glauben. It was more important to perform rituals and sacrifices than to believe in the gods. Era mais importante fazer rituais e sacrifícios do que acreditar nos deuses. Det var viktig å ofre til gudene slik at jordbruket skulle gå bra og at det skulle gå bra i krig. It was|it was|important|to|sacrifice|to the|the gods||that|agriculture|would||well|and||it|would||well|in|war Es war wichtig, den Göttern Opfer zu bringen, damit die Landwirtschaft und der Krieg gut gingen. It was important to make sacrifices to the gods so that agriculture would go well and that war would go well. Era importante fazer sacrifícios aos deuses para que a agricultura corresse bem e a guerra corresse bem. Важливо було приносити жертви богам, щоб добре йшло сільське господарство і добре йшла війна. Høvdingene var viktige aktører i blotet som er navnet på ofringsseremoniene. The chieftains|were||key participants|the|the sacrifice|that|is|the name|of|the sacrifice ceremonies Die Häuptlinge waren wichtige Akteure bei dem Blot, wie die Opferzeremonien genannt werden. The chiefs were important actors in the blot which is the name of the sacrificial ceremonies. Os caciques foram atores importantes na mancha, que é o nome das cerimônias de sacrifício. Вожді були важливими дійовими особами в блоті, що є назвою церемоній жертвоприношень.

Vikingtida er nok likevel mest kjent for det som skjedde utenfor Skandinavia. Viking Age||probably||most||for||that|happened|outside of| Die Wikingerzeit ist wahrscheinlich am besten für die Ereignisse außerhalb Skandinaviens bekannt. The Viking Age is probably still best known for what happened outside Scandinavia. A Era Viking é provavelmente mais conhecida pelo que aconteceu fora da Escandinávia. Vikingene er nok mest kjent for sine raid i England, Frankrike, Russland og andre deler av Europa. The Vikings|are|probably||known||their|raids|in||||and other||parts|of| The Vikings are probably best known for their raids in England, France, Russia and other parts of Europe. Os Vikings são provavelmente mais conhecidos pelos seus ataques na Inglaterra, França, Rússia e outras partes da Europa. Dette skal vi se mer på i neste episode. this|||look|more|into||next|episode We will look at this more in the next episode. Veremos isso mais detalhadamente no próximo episódio.

Vocabulary: Vocabulário:

Å vare – To last (for a certain period of time) to|to last||last|for a||certain|For a period||of time Para durar (por um determinado período de tempo)

Kloster – Cloister Cloister|Cloister Mosteiro - Claustro

Skipsteknologi – Ship technology Marine engineering|Ship technology|Ship technology Tecnologia de navio

Å utvikle seg – To be developed To|to develop|itself|to|be|To develop A ser desenvolvido

Vikingferd – Viking journey Viking expedition||Viking expedition Jornada Viking - Jornada Viking

Satt til – Set to Set|to|Set to|Set to Set to – Set two Definir como – Definir dois

Innen denne tida – Within this time Within|this|this time|within||period Dentro deste tempo

Sentralmakt – Central power Central power|Central|power Poder central - Poder central

Bonde – Farmer Farmer|Farmer Agricultor - Agricultor

Å dyrke – To cultivate to|To cultivate|verb infinitive|To cultivate

Hushold – Household Household|Household

Ektepar – Married couple Married couple|married|Married couple

Trell – Slave Thrall – Slave|Thrall – Slave Escravo – Escravo

Arbeidskraft – Work force Labor force|Labor force|force

Ufri – Unfree Unfree – Not free|Not free

Rettighet – Right Right|

Å behandle – To treat to|To treat|to|To treat

Eiendom – Property Property|Real estate

Ætt – Ancestry lineage|Family lineage

Slektniger – Relatives Family members|Family members

Å løse konflikter – To resolve conflicts To|resolve|conflicts|To|To resolve|conflicts

Vold – Violence Violence|Violence

Å hylle – To hail |hail|to|To praise Saudar – Saudar

Å drive handel – To conduct trade To conduct|conduct|trade|To|To conduct|trade

Å inngå ekteskap – To enter into marriage to|enter into|marriage|To|To enter||To get married

Å stamme fra – To descend from to|descend||to|To descend from|descend from

Høvding – Chieftain Chieftain|leader Høvding – Chefe

Stamme – Tribe Tribe|Tribe Tribo – Tribo

Ære – Honour Honour|honor Honra – Honra

Hevn – Revenge Revenge|Revenge Vingança – Vingança

Forbundet med – Associated with Associated|with|related to| Forbundet med – Associated with Associado a – Associado a

Jomfruelighet – Virginity Virginity|Virginity Jomfruelighet – Virginity Virgindade – Virgindade

Ferdigheter og egenskaper – Skills and traits Skills|and|traits|Skills|traits|Traits Ferdigheter og egenskaper – Skills and traits Habilidades e características - Habilidades e características

Storsinnethet – Magnanimity Magnanimity|Generosity of spirit Magnanimidade – Magnanimidade

Offer – Sacrifice Offer|sacrifice Sacrifício – Sacrifício

Å ofre – To sacrifice to|sacrifice|to|to sacrifice Sacrificar - sacrificar

Aktør – Player Actor|Actor