Chapter 4 Ned Land |character name| |Ned Land| Kapitel 4 Ned Land Capítulo 4 Ned Land 4 skyrius Nedo žemė Capítulo 4 Ned Land Глава 4 Нед Ленд Розділ 4 Нед Ленд 第四章 尼德兰

COMMANDER FARRAGUT was a good seaman, worthy of the frigate he commanded. |||||naval officer|||||| Le COMMANDANT FARRAGUT était un bon marin, digne de la frégate qu'il commandait. His ship and he were one. He was its very soul. On the cetacean question no doubts arose in his mind, and he didn't allow the animal's existence to be disputed aboard his vessel. |||||||||||||||animal||||questioned||| Sur la question des cétacés, aucun doute n'est apparu dans son esprit et il n'a pas permis que l'existence de l'animal soit contestée à bord de son navire. He believed in it as certain pious women believe in the leviathan from the Book of Job—out of faith, not reason. Il y croyait comme certaines femmes pieuses croient au léviathan du livre de Job, par foi et non par raison. The monster existed, and he had vowed to rid the seas of it. The man was a sort of Knight of Rhodes, a latter–day Sir Dieudonné of Gozo, on his way to fight an encounter with the dragon devastating the island. ||||||||Knights of Rhodes|||||Sir Dieudonné||the island|||||||||||ravaging|| L'homme était une sorte de chevalier de Rhodes, une sorte de Sir Dieudonné de Gozo, en route pour une rencontre avec le dragon qui dévastait l'île. Either Commander Farragut would slay the narwhale, or the narwhale would slay Commander Farragut. |||||||||||matará|| No middle of the road for these two.

The ship's officers shared the views of their leader. |possessive form||||||| They could be heard chatting, discussing, arguing, calculating the different chances of an encounter, and observing the vast expanse of the ocean. Voluntary watches from the crosstrees of the topgallant sail were self–imposed by more than one who would have cursed such toil under any other circumstances. ||||top of the mast|||upper sail||||||||||||||laborious effort|||| Las guardias voluntarias desde las crucetas de la vela de juanete fueron autoimpuestas por más de uno que habría maldecido tal trabajo bajo cualquier otra circunstancia. Plus d'un, qui aurait maudit un tel labeur dans d'autres circonstances, s'est imposé des quarts volontaires depuis les traverses de la voile du hunier. As often as the sun swept over its daily arc, the masts were populated with sailors whose feet itched and couldn't hold still on the planking of the deck below! |||||||||path||tall poles||filled with||||||||||||decking|||| Aussi souvent que le soleil balaie son arc quotidien, les mâts se peuplent de marins dont les pieds démangent et ne tiennent pas en place sur les planches du pont inférieur ! And the Abraham Lincoln's stempost hadn't even cut the suspected waters of the Pacific. |||Abraham Lincoln's|stempost||||||||| Y la pértiga del Abraham Lincoln ni siquiera había cortado las sospechosas aguas del Pacífico. Et l'étrave de l'Abraham Lincoln n'a même pas encore coupé les eaux suspectes du Pacifique. As for the crew, they only wanted to encounter the unicorn, harpoon it, haul it on board, and carve it up. |||||||||||catch with harpoon||bring|||||butcher|| Quant à l'équipage, il voulait seulement rencontrer la licorne, la harponner, la hisser à bord et la découper. They surveyed the sea with scrupulous care. Besides, Commander Farragut had mentioned that a certain sum of $2,000.00 was waiting for the man who first sighted the animal, be he cabin boy or sailor, mate or officer. |||||||||||||||||||||||||seaman||| I'll let the reader decide whether eyes got proper exercise aboard the Abraham Lincoln . Je laisse au lecteur le soin de décider si les yeux ont fait de l'exercice à bord de l'Abraham Lincoln . As for me, I didn't lag behind the others and I yielded to no one my share in these daily observations. |||||fall behind||||||||||||||| Quant à moi, je n'ai pas été en reste et je n'ai cédé à personne ma part dans ces observations quotidiennes. Our frigate would have had fivescore good reasons for renaming itself the Argus , after that mythological beast with 100 eyes! |||||one hundred||||changing its name||||||legendary||| Nuestra fragata habría tenido cincuenta buenas razones para rebautizarse con el nombre de Argus, ¡en honor a esa bestia mitológica de cien ojos! Notre frégate aurait eu cinquante bonnes raisons de se rebaptiser Argus, du nom de cette bête mythologique aux cent yeux ! The lone rebel among us was Conseil, who seemed utterly uninterested in the question exciting us and was out of step with the general enthusiasm on board. |solitary|||||||||disinterested|||||||||||||||| Le seul rebelle parmi nous était Conseil, qui semblait totalement désintéressé par la question qui nous passionnait et qui était en décalage avec l'enthousiasme général à bord.

As I said, Commander Farragut had carefully equipped his ship with all the gear needed to fish for a gigantic cetacean . No whaling vessel could have been better armed. |whale hunting|||||| We had every known mechanism, from the hand–hurled harpoon, to the blunderbuss firing barbed arrows, to the duck gun with exploding bullets. ||all||||||thrown by hand||||blunderbuss weapon||with barbs||||||||projectiles On the forecastle was mounted the latest model breech–loading cannon, very heavy of barrel and narrow of bore, a weapon that would figure in the Universal Exhibition of 1867. ||front deck||||||cannon||||||||||interior diameter|||||||||| Sur le gaillard d'avant est monté le dernier modèle de canon à chargement par la culasse, au canon très lourd et à l'âme étroite, une arme qui figurera à l'Exposition universelle de 1867. Made in America, this valuable instrument could fire a four–kilogram conical projectile an average distance of sixteen kilometers without the least bother. ||||||||||weight unit|shaped like a cone|object fired||||||kilometers|||| Fabriqué en Amérique, ce précieux instrument pouvait tirer un projectile conique de quatre kilogrammes à une distance moyenne de seize kilomètres sans la moindre difficulté.

So the Abraham Lincoln wasn't lacking in means of destruction. |||||devoid of|||| But it had better still. It had Ned Land, the King of Harpooners. |||||||whalers

Gifted with uncommon manual ability, Ned Land was a Canadian who had no equal in his dangerous trade. |||physical|||||||||||||| Doué d'une habileté manuelle hors du commun, Ned Land est un Canadien qui n'a pas d'égal dans son dangereux métier. Dexterity, coolness, bravery, and cunning were virtues he possessed to a high degree, and it took a truly crafty baleen whale or an exceptionally astute sperm whale to elude the thrusts of his harpoon. skillfulness||courage||slyness||||||||||||||clever||||||perceptive||||||strikes|||

Ned Land was about forty years old. A man of great height—over six English feet—he was powerfully built, serious in manner, not very sociable, sometimes headstrong, and quite ill–tempered when crossed. Homme de grande taille - plus de six pieds anglais - il était puissamment bâti, sérieux dans ses manières, peu sociable, parfois têtu, et assez mal luné lorsqu'on le contrariait. His looks caught the attention, and above all the strength of his gaze, which gave a unique emphasis to his facial appearance. Son regard attire l'attention, et surtout la force de son regard, qui donne un relief unique à l'apparence de son visage.

Commander Farragut, to my thinking, had made a wise move in hiring on this man. With his eye and his throwing arm, he was worth the whole crew all by himself. Avec son œil et son bras lanceur, il valait à lui seul toute l'équipe. I can do no better than to compare him with a powerful telescope that could double as a cannon always ready to fire. Je ne peux faire mieux que de le comparer à un puissant télescope qui pourrait se doubler d'un canon toujours prêt à faire feu.

To say Canadian is to say French, and as unsociable as Ned Land was, I must admit he took a definite liking to me. Dire Canadien, c'est dire Français, et aussi peu sociable qu'ait été Ned Land, je dois admettre qu'il s'est pris d'affection pour moi. No doubt it was my nationality that attracted him. It was an opportunity for him to speak, and for me to hear, that old Rabelaisian dialect still used in some Canadian provinces. |||||||||||||||Rabelais-inspired|language||||||regions The harpooner's family originated in Quebec, and they were already a line of bold fishermen back in the days when this town still belonged to France. |harpooner's||||Quebec province|||||||||fishing experts||||||||||| La famille du harponneur est originaire du Québec et constituait déjà une lignée de pêcheurs audacieux à l'époque où cette ville appartenait encore à la France. Little by little Ned developed a taste for chatting, and I loved hearing the tales of his adventures in the polar seas. He described his fishing trips and his battles with great natural lyricism. ||||excursions|||||||poetic expression His tales took on the form of an epic poem, and I felt I was hearing some Canadian Homer reciting his Iliad of the High Arctic regions. ||||||||long narrative||||||||||Homeric figure|reciting||epic poem||||| Ses récits prenaient la forme d'un poème épique et j'avais l'impression d'entendre un Homère canadien réciter son Iliade des régions du Haut-Arctique.

I'm writing of this bold companion as I currently know him. J'écris sur cet audacieux compagnon tel que je le connais actuellement. Because we've become old friends, united in that permanent comradeship born and cemented during only the most frightful crises! |||||||||friendship|||established||||||situations of distress Parce que nous sommes devenus de vieux amis, unis par cette camaraderie permanente qui ne naît et ne se consolide qu'au cours des crises les plus terribles ! Ah, my gallant Ned! I ask only to live 100 years more, the longer to remember you! Je ne demande qu'à vivre 100 ans de plus, le plus longtemps possible pour me souvenir de toi !

And now, what were Ned Land's views on this question of a marine monster? |||||Ned Land|||||||| I must admit that he flatly didn't believe in the unicorn, and alone on board, he didn't share the general conviction. ||||||||||||||||||||belief Je dois avouer qu'il ne croyait absolument pas à la licorne, et seul à bord, il ne partageait pas la conviction générale. He avoided even dealing with the subject, for which one day I felt compelled to take him to task. |||discussing||||||||||||||| Il évitait même d'aborder le sujet, ce qui m'a poussé un jour à le prendre à partie.

During the magnificent evening of June 25—in other words, three weeks after our departure—the frigate lay abreast of Cabo Blanco, thirty miles to leeward of the coast of Patagonia. |||||||||||||||||||Cape White|Cape Blanco|||||||||coast of Patagonia Au cours de la magnifique soirée du 25 juin, c'est-à-dire trois semaines après notre départ, la frégate se trouve à proximité du Cabo Blanco, à trente milles sous le vent de la côte de Patagonie. We had crossed the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Strait of Magellan opened less than 700 miles to the south. ||||Tropic of Capricorn||Tropic of Capricorn|||||Magellan Strait||||||| Before eight days were out, the Abraham Lincoln would plow the waves of the Pacific.

Seated on the afterdeck, Ned Land and I chatted about one thing and another, staring at that mysterious sea whose depths to this day are beyond the reach of human eyes. ||||||||talked|||||||||||||||||||||| Assis sur le pont arrière, Ned Land et moi avons discuté d'une chose et d'une autre, en regardant cette mer mystérieuse dont les profondeurs sont encore aujourd'hui hors de portée des yeux de l'homme. Quite naturally, I led our conversation around to the giant unicorn, and I weighed our expedition's various chances for success or failure. |||||||||||||||trip's|||||| Then, seeing that Ned just let me talk without saying much himself, I pressed him more closely.

"Ned," I asked him, "how can you still doubt the reality of this cetacean we're after? Do you have any particular reasons for being so skeptical?" |||||||||doubtful The harpooner stared at me awhile before replying, slapped his broad forehead in one of his standard gestures, closed his eyes as if to collect himself, and finally said: |the harpooner|||||||slapping||||||||||||||||||||

"Just maybe, Professor Aronnax." "But Ned, you're a professional whaler, a man familiar with all the great marine mammals—your mind should easily accept this hypothesis of an enormous cetacean , and you ought to be the last one to doubt it under these circumstances!" |||||whale hunter|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| "That's just where you're mistaken, professor," Ned replied. "The common man may still believe in fabulous comets crossing outer space, or in prehistoric monsters living at the earth's core, but astronomers and geologists don't swallow such fairy tales. ||||||||fabulous comets||||||||||||||scientists of astronomy||earth scientists||||| "Le commun des mortels peut encore croire à de fabuleuses comètes traversant l'espace ou à des monstres préhistoriques vivant au cœur de la Terre, mais les astronomes et les géologues n'avalent pas ces contes de fées. It's the same with whalers. ||||whale hunters I've chased plenty of cetaceans , I've harpooned a good number, I've killed several. ||||whales and dolphins||caught with harpoon|||||| But no matter how powerful and well armed they were, neither their tails or their tusks could puncture the sheet–iron plates of a steamer." Mais aussi puissants et bien armés qu'ils soient, ni leurs queues ni leurs défenses ne peuvent percer les plaques de tôle d'un paquebot". "Even so, Ned, people mention vessels that narwhale tusks have run clean through." "Pourtant, Ned, les gens parlent de navires que des défenses de narval ont traversés de part en part". "Wooden ships maybe," the Canadian replied. "But I've never seen the like. So till I have proof to the contrary, I'll deny that baleen whales, sperm whales, or unicorns can do any such thing." "Listen to me, Ned—" "No, no, professor. I'll go along with anything you want except that. Some gigantic devilfish maybe . ||giant squid| ?" "Even less likely, Ned. The devilfish is merely a mollusk, and even this name hints at its semiliquid flesh, because it's Latin meaning, 'soft one.' |devilfish||||soft-bodied creature||||||||soft-bodied||||||| The devilfish doesn't belong to the vertebrate branch, and even if it were 500 feet long, it would still be utterly harmless to ships like the Scotia or the Abraham Lincoln . ||||||animal kingdom||||||||||||||||||||||| Consequently, the feats of krakens or other monsters of that ilk must be relegated to the realm of fiction." ||feats||||||||similar type|||assigned||||| "So, Mr. Naturalist," Ned Land continued in a bantering tone, "you'll just keep on believing in the existence of some enormous cetacean . ||||||||playful||||||||||||| ?" "Yes, Ned, I repeat it with a conviction backed by factual logic. ||||||||||evidence-based|reasoning I believe in the existence of a mammal with a powerful constitution, belonging to the vertebrate branch like baleen whales, sperm whales, or dolphins, and armed with a tusk made of horn that has tremendous penetrating power." |||||||||||||||animal kingdom|||baleen whales||sperm whales|||dolphins|||||horned projection||||||extraordinary|| "Humph!" displeasure sound the harpooner put in, shaking his head with the attitude of a man who doesn't want to be convinced. "Note well, my fine Canadian," I went on, "if such an animal exists, if it lives deep in the ocean, if it frequents the liquid strata located miles beneath the surface of the water, it needs to have a constitution so solid, it defies all comparison." ||||||||||||||||||||||inhabits|||layers||||||||||||||||||surpasses all|| "And why this powerful constitution?" Ned asked.

"Because it takes incalculable strength just to live in those deep strata and withstand their pressure." |||immeasurable|||||||||||| "Oh really?" Ned said, tipping me a wink. dit Ned en me faisant un clin d'œil.

"Oh really, and I can prove it to you with a few simple figures." "Bosh!" nonsense Ned replied. "You can make figures do anything you want!" "In business, Ned, but not in mathematics. ||||||math Listen to me. Let's accept that the pressure of one atmosphere is represented by the pressure of a column of water thirty–two feet high. Admettons que la pression d'une atmosphère soit représentée par la pression d'une colonne d'eau de trente-deux pieds de haut. In reality, such a column of water wouldn't be quite so high because here we're dealing with salt water, which is denser than fresh water. |||||||||||||||handling||||||heavier than||| En réalité, une telle colonne d'eau ne serait pas aussi haute car il s'agit d'eau salée, plus dense que l'eau douce. Well then, when you dive under the waves, Ned, for every thirty–two feet of water above you, your body is tolerating the pressure of one more atmosphere, in other words, one more kilogram per each square centimeter on your body's surface. |||||||||||||||||||||withstanding||||||||||||||||square centimeter|||body| So it follows that at 320 feet down, this pressure is equal to ten atmospheres, to 100 atmospheres at 3,200 feet, and to 1,000 atmospheres at 32,000 feet, that is, at about two and a half vertical leagues down. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||vertical leagues|| Il s'ensuit qu'à 320 pieds de profondeur, cette pression est égale à dix atmosphères, à 100 atmosphères à 3 200 pieds et à 1 000 atmosphères à 32 000 pieds, c'est-à-dire à environ deux lieues et demie de profondeur. Which is tantamount to saying that if you could reach such a depth in the ocean, each square centimeter on your body's surface would be experiencing 1,000 kilograms of pressure. ||equivalent||||||||||||||||||||||||1000 kg|| Now, my gallant Ned, do you know how many square centimeters you have on your bodily surface?" ||brave|||||||||||||| "I haven't the foggiest notion, Professor Aronnax." |||slightest idea||| "About 17,000." "Environ 17 000. "As many as that?" "Yes, and since the atmosphere's pressure actually weighs slightly more than one kilogram per square centimeter, your 17,000 square centimeters are tolerating 17,568 kilograms at this very moment." ||||atmospheric|||exerts force|||||||||||||supporting the weight||||| "Without my noticing it?" "Without your noticing it. And if you aren't crushed by so much pressure, it's because the air penetrates the interior of your body with equal pressure. |||||||||||||enters|||||||| When the inside and outside pressures are in perfect balance, they neutralize each other and allow you to tolerate them without discomfort. |||||forces||||||cancel out||||||||||pain or unease But in the water it's another story." "Yes, I see," Ned replied, growing more interested. "Because the water surrounds me but doesn't penetrate me." |||encloses||||| "Precisely, Ned. So at thirty–two feet beneath the surface of the sea, you'll undergo a pressure of 17,568 kilograms; at 320 feet, or ten times greater pressure, it's 175,680 kilograms; at 3,200 feet, or 100 times greater pressure, it's 1,756,800 kilograms; finally, at 32,000 feet, or 1,000 times greater pressure, it's 17,568,000 kilograms; in other words, you'd be squashed as flat as if you'd just been yanked from between the plates of a hydraulic press!" ||||||||||||experience||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||compressed||||||||pulled out|||||||pressing machine| "Fire and brimstone!" ||sulfur "Le feu et le soufre !" Ned put in.

"All right then, my fine harpooner, if vertebrates several hundred meters long and proportionate in bulk live at such depths, their surface areas make up millions of square centimeters, and the pressure they undergo must be assessed in billions of kilograms. |||||||large animals||||||||size or mass||||||||||||||||||experience|||evaluated||billions of kg|| "Très bien, mon fin harponneur, si des vertébrés de plusieurs centaines de mètres de long et de volume proportionnel vivent à de telles profondeurs, leur surface représente des millions de centimètres carrés, et la pression qu'ils subissent doit s'évaluer en milliards de kilogrammes. Calculate, then, how much resistance of bone structure and strength of constitution they'd need in order to withstand such pressures!" ||||resistance of bone|||||||||||||endure||forces "They'd need to be manufactured," Ned Land replied, "from sheet–iron plates eight inches thick, like ironclad frigates." ||||constructed||||||||||||warships|warships "Il faudrait les fabriquer", a répondu Ned Land, "à partir de plaques de tôle de huit pouces d'épaisseur, comme les frégates à coque de fer". "Right, Ned, and then picture the damage such a mass could inflict if it were launched with the speed of an express train against a ship's hull." |||||||||||cause|||||||||||||||outer structure "C'est vrai, Ned, et imaginez les dégâts qu'une telle masse pourrait infliger si elle était lancée à la vitesse d'un train express contre la coque d'un navire. "Yes . indeed . maybe," the Canadian replied, staggered by these figures but still not willing to give in. peut-être", répond le Canadien, stupéfait par ces chiffres mais toujours pas prêt à céder. "Well, have I convinced you?" "You've convinced me of one thing, Mr. Naturalist. That deep in the sea, such animals would need to be just as strong as you say—if they exist." Dans les profondeurs de la mer, de tels animaux devraient être aussi forts que vous le dites - s'ils existent." "But if they don't exist, my stubborn harpooner, how do you explain the accident that happened to the Scotia ?" "It's maybe . ," Ned said, hesitating. ||pausing briefly "Go on!" "Because . it just couldn't be true!" ça ne peut pas être vrai !" the Canadian replied, unconsciously echoing a famous catchphrase of the scientist Arago. |||without realizing||||slogan|||scientist Arago|François Arago répond le Canadien, reprenant inconsciemment une célèbre phrase du scientifique Arago.

But this reply proved nothing, other than how bullheaded the harpooner could be. ||||||||stubborn|||| Mais cette réponse n'a rien prouvé, si ce n'est que le harponneur pouvait être très têtu. That day I pressed him no further. The Scotia's accident was undeniable. ||||clear fact Its hole was real enough that it had to be plugged up, and I don't think a hole's existence can be more emphatically proven. ||||||||||filled|||||||of the hole|||||strongly| Son trou était suffisamment réel pour qu'il faille le boucher, et je ne pense pas que l'existence d'un trou puisse être prouvée de manière plus catégorique. Now then, this hole didn't make itself, and since it hadn't resulted from underwater rocks or underwater machines, it must have been caused by the perforating tool of some animal. |well||||||||||||submerged||||||||||||boring|||| Now, for all the reasons put forward to this point, I believed that this animal was a member of the branch Vertebrata , class Mammalia , group Pisciforma , and finally, order Cetacea . ||||||||||||||||||||taxonomic group|Vertebrates|Mammalia|class Mammalia||fish-like||||whales and dolphins |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ordem dos cetáceos As for the family in which it would be placed (baleen whale, sperm whale, or dolphin), the genus to which it belonged, and the species in which it would find its proper home, these questions had to be left for later. |||||||||||||||toothed whale||genus||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||qualquer uma||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Quant à la famille dans laquelle il serait placé (baleine à fanons, cachalot ou dauphin), au genre auquel il appartiendrait et à l'espèce dans laquelle il trouverait sa place, ces questions devaient être remises à plus tard. To answer them called for dissecting this unknown monster; to dissect it called for catching it; to catch it called for harpooning it—which was Ned Land's business; to harpoon it called for sighting it—which was the crew's business; and to sight it called for encountering it—which was a chancy business. |||||analyzing|||||analyze|||||||||||piercing with harpoon||||||||||||locating|||||team's|||||||||||||risky|