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It`s Okay To Be Smart, Can Science Prevent Aging As We Get Older?

Can Science Prevent Aging As We Get Older?

Thank you to KiwiCo for supporting PBS Digital Studios.

In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.

Taxes may not be a law of the universe, but death is, whether you're a star, a car,

or a human.

That's because the Second Law of Thermodynamics ensures that we inevitably break down over

time.

Life is a struggle against entropy.

That's what makes living things different from cars and burning balls of gas.

That our bodies actively fight against entropy - at least for a while.

Sooner or later, the Second Law gets us all.

Can we shift the balance of power to beat entropy, and live longer?

Or is life a battle that we're all doomed to lose in the end??

[MUSIC]

Death is a law of nature, but dying of old age isn't - in fact, dying of old age is

illegal in the U.S. and many other countries, at least as an official cause of death.

If an accident or trauma doesn't kill us, we actually die of “age-associated diseases.”

These are diseases that get more common as we age, things like cancer, Alzheimer's,

heart attack, and stroke.

But why do we become more vulnerable to these diseases when we're old?

That's where our friend entropy comes in.

The longer we live, the more we accumulate disorder: mutated genes, warped molecules,

and cells and tissues that no longer do their job properly.

Even breathing has risks.

When we take in oxygen to break down food and power the body, we let loose super reactive

molecules called free radicals that build up in the body and attack our tissues and

organs.

Another ticking bomb our bodies harbor are transposable elements.

These are wildcard regions in our DNA that can basically jump out of their correct location

and insert themselves in different parts of chromosomes, which can potentially scramble

our genes.

Transposable Elements make up nearly half of our genome, but luckily, our cells are

usually able to keep them under control.

But as we get older, we lose control over our transposable elements and they start to

run wild, causing all kinds of problems from cancer to degenerative diseases.

All of this starts happening in your body long before you realize you're on the slow

decline toward death.

As entropy runs its course, it's just a question of which cells or tissues or organs

will fail first, and which age-associated disease will get us.

Leonard Hayflick, one of the founding fathers in the field of biogerontology, basically

the biology of aging, puts it this way: “Good health is merely the slowest possible rate

at which one can die from an age-associated disease.”

which is giving me some serious anxiety right now.

In the US average life expectancy is 79 years, and globally Japan tops the list at 84.

So what if we could eliminate all those age-associated diseases that kill people today?

Scientists think the average human life expectancy would be a whopping 89 years.

Why not longer?

Even without age-associated diseases, our cells have a sort of “maximum expiration

date.”

In other words we have biological programming that determines our maximum lifespan.

It's written in our DNA, or more specifically, in our chromosomes.

Each of our non-reproductive cells contains 46 chromosomes, and at the end of each chromosome

is a cap called a telomere.

These are protective regions that don't really code for anything.

We need them because every time our cells divide, and a chromosome gets copied, a bit

at the end of each telomere gets lost in the process.

Eventually, the telomeres get too short, the chromosomes can't be copied anymore, and

that means no more cell division.

When our cells can no longer divide, to grow and heal and stay youthful, this is the beginning

of the end for our cells and eventually for us.

The length of your telomeres is like your life line - that line across your palm that

fortune tellers use to predict the length of your life.

Except it actually works.

Leonard Hayflick found that normal human cells will only divide 40 to 60 times before they

enter senescence, that state where cells no longer grow.

It's mainly due to shortened telomeres.

So why didn't nature give us longer telomeres?

It's all down to evolution and Natural selection.

Once an organism passes on their genes and ensures their offspring survive, they've

basically done all that natural selection requires of them.

That's why human telomeres don't get longer as we get older.

We're products of evolution, and evolution didn't optimize us to work well after the

age that we can have kids.

And eventually entropy overpowers our ability to repair ourselves.

I know this is super depressing, but don't blame me.

Blame evolution.

Take it up with Darwin or something!

So evolution isn't going to help us win the fight against entropy.

But there are other animals out there that have evolved resistance to aging.

Maybe they can teach us to stack the odds in our favor.

Like this one: the naked mole rat.

They can survive up to 32 years, making them the longest-living rodents.

It's thought the naked mole rat achieves this record by occasionally slowing down its

metabolism and reducing those nasty free radicals in its body - in other words, slowing down

entropy.

Some people are copying naked mole rats and restricting the amount they eat in the hope

of lowering their own free radicals.

It's called caloric restriction, basically eating fewer calories than recommended for

one's age.

Research has shown that caloric restriction can prolong life in many laboratory species,

but this has huge risks in humans, and really the jury is still out on how effective it

is.

I mean, according to science, humans are not actually naked mole rats.

But if we can't beat entropy, maybe we can strengthen ourselves, by looking to lobsters

for inspiration.

Unlike us, lobsters never stop growing, because their cells never stop dividing.

The oldest lobster ever caught weighed 20 kg – the weight of a medium-sized dog.

It's likely that lobsters only ever die because they get eaten, or they just get so

big they can't safely regrow their shell.

Lobsters have telomeres like we do that get shorter after every cell division, but they

also have an enzyme called telomerase that constantly rebuilds the telomeres, ensuring

the lobsters' cells can go on dividing forever.

So let's pump ourselves full of telomerase!

Right?

In fact, adult humans already have some cell that produce lots of telomerase – like special

cells lining our intestines.

But, you know what else makes a lot of telomerase?

Cancer cells.

All this telomerase means cancer cells are immortal, but the people who possess them,

sadly, are not.

So this solution to aging, might just mean another way to die.

So what about, those disruptive jumping elements in our genes?

Can we control those?

The freshwater hydra can.

Hydras don't seem to age, and scientists think they may even be immortal.

They seem to be able to keep their transposable elements and jumping DNA in check, and not

scramble their genome.

Who knows?

Maybe with more research, one of Earth's simplest animals could teach us a trick or

two for extending our own life.

Humans have won some battles against entropy, thanks to things like better diets, modern

medicine, and public health, but no one has ever won the war.

Our body may have a built-in maximum expiration date thanks to evolution.

But if we can learn more about how, exactly, entropy chips away at our bodies as we get

older, maybe we can learn to build ourselves back up faster than we break down.

But if we do conquer aging, we'll also have to figure out how to feed those billions of

newly immortal people.

Will this be an advancement that everyone has access to, or just a privileged few?

And what will we do for fun in a world where most of our lives are no longer spent working.

Would we run out of YouTube videos?

Nah.

If we answer these questions, as we get older we'll be living *better* too.

Or… just maybe, by chasing this dream, as the great architect Michael once put it, we're

just setting ourselves up to “do the most human thing of all: attempt something futile

with a ton of unearned confidence and fail spectacularly!”

Stay curious!

Big thank you to KiwiCo for supporting PBS Digital Studios and It's Okay To Be Smart.

Some people say that the first person to live to be 150 years old has already been born.

I don't know if that's true, but if you're out there, can you keep people me from getting

older too?

Problems like beating aging are going to take some creative science and engineering solutions.

And KiwiCo's mission is to make tools to inspire and educate for the next generation

of innovators.

KiwiCo delivers monthly projects designed to make learning about science, art, math

and more, fun and accessible.

They have six different crates for kids from 0 to 16 and beyond.

My son just turned one, and the Tadpole crate is full of fun and educational toys that don't

play annoying songs.

In each crate you get an educational magazine, all the supplies you need, and detailed instructions

written just for kids.

These are hands-on projects for kids that are super fun...but also educational in a

really cool way.

Whether you are a kid, or you know a curious kid who might enjoy this, you can go to

KiwiCo.com/Okay or click the link in the description below.

Can Science Prevent Aging As We Get Older? Kann die Wissenschaft das Altern verhindern, wenn wir älter werden? ¿Puede la ciencia prevenir el envejecimiento a medida que envejecemos? 科学は老化を予防できるか? Kan de wetenschap veroudering voorkomen als we ouder worden? Poderá a ciência prevenir o envelhecimento à medida que envelhecemos? Может ли наука предотвратить старение по мере того, как мы стареем? 隨著年齡的增長,科學可以預防老化嗎?

Thank you to KiwiCo for supporting PBS Digital Studios. Gracias a KiwiCo por apoyar a PBS Digital Studios.

In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes. En este mundo no hay más certezas que la muerte y los impuestos.

Taxes may not be a law of the universe, but death is, whether you're a star, a car, Bueno, los impuestos no son ley universal. Pero la muerte sí, seas una estrella, un coche

or a human. o un humano.

That's because the Second Law of Thermodynamics ensures that we inevitably break down over Porque la Segunda Ley de la Termodinámica asegura que nos debilitemos

time. con el tiempo.

Life is a struggle against entropy. |||||entropy La vida es una lucha contra la entropía.

That's what makes living things different from cars and burning balls of gas. Eso es lo que nos diferencia a los seres vivos de los coches y los cuerpos celestes.

That our bodies actively fight against entropy - at least for a while. Que nosotros luchamos activamente contra ella (al menos por un tiempo).

Sooner or later, the Second Law gets us all. Antes o después llega la Segunda Ley.

Can we shift the balance of power to beat entropy, and live longer? ¿Podemos cambiar el equilibrio de poder para vencer a la entropía y vivir más?

Or is life a battle that we're all doomed to lose in the end?? ¿O es la vida una batalla que solo podemos perder?

[MUSIC] Hola, genios. Aquí Joe.

Death is a law of nature, but dying of old age isn't - in fact, dying of old age is Morir es una ley natural, pero morir de viejo no. De hecho, morir de viejo es

illegal in the U.S. and many other countries, at least as an official cause of death. ilegal en EEUU y en muchos otros países (al menos como causa oficial de muerte).

If an accident or trauma doesn't kill us, we actually die of “age-associated diseases.” Si no nos mata un accidente o un golpe, morimos por "Enfermedades Asociadas a la Edad".

These are diseases that get more common as we age, things like cancer, Alzheimer's, Las que son más frecuentes al envejecer como el cáncer, el alzheimer,

heart attack, and stroke. el infarto o la embolia.

But why do we become more vulnerable to these diseases when we're old? Pero, ¿por qué nos volvemos más vulnerables a estas enfermedades cuando envejecemos?

That's where our friend entropy comes in. Por nuestra amiga la entropía.

The longer we live, the more we accumulate disorder: mutated genes, warped molecules, Cuanto más vivimos, más desorden acumulamos: mutaciones, moléculas deformes

and cells and tissues that no longer do their job properly. y células y tejidos que ya no funcionan bien.

Even breathing has risks. Hasta respirar tiene riesgos.

When we take in oxygen to break down food and power the body, we let loose super reactive Al tomar oxígeno para descomponer la comida, dejamos libres unas moléculas muy reactivas:

molecules called free radicals that build up in the body and attack our tissues and los radicales libres, que se acumulan y atacan nuestros tejidos

organs. y órganos.

Another ticking bomb our bodies harbor are transposable elements. Otra bomba de relojería del cuerpo son los transposones. Een andere tikkende bom die ons lichaam herbergt, zijn transponeerbare elementen.

These are wildcard regions in our DNA that can basically jump out of their correct location Son regiones comodín en nuestro ADN que saltan de su posición correcta Dit zijn wildcard-regio's in ons DNA die in principe uit hun juiste locatie kunnen springen

and insert themselves in different parts of chromosomes, which can potentially scramble y se insertan en diferentes partes de nuestros cromosomas, lo que puede desordenar

our genes. nuestros genes.

Transposable Elements make up nearly half of our genome, but luckily, our cells are Los transposones constituyen casi la mitad de nuestro genoma, pero normalmente

usually able to keep them under control. nuestras células los tienen bajo control.

But as we get older, we lose control over our transposable elements and they start to Pero al envejecer perdemos el control de estos elementos.

run wild, causing all kinds of problems from cancer to degenerative diseases. Se vuelven incontrolables y causan problemas: desde cáncer hasta enfermedades degenerativas.

All of this starts happening in your body long before you realize you're on the slow Esto empieza en tu cuerpo antes de que te des cuenta de que vas

decline toward death. en el lento deterioro hacia la muerte.

As entropy runs its course, it's just a question of which cells or tissues or organs A medida que la entropía sigue su curso, se trata solo de qué células, tejidos u órganos

will fail first, and which age-associated disease will get us. fallarán primero, y qué enfermedad asociada a la edad sufriremos.

Leonard Hayflick, one of the founding fathers in the field of biogerontology, basically Leonard Hayflick, uno de los padres de la biogerontología Leonard Hayflick, een van de grondleggers op het gebied van biogerontologie, eigenlijk

the biology of aging, puts it this way: “Good health is merely the slowest possible rate біологія старіння||||||||||||||| (la biología del envejecimiento) lo explica así: «La buena salud es, simplemente, la velocidad

at which one can die from an age-associated disease.” más lenta posible a la que se puede morir de una enfermedad asociada a la edad».

which is giving me some serious anxiety right now. Algo que ahora me da mucha ansiedad.

In the US average life expectancy is 79 years, and globally Japan tops the list at 84. En EEUU la esperanza media de vida es de 79,3 años, y Japón encabeza la lista con 84 años.

So what if we could eliminate all those age-associated diseases that kill people today? ¿Qué pasaría si pudiéramos eliminar todas esas enfermedades asociadas a la edad?

Scientists think the average human life expectancy would be a whopping 89 years. Los científicos creen que la esperanza de vida sería, sorprendentemente, de 89 años. 科学者たちは、人間の平均寿命はなんと89歳だろうと考えている。

Why not longer? ¿Por qué no más? なぜもっと長くしないのか?

Even without age-associated diseases, our cells have a sort of “maximum expiration Incluso sin estas enfermedades, nuestras células tienen una especie de

date.” «fecha de caducidad» máxima.

In other words we have biological programming that determines our maximum lifespan. Es decir, nuestra programación biológica determina nuestra esperanza de vida máxima.

It's written in our DNA, or more specifically, in our chromosomes. Está escrito en nuestro ADN; concretamente, en nuestros cromosomas.

Each of our non-reproductive cells contains 46 chromosomes, and at the end of each chromosome Nuestras células no reproductivas contienen 46 cromosomas y al final de cada cromosoma

is a cap called a telomere. |||||telomere hay una zona llamada telómero.

These are protective regions that don't really code for anything. Son regiones protectoras que en realidad no codifican nada.

We need them because every time our cells divide, and a chromosome gets copied, a bit Las necesitamos porque, cada vez que nuestras células se dividen, y un cromosoma se copia,

at the end of each telomere gets lost in the process. se pierde un poco del final de cada telómero en el proceso.

Eventually, the telomeres get too short, the chromosomes can't be copied anymore, and Al final los telómeros se acortan, los cromosomas ya no pueden copiarse

that means no more cell division. y ya no hay más división celular.

When our cells can no longer divide, to grow and heal and stay youthful, this is the beginning Cuando nuestras células ya no pueden dividirse para crecer, curarse y mantenerse jóvenes,

of the end for our cells and eventually for us. es el principio del fin para nuestras células y, al final, para nosotros.

The length of your telomeres is like your life line - that line across your palm that La longitud de nuestros telómeros es como la línea de la vida - esa línea que cruza

fortune tellers use to predict the length of your life. la palma de la mano y que se usa para predecir cuánto viviremos.

Except it actually works. Solo que funciona.

Leonard Hayflick found that normal human cells will only divide 40 to 60 times before they Leonard Hayflick descubrió que las células normales se dividen solo de 40 a 60 veces antes de

enter senescence, that state where cells no longer grow. входити в старіння|||||||| entrar en senescencia, estado en el que las células ya no crecen.

It's mainly due to shortened telomeres. Se debe al acortamiento de los telómeros.

So why didn't nature give us longer telomeres? ¿Por qué la naturaleza no nos dio telómeros más largos?

It's all down to evolution and Natural selection.

Once an organism passes on their genes and ensures their offspring survive, they've Cuando un organismo pasa sus genes y se asegura de que sus hijos sobreviven,

basically done all that natural selection requires of them. ha hecho todo lo que la selección natural espera de ellos.

That's why human telomeres don't get longer as we get older. Nuestros telómeros no se alargan conforme envejecemos

We're products of evolution, and evolution didn't optimize us to work well after the porque somos producto de la evolución

age that we can have kids.

And eventually entropy overpowers our ability to repair ourselves. Además, la entropía acabará con nuestra capacidad para recuperarnos.

I know this is super depressing, but don't blame me.

Blame evolution.

Take it up with Darwin or something! Tómala con Darwin o algo. Зверніться до Дарвіна чи ще когось!

So evolution isn't going to help us win the fight against entropy. Entonces, la evolución no nos va a ayudar en nuestra lucha contra la entropía.

But there are other animals out there that have evolved resistance to aging. Pero existen otros animales que resisten al paso del tiempo.

Maybe they can teach us to stack the odds in our favor. A lo mejor nos pueden enseñar algunas cosas. もしかしたら、彼らは私たちに有利になるように確率を高めることを教えてくれるかもしれません。 Можливо, вони навчать нас складати шанси на свою користь.

Like this one: the naked mole rat. Como este: la rata topo sin pelo. Zoals deze: de naakte molrat.

They can survive up to 32 years, making them the longest-living rodents. |||||||||||rodents Puede vivir hasta 32 años, convirtiéndose en el roedor más longevo.

It's thought the naked mole rat achieves this record by occasionally slowing down its Se piensa que puede deberse a que a veces decelera su metabolismo,

metabolism and reducing those nasty free radicals in its body - in other words, slowing down reduciendo sus radicales libres.

entropy.

Some people are copying naked mole rats and restricting the amount they eat in the hope 裸のモグラの真似をして、食べる量を制限している人もいます。

of lowering their own free radicals.

It's called caloric restriction, basically eating fewer calories than recommended for Se llama restricción calórica.

one's age.

Research has shown that caloric restriction can prolong life in many laboratory species, Un estudio ha revelado que la restricción calórica puede alargar

but this has huge risks in humans, and really the jury is still out on how effective it しかし、これは人体には大きなリスクを伴うものであり、どの程度効果があるかはまだ判断がつかない。

is.

I mean, according to science, humans are not actually naked mole rats. ||||||||насправді||| Quiero decir, según la ciencia, los humanos no somos ratas topo sin pelo.

But if we can't beat entropy, maybe we can strengthen ourselves, by looking to lobsters Pero si no podemos vencer a la entropía, しかし、もしエントロピーに勝てないのであれば、ロブスターに目を向けることで、自分自身を強化することができるかもしれません。

for inspiration. をインスピレーションに。

Unlike us, lobsters never stop growing, because their cells never stop dividing. A diferencia de nosotros,

The oldest lobster ever caught weighed 20 kg – the weight of a medium-sized dog. La langosta más vieja jamás capturada pesaba 20 kg, 最も古いロブスターの体重は20kgで、これは中型犬の体重に匹敵する。 De oudste kreeft ooit gevangen woog 20 kg - het gewicht van een middelgrote hond.

It's likely that lobsters only ever die because they get eaten, or they just get so ロブスターが死ぬのは、食べられてしまうからなのか、それとも、ただそうなってしまうのか。

big they can't safely regrow their shell. o cuando se vuelven tan grandes que no pueden renovar su caparazón de forma segura. 殻を安全に再生することができない。

Lobsters have telomeres like we do that get shorter after every cell division, but they Las langostas poseen telómeros que se acortan con cada división celular. Kreeften hebben net als wij telomeren die na elke celdeling korter worden, maar ze

also have an enzyme called telomerase that constantly rebuilds the telomeres, ensuring また、テロメラーゼと呼ばれる酵素が常にテロメアを再構築しており、この酵素の働きで

the lobsters' cells can go on dividing forever. asegurándose de que las células de la langosta no dejen de dividirse.

So let's pump ourselves full of telomerase! Отже|||||| Así que, ¡vamos a inflarnos a telomerasa! ¿No? そこで、テロメラーゼをたっぷり注入してみましょう!

Right? De hecho, algunas células de los humanos adultos

In fact, adult humans already have some cell that produce lots of telomerase – like special Насправді|Насправді|||||||така|||||як спеціальні|

cells lining our intestines. |||intestines клітини кишечника||| 腸に張り巡らされた細胞

But, you know what else makes a lot of telomerase? Але||||||||| Pero, ¿sabes qué más produce telomerasa?

Cancer cells. Ракові клітини| Las células cancerígenas.

All this telomerase means cancer cells are immortal, but the people who possess them, Уся ця теломераза|це все||||||безсмертні|але||||володіють ними| Toda esta telomerasa hace que las células cancerígenas sean inmortales,

sadly, are not. на жаль, ні||

So this solution to aging, might just mean another way to die. Отже|||||може|||||| Así que esta solución al envejecimiento puede ser tan solo otra forma de morir.

So what about, those disruptive jumping elements in our genes? Отже|||ті|деструктивні|||||

Can we control those? Чи можемо||| ¿Podemos controlarlos?

The freshwater hydra can. Прісноводна гідра||прісноводна гідра|

Hydras don't seem to age, and scientists think they may even be immortal. Гідри||||||вчені|||||| Las hidras no parecen envejecer, y los científicos piensan Hydra's lijken niet ouder te worden en wetenschappers denken dat ze zelfs onsterfelijk kunnen zijn.

They seem to be able to keep their transposable elements and jumping DNA in check, and not Вони здається||||||||транспозовані елементи|||||||| Parecen ser capaces de mantener sus transposones bajo control

scramble their genome. змінити їхній геном|| y no trastocar su genoma. hun genoom door elkaar gooien.

Who knows? Así que, ¿quién sabe?

Maybe with more research, one of Earth's simplest animals could teach us a trick or Можливо|||||||||||||| Quizá investigando más uno de los animales más simples del mundo

two for extending our own life.

Humans have won some battles against entropy, thanks to things like better diets, modern La humanidad ha ganado algunas batallas contra la entropía gracias a

medicine, and public health, but no one has ever won the war.

Our body may have a built-in maximum expiration date thanks to evolution. Puede que nuestros cuerpos tengan fecha de caducidad gracias a la evolución.

But if we can learn more about how, exactly, entropy chips away at our bodies as we get

older, maybe we can learn to build ourselves back up faster than we break down.

But if we do conquer aging, we'll also have to figure out how to feed those billions of ||||подолати||||||||||||| Pero, si venciéramos al envejecimiento, tendríamos que descubrir cómo alimentar

newly immortal people. a millones de personas inmortales.

Will this be an advancement that everyone has access to, or just a privileged few? |||||||||||||привілейовані| ¿Sería un avance al que todos podrían tener acceso o solo unos pocos privilegiados?

And what will we do for fun in a world where most of our lives are no longer spent working. І що ми будемо робити для розваги у світі, де більшу частину нашого життя ми проводимо не на роботі.

Would we run out of YouTube videos? Quiero decir, ¿nos quedaríamos sin vídeos de YouTube?

Nah. Ні. Nah.

If we answer these questions, as we get older we'll be living *better* too. Si respondemos a estas preguntas, viviremos mejor conforme envejezcamos.

Or… just maybe, by chasing this dream, as the great architect Michael once put it, we're

just setting ourselves up to “do the most human thing of all: attempt something futile ||||||||||||||марна справа preparándonos para «hacer la cosa más humana de todas:

with a ton of unearned confidence and fail spectacularly!” ||||незаслужена||||вражаюче

Stay curious! Seguid atentos.

Big thank you to KiwiCo for supporting PBS Digital Studios and It's Okay To Be Smart. Muchas gracias a Kiwi Co por apoyar a PBS Digital Studios y a It's Okay To Be Smart.

Some people say that the first person to live to be 150 years old has already been born.

I don't know if that's true, but if you're out there, can you keep people me from getting No sé si es cierto o no, pero si estás ahí, Я не знаю, чи це правда, але якщо ти там, чи можеш ти вберегти мене від людей, які

older too?

Problems like beating aging are going to take some creative science and engineering solutions. ||подолання||||||||||| Problemas como vencer al envejecimiento van a necesitar ciencia creativa

And KiwiCo's mission is to make tools to inspire and educate for the next generation |місія KiwiCo||||||||||||| La misión de Kiwi Co es crear herramientas para inspirar y educar

of innovators. |новаторів

KiwiCo delivers monthly projects designed to make learning about science, art, math

and more, fun and accessible.

They have six different crates for kids from 0 to 16 and beyond. Вони||||ящики|||||| Tienen seis módulos diferentes para niños de 0 a 16 años o más.

My son just turned one, and the Tadpole crate is full of fun and educational toys that don't ||||||Translate <the> in the context of <My son just turned one, and the Tadpole crate is full of fun and educational toys that don't>. Max 3 words. "цей"||ящик для іграшок||||||||| Mi hijo acaba de cumplir un año y el módulo Tadpole está llena de juguetes educativos

play annoying songs. sin musiquitas molestas.

In each crate you get an educational magazine, all the supplies you need, and detailed instructions ||||||||||приладдя||||| Con cada módulo te llega una revista educativa, todo lo que necesitas y las instrucciones

written just for kids. escritas para niños.

These are hands-on projects for kids that are super fun...but also educational in a Son proyectos prácticos para niños muy divertidos, pero también educativos

really cool way. y muy interesantes.

Whether you are a kid, or you know a curious kid who might enjoy this, you can go to Si eres un niño o conoces a algún niño curioso al que le pueda gustar, puedes ir a

KiwiCo.com/Okay or click the link in the description below. kiwi.com/Okay o al link en la descripción.