This Face TOTALLY Changes the Human Story |visage|TOTALMENT|Changements||| |||Alters||| Dieses Gesicht verändert die menschliche Geschichte VÖLLIG This Face TOTALLY Changes the Human Story Esta cara cambia TOTALMENTE la historia humana Ce visage change TOTALEMENT l'histoire humaine Questa faccia cambia TOTALMENTE la storia umana この顔が人間の物語を完全に変える Dit gezicht verandert TOTAAL het menselijke verhaal Este rosto muda TOTALMENTE a história humana Это лицо ПОЛНОСТЬЮ меняет представление о человеке Bu Yüz İnsan Hikayesini TAMAMEN Değiştiriyor 这张脸完全改变了人类的故事 這張臉徹底改變了人類的故事

You immediately descend into the mouth of a cave...We suit up, we put harnesses on |immédiatement|descendre|||bouche|||caverne|nous|combinaison||||harnais| ||go down||||||cave entrance||gear||||safety gear| Je daalt meteen af in de monding van een grot... We kleden ons aan, we doen harnassen aan

and we clip into some safety ropes and then we're climbing this knife edge of ||corde||||||||escaladant|||| ||attach|||safety|safety ropes||||ascending||knife edge|| en we klemmen wat veiligheidstouwen vast en dan klimmen we deze mesrand van

rock. It goes about 20 meters up and so if you were to fall off the Dragons Back ||||mètres||||si|||||||dos des dragons| rock climbing||||meters|||||||||||Dragons Back| roca. Va a unos 20 metros de altura y por lo que si usted fuera a caer de los Dragones Volver

that would be very bad. If any of us was injured on the sort of the far side of ||||||||||blessé|||||||| ||||||||||hurt|||||||| eso sería muy malo. Si alguno de nosotros se lesionó en el tipo de la parte más alejada de

the cave, the paramedics would be sent down to us and you had to live |||les ambulanciers|||envoyer secours|||||||| |||emergency responders|||||||||||

underground until you could get yourself back out. You go through that little souterrain|||||||||||| subterranean||||||||||||

tunnel and then you come out and there was a more open chamber. But, we only had tunnel|||||||||||ouvert|chambre|||| ||||||||||||space||||

our headlamps on at that point and so everywhere we looked you could just see |lampes frontales|||||||partout||regardions|||| |headlamps on||||||||||||| nuestros faros en ese momento y por lo que en todas partes miramos sólo se podía ver

flashes of bone. éclats||os bright spots||

Hey smart people, Joe here. There may be nearly 8 billion humans on earth, but homo sapiens is a lonely species. And not just because we |intelligent||Joe|||||presque|milliard|||||humain|sapiens|||solitaire|||||| ||||||||||||||human|human species|||isolated|||||| Hola gente inteligente, aquí Joe. Puede que haya casi 8.000 millones de humanos en la Tierra, pero el homo sapiens es una especie solitaria. Y no sólo porque

stared our phones all day, or never go outside, or just watch YouTube videos all the time. fixé||téléphones||||||dehors||||YouTube|vidéos||| gaze at||devices||||||||||||||

Because our species is a relict. The only surviving member of the group |||||relique|||survivant|||| |||||surviving remnant||||individual||| Porque nuestra especie es una reliquia. El único miembro superviviente del grupo Omdat onze soort een relict is. Het enige overgebleven lid van de groep

of upright Apes known as homo. But it wasn't always like that. Walk backwards |droit|singes||||||||||| |standing straight|Homo sapiens||||||||||| de los simios erguidos conocidos como homo. Pero no siempre fue así. Caminar hacia atrás

through time and you'll see that at various points, many other human and |||||||divers|points|||| |||||||different|moments||||

hominid species walked the earth. Some like us and some very different. hominidé||marchaient||||||||| human-like species|||||||||||

Everything we know about those ancient species stories we know from fossil bones. |||||||tales|||||

And in many cases that means we don't know very much at all.

Which is frustrating because we all want to know where we fit in this story.

How did this one species of intelligent ape come to dominate the planet and where do we fit ||||||smart|species|||control the planet|||||||

in with all the others. Well that story just got a whole lot

more complicated thanks to a ridiculously awesome bunch of fossils |||||extremely||||fossil specimens

discovered in South Africa. Over the past several years, which added a new species found||Southern||||||||resulted in|||

to the ancient human family. For the first time ever, these fossils travelled ||||||||||||traveled through

outside South Africa to Dallas, Texas. So I stopped by the Perot Museum of Nature ||||Dallas Texas|Texas||||||Perot Museum|Perot Museum||

and Science to check them out and meet the scientists who discovered them...

and to take a selfie with my ancient cousin. We'll get to that. How many people have ||||self-portrait||||relative||||||||

found new human species like ever? Probably a dozen maybe, maybe 15. And you encontrado nuevas especies humanas como nunca? Probablemente una docena tal vez, tal vez 15. Y tu nieuwe menselijke soort gevonden zoals altijd? Waarschijnlijk een dozijn misschien, misschien 15. En jij

found two! Yes! Paleoanthropologist Lee Berger |||Paleoanthropologist Lee||citation reference

lives and works in South Africa searching for ancient human fossils. ||||||looking for||||

Scientists have been digging up human fossils in this area for decades but

thanks to new technology and satellite imagery, in 2013, |||||satellite|images from satellites| gracias a las nuevas tecnologías y a las imágenes por satélite, en 2013,

Lee had identified a few spots he thought others might have missed. Expert ||pointed out|||||||||overlooked|specialist opinion

cavers on Lee's team had discovered an unexplored section and what's known as ||Lee's team|||||undiscovered|area|||| speleologen in Lee's team hadden een onontgonnen gedeelte ontdekt en wat bekend staat als...

the Rising Star cave system. They named it the Dinaledi Chamber, meaning |Rising Star||||||||||which means

chamber of stars in one of the local South African languages. When they ||izinkanyezi||||||||||

descended to the bottom of that chamber they did find something bright shining ||||||||||||that was bright

back at them; fossil bones, piles of them. When Lee saw pictures of the fossils in |||||large quantities||||||images of fossils||||

the chamber, he immediately knew they were fossils of an ancient human

relative. Problem was that he was too big to fit inside the cave to study them so ||||||||||||||examine||

he did what any of us would do. He put out a Facebook post asking for help: |||||||||||||on Facebook|||

"Volunteers needed. Excellent archaeological paleontological and Volunteers required|||archaeological|paleontological research|

excavation skills, they must be skinny and preferably small and they must not |abilities||||slender||ideally|||||

be claustrophobic." I mean, who wouldn't respond to that. They were looking for |fear of confined spaces|||||react||||||

archaeologists with caving and climbing experience and before I started studying archaeologists||caving skills||||||||my studies

archaeology, I was doing outdoor leadership. So it sort of sounded like me, but I archaeology course||||outdoor|guidance|||||seemed like|||| arqueología, estaba haciendo liderazgo al aire libre. Así que en cierto modo sonaba como yo, pero yo

didn't really expect to hear anything. But pretty soon I was underground! My

supervisor sent me the ad and said, "Hey you have climbing experience. Don't you" the supervisor||||advertisement|||||||||

have caving experience, too?" I said well yes and so it sounded bizarre and ||||||||||||strange|

bizarre enough that I would want to do it. Becca Peixotto and Marina Elliott are ||||||||||a person||Marina Elliott|Marina Elliott|

two members of the six scientists team who descended into the cave to unearth |individuals||||||||||||

these fossils and bring them to the surface to study. Excavating these ||||||||||Digging up|

fossils required what was essentially a military-level operation. Kilometers ||||||military-grade|military-grade|operation|distance measurement

worth of cables were strung so Lee and others in a command tent on the surface ||||suspended||||||||command tent||| de cables para que Lee y otros en una tienda de mando en la superficie

could watch every moment of the excavation and communicate with the team ||||||||talk to|||

underground. We got dubbed the underground astronauts. |||named||| subterráneos. Nos apodaron los astronautas subterráneos.

And the people who were on the surface who couldn't come underground with us

we're watching us on these sort of grainy CCTV cameras and it reminded them |||||||low-resolution|CCTV cameras|CCTV cameras|||made them think|

of watching astronauts, you know working on spacewalks in the space station. |||||||extravehicular activities|||| de ver astronautas, ya sabes, trabajando en caminatas espaciales en la estación espacial.

To say that it wasn't easy for them to get to work every day would be

a bit of an understatement. We have to travel through this cave where the ||||mild expression||||||||| un poco por debajo. Tenemos que viajar a través de esta cueva donde el

narrowest point that we have to get through is 18 centimeters wide. You have smallest|||||||||centimeters wide|||

to get down on your belly and sort of do a belly crawl to get through it. It's |||||stomach||kind of||||stomach|belly crawl||||| ponerte boca abajo y arrastrarte para atravesarlo. Es

called the Superman crawl because folks with broader shoulders have to put one ||Superman|||||wider|||||

hand over their head, and sort of push themselves along with their

feet sort of flying like Superman. You come out from under the Superman crawl and |||soaring||||||||||| pies volando como Superman. Sales de debajo del gateo de Superman y

you can stand up and you're in a pretty big chamber and that's where the base of ||get|||||||||||||bottom|

the Dragons Back is. Yeah, and then we end up in an area called the top of the

chute and the chute is actually a long crack or fissure in the dolostone, or in the rock. meters high. At its widest, it's chute|||crack||in fact|||fissure||crack|||dolostone rock|||||||||broadest point| parachute en de parachute is eigenlijk een lange spleet of spleet in de dolosteen, of in de rots. meters hoog. Op zijn breedst is het

And it's about 45 centimeters. At its narrowest it's that 18 centimeters. 18

centimeters is like the size of my head - it's just not possible. I have a big head. See if I've got what it takes to

join the underground astronaut squad. ||||team

As they brought the fossils to the surface, and began to look at their features, they began to realize they had found

something very strange. For one thing it was a totally new species. They named it

Homo naledi. And this wasn't just one individual. This cave held many |species name||||||||||

individuals, like plural. In that first 2013 expedition we brought up..whatever people||people such as||||trip||||

it was 1350 fossil fragments which in itself is is crazy. But they all came |||fossil fragments||||||unbelievable||||

from a single excavation unit 80 centimeters by 80 centimeters by 20 ||||excavation section|||| uit één graafunit 80 centimeter bij 80 centimeter bij 20

centimeters deep. And we found bones representing, I think we're up to 22 |in depth|||||indicating||||| centímetros de profundidad. Y encontramos huesos que representan, creo que estamos hasta 22

individuals now. All of the body parts are represented, so there's foot bones ||||||||shown or depicted||||

and hand bones and rib bones and vertebra and teeth and all of it. |||||||spinal bones||||||

The Rising Star site, the Dinaledi Chamber, the Lesedi Chamber, and other areas |||location|||||Lesedi Chamber||||locations De Rising Star-site, de Dinaledi-kamer, de Lesedi-kamer en andere gebieden

around there, we've discovered more individual hominid remains than the |||||||remains||

entire record of hominin evolution from the continent of Africa. |entire record||human ancestors||||continent of Africa|| registro completo de la evolución de los homínidos del continente africano.

I think our field had convinced itself there was nothing left to find, and |||||persuaded|||||||| Creo que nuestro campo se había convencido de que no quedaba nada por encontrar, y

people stopped looking. This is a message that there's more out there, and there's ||||||indication|||||||

not just a little bit more there's a lot more.

Okay now I don't know how you think fossil hunting works especially the |||||||||fossil searching|||

search for ancient human, but that is not how this usually goes. When people find search for||||||||||||||

hominid fossils, you're finding part of a jaw, you're finding some teeth, maybe |||locating|||||||||

you're finding just one little digit from a hand and that's how species are |||||single digit|||||||| se encuentra sólo un pequeño dígito de una mano y así es como las especies son

described. So there are whole species that are known from just really small

parts of the body. Whereas, with Homo naledi, we have the whole body from a ||||In contrast||||||||||

bunch of different individuals several times over. Homo naledi's bones ||||||||Homo naledi|

don't look like the bones of other ancient humans or hominids. At least they

don't look like anything we've ever seen together in one single species. So we're

behind the scenes in the Perot museum and we're just going to go in and have a ||behind|||||||||||||| detrás de las escenas en el museo Perot y vamos a entrar y tener una

peek at an at a reconstruction of Neo. So what those bones might have looked glimpse|||||reconstruction of||Neo skeleton||||||| echar un vistazo a una reconstrucción de Neo. Así que lo que esos huesos podrían haber parecido

like in life. And this is our buddy Neo here. So Homo Naledi has a sort of mosaic |||||||friend||||||||||mixed characteristics

of features. Some aspects of Homo naledi look a lot like our bodies and some |||characteristics|||||||||||

aspects look a lot like our more ancient relatives. So they have a really tiny ||||||||ancestors||||||

brain. If you can look at the cranium here. So they have a brain that's roughly |||||||skull||||||||

the size of an orange. But when we take endocasts, molds, of the inside of |||||||||internal casts|impressions|||| del tamaño de una naranja. Pero cuando tomamos endocasts, moldes, del interior de de grootte van een sinaasappel. Maar als we endocasts, mallen, van de binnenkant van розміром з апельсин. Але коли ми беремо ендокасти, зліпки, внутрішньої частини

the skull, we can see that the brain has a lot of similar features (in terms of |the skull|||||||||||similar||||

the sort of waves and folds on the outside of the brain) as ours do. So that |||brain waves||folds||||||||our brains||| el tipo de ondas y pliegues en el exterior del cerebro) como los nuestros. De modo que

indicates that you know while they have a tiny brain they maybe had a brain that suggests|||||||||||||||

had a lot of functions. So jaws are always cool. In part because everybody ||||||Jaws 1|||||||everyone involved

knows what their own teeth look like. And so you can see that Neo's teeth actually |||||||||||||Neo's||

don't look that dissimilar from our own. And we've of course found complete hands |||different|||||||||complete hands|

of Naledi . It becomes more and more human-like. |||grows||||| de Naledi . Cada vez se parece más a un ser humano.

And so the wrist and hand proportions are almost completely human-like except ||||||ratios||||||

for two things; One the thumb. The thumb is utterly unique. It's extremely long. |||||first thumb||||completely|||| por dos cosas; una el pulgar. El pulgar es absolutamente único. Es extremadamente largo.

And the fingers are curved. It's curved as the most ancient hominids that we ||fingers||like|||||||||

have. So that would make sense if this was alive two million years ago. |||||||||living organism||||

Absolutely! 3 million years ago. But it wasn't. When we first started looking at Definitely yes|||||||||||| ¡Claro que sí! Hace 3 millones de años. Pero no fue así. Cuando empezamos a mirar

the anatomy, I think a lot of people thought "Oh this thing has to be at least |structure of|||||||||||||||

a million, maybe two million years old." Some of the teeth were tested using a ||||||||||||analyzed||

technique called electron spin resonance. So that was one way we were able to method||spin|spin one|resonance technique|||||||||

figure out that Naledi was in this three hundred thousand years ago range. It really

was surprising to find out that Naledi was as young as it was in the timeframe |||||||||||||||time period fue sorprendente descubrir que Naledi era tan joven como en la época

that Homo naledi is. Anatomically modern humans were also on the African ||||in terms of anatomy|||||||

landscape. Modern, primitive, and different at all once. As of today, the team has recovered paisaje. Moderno, primitivo y diferente a la vez. A día de hoy, el equipo ha recuperado

fossils from at least 20 individuals from Dinaledi and a nearby chamber.

That brings up a huge question - "How did all these bones get in this cave?"

Our hypothesis is that Homo naledi were deliberately disposing of their dead. So |Homo naledi burial||||||intentionally|disposing of|||| Nuestra hipótesis es que los Homo naledi se deshacían deliberadamente de sus muertos. Así que

we think that Homo naledis were dying on the surface and their fellows ||||species name||||||||companions we denken dat Homo naledis aan het sterven was aan de oppervlakte en hun medemensen

were bringing the dead ones down into this cave system. We don't know why |transporting||||||||||||

because we don't have any evidence for that and we unfortunately can't ask Neo.

He's not too talkative. Deliberate body disposal was one of those behaviors, |||chatty|intentional||removal of bodies|||||actions

those rituals, one of the few things that only our species did that made us unique. |ceremonial practices||||||||||||||

And this shatters that idea. It's another in a long list of things that we used to ||destroys|||||||||||||| Y esto echa por tierra esa idea. Es otra en una larga lista de cosas que solíamos

think of as uniquely part of our species that aren't. Up until Jane Goodall saw |||distinctively|||||||||Jane Goodall|Goodall's observation|

chimpanzees actually termite fishing, boy that was our gig. You could look at us |||termite fishing|wow||||activity||||| chimpancés en realidad la pesca de termitas, muchacho que era nuestro concierto. Podrías mirarnos

and you said, "Wow we do tools no one does." Okay, cross tools off the list.

Art; We now know that other animals do complex ornamentation and |||||different||||decorative features|

decoration. Birds do a great job of that, right? We know other animals mourn now. We decoration of mourning|||||||||||||grieve for||

know that they grieve over their dead. They interact with death in a different |||mourn|||||engage with||||| saben que lloran a sus muertos. Se relacionan con la muerte de forma

way and many different species do that. So, we've lost that. And then there's this

last thing though that we had. You know, this idea of recognition of self |||||||||||self-awareness||self-awareness

mortality, deliberate body disposal. The idea that we deal with our dead. And the death rate|||disposal of bodies|||||handle|||||

reason that we thought we did that is because we saw ourselves as separate

from nature. We saw ourselves as a creature that was different from |||||||being||||

other animals and therefore we wouldn't allow any of our individuals to undergo |||consequently|||permit||||||experience

those processes. If that hypothesis holds here for these |||||is valid|||

specimens in these many different places that we find them now. Then you're samples||||||||||||

looking at a creature that shared that. For me, I often talk about humans and |||||shared that||||||||| mirando a una criatura que compartía eso. En mi caso, a menudo hablo de humanos y

other animals. because we are animals. And I think when we think about ourselves as

being part of the animal kingdom, I think that, to me, that helps us bring |||||animal kingdom|||||||||

ourselves back into being you know co-inhabitants of this planet. This whole |||||||co-inhabitants|||||

story leads up to some big questions. Where does Homo naledi fit into our |introduces||||||||||||

story? Is it our ancestor? Is it something else? Well, the answer isn't simple. We're

all familiar with this version of human evolution. A primitive looking thing

giving rise to a slightly less primitive thing giving rise to another and another die aanleiding geven tot iets minder primitiefs die aanleiding geven tot nog een en nog een

and finally something like us - something advanced . A march of progress. Well, that |in conclusion|||||sophisticated||a step||||

isn't how evolution works. And Homo naledi is proof of that. I think this ||||||||evidence|||||

model of the braided stream helps us get over that hurdle of thinking that you model one|||intertwined|||||||obstacle||your perspective|| modelo de la corriente trenzada nos ayuda a superar ese obstáculo de pensar que

know one species and then the next generation is born and it's another |||||||||is born|||

species, but that evolution happens gradually and through multiple

mechanisms through time. The idea that that we were this inevitable walk to be processes over time||||||||||certain||| mecanismos a través del tiempo. La idea de que que éramos este inevitable caminar a ser

this in humans or this successful dominant thing - we've hardly been tested yet. ||||||trait|||barely|||

Yeah, you take it air conditioning and delivery food away and we're in trouble. Absolutely! |||||||food||||||in a bind| Si le quitas el aire acondicionado y la comida a domicilio, estamos en problemas. ¡Claro que sí!

Thanks to fossils like Homo naledi, we know that the human story played out ||||||||||||unfolded| Gracias a fósiles como el Homo naledi, sabemos que la historia humana se desarrolló

like a tangled braided stream.We're at the end of one branch near the end. But ||twisted|||||||||||||

we're not the only branch, and along the way, back through time, branches have ||||||||||||branches|

split off to fade out or perhaps even join back with others and combine again. separate|||diminish or disappear||||||||||merge again|

It isn't a tree that grows up and some march towards some ideal best species. It |||||grows upward|||||||ideal|||

trickles out simply forward in time following the landscape carved out by flows||||in one||after|||shaped|| gotea simplemente hacia adelante en el tiempo siguiendo el paisaje esculpido por

natural selection. We're just along for the ride, looking selección natural. Sólo estamos a lo largo del paseo, mirando

back and trying to figure out where we've come from

and who our fellow travelers were along the way. Stay curious. ||||companions||||||

I want to give a special thanks to the Perot Museum of Nature and Science in Dallas Texas for

inviting me up to see these fossils in person and meet the scientists. This is inviting|||||||||||||| invitándome a ver estos fósiles en persona y a conocer a los científicos. Esto es

the first and probably the only time these fossils will be outside of South

Africa and I'm just really honored that I got to be next to them and experience |||||privileged||||||||||

this. They even gave them South African passports. Are you kidding me! |||||||documents of identity|||joking|

They'll be on display through early 2020 as part of an exhibit at the museum |||exhibit|||||||exhibition|||

called Origins. So if you're watching this before then and you find yourself |Origins (1)|||||||||||

in Dallas, go check them out. They aren't paying me to say that...just an awesome

thing and you should know about it. There's links down in the description

and I'll probably have some more to show you from my visit in a few weeks, so stay

tuned. And thanks to everyone who supports the show on Patreon. You are tuned in||||||||||||

awesome! And thanks to you, I get to go see cool stuff like this and share it

with everyone. If you want to join our family go check out the Patreon page.

We've got a lot of cool perks at different levels and you can even join ||||||benefits|||||||also| Tenemos un montón de ventajas en los diferentes niveles e incluso puedes unirte a nosotros.

the ranks of these Galaxy Brain supporters. ||||||advocates