David Pizarro: The strange politics of disgust (1) David Pizarro|||||| ||||siyaset|| Девід|Пісарро|Ці|дивна|політика|про|огидливість David Pizarro: Die seltsame Politik des Ekels (1) David Pizarro: La extraña política del asco (1) David Pizarro : L'étrange politique du dégoût (1) David Pizarro: La strana politica del disgusto (1) 데이비드 피사로 혐오의 이상한 정치 (1) David Pizarro: Dziwna polityka obrzydzenia (1) David Pizarro: A estranha política do nojo (1) Дэвид Писарро: Странная политика отвращения (1) David Pizarro: Tiksintinin garip siyaseti (1) 大衛皮薩羅：奇怪的厭惡政治（1）

00:11 In the 17th century, a woman named Giulia Tofana had a very successful perfume business. ||||||||Giulia Tofana|||||| 00:11 En el siglo XVII, una mujer llamada Giulia Tofana tenía un negocio de perfumes muy exitoso.

For over 50 years she ran it. Durante más de 50 años lo corrió. Per oltre 50 anni l'ha gestita. Более 50 лет она руководила им. It sort of ended abruptly when she was executed — (Laughter) — for murdering 600 men. ||||suddenly|||||||| ||||bruscamente||||giustiziata|||uccidere| Si è interrotto un po' bruscamente quando è stata giustiziata - (Risate) - per aver ucciso 600 uomini. Все закончилось внезапно, когда ее казнили — (Смех) — за убийство 600 человек. You see, it wasn’t a very good perfume. Vedi, non era un profumo molto buono. In fact, it was completely odorless and tasteless and colorless, but as a poison, it was the best money could buy, so women flocked to her in order to murder their husbands. |||||without odor|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||inodore||insapore||incolore||||veleno|||||||||||||||||| In realtà, era completamente inodore, insapore e incolore, ma come veleno, era il migliore che si potesse comprare, quindi le donne accorrevano da lei per uccidere i loro mariti. На самом деле она была совершенно без запаха, без вкуса и цвета, но как яд это было лучшее, что можно было купить за деньги, поэтому женщины стекались к ней, чтобы убить своих мужей. 00:40 It turns out that poisoners were a valued and feared group, because poisoning a human being is a quite difficult thing. ||||avvelenatori|||apprezzato||temuti|||avvelenare|||||||| 00:40 E' emerso che i velenatori erano un gruppo apprezzato e temuto, perché avvelenare un essere umano è una cosa piuttosto difficile. 00:40 Het blijkt dat gifmengers een gewaardeerde en gevreesde groep waren, want het vergiftigen van een mens is best moeilijk. 00:40 Оказывается, отравителей ценили и боялись, потому что отравить человека — дело довольно сложное.

The reason is, we have sort of a built-in poison detector. |||||||||||rilevatore di veleni Il motivo è che abbiamo una sorta di rilevatore di veleno integrato. You can see this as early as even in newborn infants. |||||||||neonati|neonati Si può vedere questo anche nei neonati. Это можно увидеть уже у новорожденных. If you are willing to do this, you can take a couple of drops of a bitter substance or a sour substance, and you’ll see that face, the tongue stick out, the wrinkled nose, as if they’re trying to get rid of what’s in their mouth. ||||||||||||||||amaro||||acida||||||||||||raggrinzato||||||||||||| Se sei disposto a farlo, puoi prendere un paio di gocce di una sostanza amara o acida, e vedrai quella faccia, la lingua fuori, il naso arricciato, come se stessero cercando di liberarsi di ciò che c'è in bocca. Если вы готовы это сделать, вы можете взять пару капель горького вещества или кислого вещества, и вы увидите это лицо, высунутый язык, сморщенный нос, как будто они пытаются избавиться того, что у них во рту. This reaction expands into adulthood and becomes sort of a full-blown disgust response, no longer just about whether or not we’re about to be poisoned, but whenever there’s a threat of physical contamination from some source But the face remains strikingly similar. ||si espande||età adulta|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||contaminazione fisica||||||||sorprendentemente simile| Questa reazione si estende fino all'età adulta e diventa una sorta di completa risposta di disgusto, non solo legata al timore di essere avvelenati, ma ogni volta che c'è la minaccia di contaminazione fisica da qualche fonte. Ma la faccia resta sorprendentemente simile. Эта реакция распространяется во взрослом возрасте и становится своего рода полномасштабной реакцией отвращения, уже не только по поводу того, готовы ли мы быть отравлены или нет, но всякий раз, когда есть угроза физического заражения из какого-то источника. Но лицо остается поразительно похожим. It has expanded more, though, than just keeping us away from physical contaminants, and there’s a growing body of evidence to suggest that, in fact, this emotion of disgust now influences our moral beliefs and even our deeply held political intuitions. ||||||||||||contaminanti fisici||||||||||||||||||||||||||||intuizioni politiche profonde Si è espanso di più, però, che solo tenendoci lontani dai contaminanti fisici, e c'è un corpo crescente di prove a suggerire che, di fatto, questa emozione di disgusto influisce ora sulle nostre convinzioni morali e persino sulle nostre intuizioni politiche profondamente radicate. Тем не менее, оно расширилось не только для того, чтобы держать нас подальше от физических загрязнителей, и появляется все больше свидетельств того, что эта эмоция отвращения на самом деле теперь влияет на наши моральные убеждения и даже на нашу глубоко укоренившуюся политическую интуицию. 01:40 Why this might be the case? 01:40 Perché potrebbe essere questo il caso? 01:40 Почему это может быть так?

We can understand this process by understanding a little bit about emotions in general. Possiamo comprendere questo processo capendo un po' di più sulle emozioni in generale. So the basic human emotions, those kinds of emotions that we share with all other human beings, exist because they motivate us to do good things and they keep us away from doing bad things.So by and large, they are good for our survival. ||||||||||||||||||||motivano|||||||||||||||||||||||| Le emozioni umane di base, quei tipi di emozioni che condividiamo con tutti gli altri esseri umani, esistono perché ci motivano a fare cose buone e ci tengono lontani dal fare cose cattive. Quindi in generale, sono utili per la nostra sopravvivenza. Таким образом, основные человеческие эмоции, те виды эмоций, которые мы разделяем со всеми другими людьми, существуют, потому что они мотивируют нас делать хорошие вещи и удерживают нас от совершения плохих поступков. Так что в целом они хороши для нашего выживания. Take the emotion of fear, for instance. ||||||ad esempio Prendi ad esempio l'emozione della paura. It keeps us away from doing things that are really, really risky. Ci tiene lontani dal fare cose che sono davvero, davvero rischiose. This photo taken just before his death — (Laughter) — is actually a — No, one reason this photo is interesting is because most people would not do this, and if they did, they would not live to tell it, because fear would have kicked in a long time ago to a natural predator. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||predatore naturale Questa foto scattata proprio prima della sua morte - (Risate) - è effettivamente una - No, una ragione per cui questa foto è interessante è perché la maggior parte delle persone non farebbe questo, e se lo facessero, non sopravvivrebbero per raccontarlo, perché la paura si sarebbe scatenata molto tempo fa per un predatore naturale. Just like fear offers us protective benefits, disgust seems to do the same thing, except for what disgust does is keeps us away from not things that might eat us, or heights, but rather things that might poison us, or give us disease and make us sick. Proprio come la paura ci offre benefici protettivi, il disgusto sembra fare lo stesso, tranne che il disgusto ci tiene lontani non dalle cose che potrebbero mangiarci, o dall'altezza, ma piuttosto dalle cose che potrebbero avvelenarci, o darci malattie e renderci malati. So one of the features of disgust that makes it such an interesting emotion is that it’s very, very easy to elicit, in fact more so than probably any of the other basic emotions, and so I’m going to show you that with a couple of images I can probably make you feel disgust So turn away. |||||||||||||||||||||evoke||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||Elicitare||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Quindi una delle caratteristiche del disgusto che lo rende un'emozione così interessante è che è molto, molto facile suscitarlo, infatti più di ogni altra emozione basilare, e quindi vi dimostrerò questo con un paio di immagini che probabilmente vi faranno provare disgusto. Quindi giratevi. I’ll tell you when you can turn back. (Laughter) 02:56 I mean, you see it every day, right?

I mean, come on. Voglio dire, dai. (Laughter) (Risate) 03:01 (Audience: Ewww. 03:01 (Spettatori: Ewww)

03:02 Okay, turn back, if you didn’t look.

03:05 Those probably made a lot of you in the audience feel very, very disgusted, but if you didn’t look, I can tell you about some of the other things that have been shown sort of across the world to make people disgusted, things like feces, urine, blood, rotten flesh. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||feces|urine||| |||||||||||||disgustato/a/i/e|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||feci|urina||carne marcia|carne putrefatta 03:05 Probabilmente molte persone in sala si saranno sentite molto disgustate, ma se non hai guardato, posso parlarti di altre cose che sono state mostrate in tutto il mondo per far sentire le persone disgustate, come feci, urina, sangue, carne marcita.

These are the sorts of things that it makes sense for us to stay away from, because they might actually contaminate us. ||||||||||||||||||||contaminarci| Questi sono tipi di cose da cui ha senso stare lontani, perché potrebbero effettivamente contaminarci. In fact, just having a diseased appearance or odd sexual acts, these things are also things that give us a lot of disgust. |||||malato||||||||||||||||| Infatti, avere un aspetto malato o atti sessuali strani, anche queste sono cose che ci procurano molto disgusto. На самом деле, просто больной вид или странные половые акты тоже вызывают у нас сильное отвращение. 03:33 Darwin was probably one of the first scientists to systematically investigate the human emotions, and he pointed to the universal nature and the strength of the disgust response. ||||||||||indagare su|||||||||||||||||

This is an anecdote from his travels in South America |||aneddoto|||||| 03:46 "In Tierro del Fuego a native touched with his finger some cold preserved meat while I was eating ... and plainly showed disgust at its softness, whilst I felt utter disgust at my food being touched by a naked savage — (Laughter) — though his hands did not appear dirty. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||uncivilized person|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||chiaramente|||||morbidezza||||completo|||||||||selvaggio nudo|selvaggio nudo|||||||| 03:46 "A Tierro del Fuego un nativo toccò con il dito della carne conservata fredda mentre io stavo mangiando ... e chiaramente mostrò disgusto per la sua morbidezza, mentre io provavo disgusto assoluto nel vedere un selvaggio nudo toccare il mio cibo - (Risate) - anche se le sue mani non sembravano sporche.

He later wrote, "It’s okay, some of my best friends are naked savages." ||||||||||||selvaggi nudi Successivamente scrisse: "Va bene, alcuni dei miei migliori amici sono selvaggi nudi." Позже он написал: «Все в порядке, некоторые из моих лучших друзей — голые дикари». (Laughter) (Risate) 04:04 Well it turns out it’s not only old - timey British scientists who are this squeamish. ||||||||d'altri tempi||||||schizzinosi 04:04 Eh bien, il s'avère que ce ne sont pas seulement les vieux scientifiques britanniques qui sont aussi délicats. 04:04 Bene, si scopre che non sono solo gli scienziati britannici di vecchio stile che sono così schifiltosi. 04:04 Оказывается, не только стародавние британские ученые такие брезгливые.

I recently got a chance to talk to Richard Dawkins for a documentary, and I was able to disgust him a bunch of times. ||||||||||||documentario||||||||||| Di recente ho avuto l'opportunità di parlare con Richard Dawkins per un documentario e sono riuscito a disgustarlo molte volte. Here’s my favorite. Ecco il mio preferito. 04:15 Richard Dawkins: "We’ve evolved around courtship and sex, are attached to deep-rooted emotions and reactions that are hard to jettison overnight. |||||corteggiamento e sesso|||||||radicate||||||||abbandonare| 04:15 Richard Dawkins: "Nous avons évolué autour de la cour et du sexe, nous sommes attachés à des émotions et des réactions profondément enracinées qui sont difficiles à abandonner du jour au lendemain. 04:15 Ричард Докинз: «Мы развивались вокруг ухаживания и секса, привязаны к глубоко укоренившимся эмоциям и реакциям, от которых трудно избавиться за одну ночь.

04:25 David Pizarro: So my favorite part of this clip is that Professor Dawkins actually gagged He jumps back, and he gags, and we had to do it three times, and all three times he gagged. ||||||||||||||ha conato||||||conati di vomito|||||||||||||| 04:25 David Pizarro: Donc ma partie préférée de ce clip est que le professeur Dawkins a en fait bâillonné. 04:25 David Pizarro: Dus mijn favoriete deel van deze clip is dat Professor Dawkins eigenlijk kokhalsde. Hij springt terug en hij kokhalst, en we moesten het drie keer doen, en alle drie keer kokhalsde hij. 04:25 Дэвид Писарро: Моя любимая часть этого клипа — это то, что профессору Докинзу на самом деле заткнуло рот. Он отскакивает назад, и ему давится, и нам пришлось сделать это три раза, и все три раза у него был кляп.

(Laughter) And he was really gagging. |||||laughing hard (Gelach) En hij was echt aan het kokhalzen. (Смех) И он действительно задыхался. I thought he might throw up on me, actually. 04:42 One of the features, though, of disgust, is not just its universality and its strength, but the way that it works through association. 04:42 Однако одной из особенностей отвращения является не только его универсальность и сила, но и то, как оно работает через ассоциации.

So when one disgusting thing touches a clean thing, that clean thing becomes disgusting, not the other way around. Поэтому, когда одна отвратительная вещь касается чистой вещи, эта чистая вещь становится отвратительной, а не наоборот. This makes it very useful as a strategy if you want to convince somebody that an object or an individual or an entire social group is disgusting and should be avoided. Это делает его очень полезным в качестве стратегии, если вы хотите убедить кого-то, что объект, человек или целая социальная группа отвратительны и их следует избегать. The philosopher Martha Nussbaum points this out in this quote: "Thus throughout history, certain disgust properties -- sliminess, bad smell, stickiness, decay, foulness -- have been repeatedly and monotonously been associated with ... Jews, women, homosexuals, untouchables, lower-class people -- all of those are imagined as tainted by the dirt of the body" Let me give you just some examples of how, some powerful examples of how this has been used historically. ||||||||||||||||||||decomposition|offensiveness||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||proprietà disgustose|viscidità|||||Sporcizia|||||Monotamente||||||omosessuali|intoccabili||||||||||Contaminati||||||||||||||||||||||||| La philosophe Martha Nussbaum le souligne dans cette citation: «Ainsi, tout au long de l'histoire, certaines propriétés de dégoût - gluosité, mauvaise odeur, collant, pourriture, impuretés - ont été associées de façon répétée et monotone à ... des juifs, des femmes, des homosexuels, des intouchables, des gens de la classe inférieure - tous sont imaginés comme contaminés par la saleté du corps. "Permettez-moi de vous donner quelques exemples de comment, quelques exemples puissants de la façon dont cela a été utilisé historiquement. This comes from a Nazi children’s book published in 1938: "Just look at these guys! The louse-infested beards, the filthy, protruding ears, those stained, fatty clothes... Jews often have an unpleasant sweetish odor. |Pidocchio|Infestate da pidocchi|||sudici|sporgenti|||macchiati|grasse|||||||dolciastro|odore sgradevole dolciastro Заросшие вшами бороды, грязные оттопыренные уши, эта заляпанная жиром одежда... У евреев часто бывает неприятный сладковатый запах. If you have a good nose, you can smell the Jews." A more modern example comes from people who try to convince us that homosexuality is immoral. |||||||||||||omosessualità||immorale Более современный пример исходит от людей, которые пытаются убедить нас в аморальности гомосексуализма. This is from an anti-gay website, where they said gays are "worthy of death for their vile .. sex practices." |||||omosessuali|||||omosessuali|||||||abominevoli|| Это с веб-сайта, направленного против геев, где говорится, что геи «достойны смерти за свои гнусные… сексуальные практики». They’re like "dogs eating their own vomit and sows wallowing in their own feces." ||||||vomito||scrofe|sguazzare|||| ||||seu||||as porcas||||| Они подобны «собакам, поедающим собственную блевотину, и свиноматкам, валяющимся в собственных фекалиях». These are disgust properties that are trying to be directly linked to the social group that you should not like. ||||||||||collegati direttamente||||||||| 06:07When we were first investigating the role of disgust in moral judgment, one of the things we became interested in was whether or not these sorts of appeals are more likely to work in individuals who are more easily disgusted. |||||||||||giudizio morale|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 06:07 Когда мы впервые исследовали роль отвращения в моральном суждении, одна из вещей, которая нас заинтересовала, заключалась в том, сработают ли подобные призывы с большей вероятностью у людей, которые легче вызывают отвращение.

So while disgust, along with the other basic emotions, are universal phenomena, it just really is true that some people are easier to disgust than others. |||||||||||fenomeni universali|||||||||||||| You could probably see it in the audience members when I showed you those disgusting images. The way that we measured this was by a scale that was constructed by some other psychologists that simply asked people across a wide variety of situations how likely they are to feel disgust. Мы измерили это с помощью шкалы, созданной некоторыми другими психологами, которые просто спрашивали людей в самых разных ситуациях, насколько вероятно, что они почувствуют отвращение. So here are a couple of examples. "Even if I were hungry, I would not drink a bowl of my favorite soup if it had been stirred by a used but thoroughly washed fly-swatter." |||||||||||||||||||mescolato||||||||schiacciamosche usato «Даже если бы я был голоден, я бы не выпил тарелку моего любимого супа, если бы он был размешан использованной, но тщательно вымытой мухобойкой». "Do you agree or disagree?" (Laughter) "While you are walking through a tunnel under a railroad track, you smell urine Would you be very disgusted or not at all disgusted?" |||||||galleria ferroviaria|||ferrovia|||||||||||||| (Смех) «Когда вы идете по туннелю под железнодорожными путями, вы чувствуете запах мочи. Будете ли вы испытывать отвращение или совсем не испытывать отвращения?» If you ask enough of these, you can get a general overall score of disgust sensitivity. It turns out that this score is actually meaningful. When you bring people into the laboratory and you ask them if they’re willing to engage in safe but disgusting behaviors like eating chocolate that’s been baked to look like dog poop, or in this case eating some mealworms that are perfectly healthy but pretty gross, your score on that scale actually predicts whether or not you’ll be willing to engage in those behaviors. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||mealworms||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||laboratorio|||||||||||||||||||||||||escrementi di cane|||||||vermi della farina||||||||||||||||||||||||| Когда вы приводите людей в лабораторию и спрашиваете их, готовы ли они участвовать в безопасном, но отвратительном поведении, например, есть шоколад, выпеченный так, чтобы он выглядел как собачьи какашки, или, в данном случае, есть мучных червей, которые совершенно здоровы, но довольно отвратительны, ваш балл по этой шкале на самом деле предсказывает, будете ли вы готовы участвовать в таком поведении. 07:26The first time that we set out to collect data on this and associate it with political or moral beliefs, we found a general pattern -- this is with the psychologists Yoel Inbar and Paul Bloom -- that in fact, across three studies we kept finding that people who reported that they were easily disgusted also reported that they were more politically conservative. |||||||||||||associare|||||||||||||||||Yoel Inbar||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

Another way to say this, though, is that people who are very liberal are very hard to disgust. (Laughter) 07:54In a more recent follow-up study, we were able to look at a much greater sample, a much larger sample. 07:54 В более позднем последующем исследовании мы смогли изучить гораздо большую выборку, гораздо большую выборку.

In this case, this is nearly 30,000 U.S. respondents, and we find the same pattern. intervistati|||||| respondenten, en we vinden hetzelfde patroon. As you can see,people who are on the very conservative side of answering the political orientation scale are also much more likely to report that they’re easily disgusted This data set also allowed us to statistically control for a number of things that we knew were both related to political orientation and to disgust sensitivity. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||statisticamente||||||||||||||||||| Как вы можете видеть, люди, которые очень консервативно относятся к шкале политической ориентации, также гораздо чаще сообщают, что они легко вызывают отвращение. Этот набор данных также позволил нам статистически контролировать ряд вещей, которые, как мы знали, были как связанные с политической ориентацией, так и с чувствительностью к отвращению. So we were able to control for gender, age, income, education, even basic personality variables, and the result stays the same. ||||||||||||||factors|||||| ||||||||||||||variabili di base|||||| 08:30When we actually looked at not just self-reported political orientation, but voting behavior, we were able to look geographically across the nation. ||||||||||||comportamento di voto|||||||geograficamente|||

What we found was that in regions in which people reported high levels of disgust sensitivity, McCain got more votes. |||||||||||||||||||voti So it not only predicted self-reported political orientation, but actual voting behavior. Таким образом, он предсказал не только политическую ориентацию, о которой сообщают сами избиратели, но и реальное поведение при голосовании. And also we were able, with this sample, to look across the world,in 121 different countries we asked the same questions, and as you can see, this is 121 countries collapsed into 10 different geographical regions. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||raggruppati in|||| No matter where you look, what this is plotting is the size of the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation, and no matter where we looked, we saw a very similar effect. ||||||||tracciando|||||||||||||||||||||||| Куда бы вы ни посмотрели, это показывает размер отношения между чувствительностью к отвращению и политической ориентацией, и независимо от того, куда мы смотрели, мы видели очень похожий эффект. Other labs have actually looked at this as well using different measures of disgust sensitivity, so rather than asking people how easily disgusted they are, they hook people up to physiological measures, in this case skin conductance. |altri laboratori|||||||||||||||||||||||||collegano||||||||||conduttanza cutanea D'autres laboratoires ont également examiné cela en utilisant différentes mesures de sensibilité au dégoût, donc plutôt que de demander aux gens à quel point ils sont facilement dégoûtés, ils connectent les gens à des mesures physiologiques, dans ce cas, la conductance cutanée. And what they’ve demonstrated is that people who report being more politically conservative are also more physiologically aroused when you show them disgusting images like the ones that I showed you. ||||||||||||||||fisiologicamente|eccitati fisiologicamente||||||||||||| Interestingly, what they also showed in a finding that we kept getting in our previous studies as well was that one of the strongest influences here is that individuals who are very disgust-sensitive not only are more likely to report being politically conservative, but they’re also very much more opposed to gay marriage and homosexuality and pretty much a lot of the socio-moral issues in the sexual domain So physiological arousal predicted, in this study, attitudes toward gay marriage. |||||||||||||||||||||||più forti||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||socio-morali||||||dominio sessuale|||eccitazione fisiologica|||||||| 10:03But even with all these data linking disgust sensitivity and political orientation, one of the questions that remains is what is the causal link here? ||||||||||||||||||||||collegamento causale|| 10:03Но даже со всеми этими данными, связывающими чувствительность к отвращению и политическую ориентацию, остается один вопрос: какова здесь причинно-следственная связь?

Is it the case that disgust really is shaping political and moral beliefs? Действительно ли отвращение формирует политические и моральные убеждения? We have to resort to experimental methods to answer this, and so what we can do is actually bring people into the lab and disgust them and compare them to a control group that hasn’t been disgusted. |||||sperimentali||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| It turns out that over the past five years a number of researchers have done this, and by and large the results have all been the same, that when people are feeling disgust, their attitudes shift towards the right of the political spectrum, toward more moral conservatism as well. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||cambiano verso destra|||||||spettro politico|||||| So this is whether you use a foul odor, a bad taste, from film clips, from post-hypnotic suggestions of disgust, images like the ones I’ve shown you, even just reminding people that disease is prevalent and they should be wary of it and wash up, right, to keep clean, these all have similar effects on judgment. |||||||sgradevole|||||||spezzoni di film|||post-ipnotico||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Так вот, используете ли вы неприятный запах, неприятный вкус, из видеоклипов, из постгипнотических внушений отвращения, образов, подобных тем, которые я вам показал, даже просто напоминая людям, что болезнь распространена и что им следует опасаться это и умыться, правильно, чтобы сохранить чистоту, все они имеют одинаковое влияние на суждение. 10:58Let me just give you an example from a recent study that we conducted.

We asked participants to just simply give us their opinion of a variety of social groups, and we either made the room smell gross or not.When the room smelled gross, what we saw was that individuals actually reported more negative attitudes toward gay men. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||puzzava||||||||||||||| Disgust didn’t influence attitudes toward all the other social groups that we asked, including African-Americans, the elderly. Отвращение не влияло на отношение ко всем другим опрошенным нами социальным группам, включая афроамериканцев, пожилых людей. It really came down to the attitudes they had toward gay men. На самом деле все сводилось к их отношению к геям. In another set of studies we actually simply reminded people -- this was at a time when the swine flu was going around -- we reminded people that in order to prevent the spread of the flu that they ought to wash their hands |||||||||||||||||influenza suina|||||||||||||||||||||||| В другом наборе исследований мы фактически просто напомнили людям — это было в то время, когда ходил свиной грипп — мы напомнили людям, что для предотвращения распространения гриппа они должны мыть руки