Episode 250 - A History of Smoking [2] الحلقة 250 Episode 250 - Eine Geschichte des Rauchens [2] Episodio 250 - Una historia de fumadores [2] Épisode 250 - L'histoire du tabac [2] 第250回「喫煙の歴史【2】」。 에피소드 250 - 흡연의 역사 [2] Odcinek 250 - Historia palenia [2] Episódio 250 - Uma História de Fumo [2] Эпизод 250 - История курения [2] Bölüm 250 - Sigaranın Tarihi [2] Серія 250 - A History of Smoking [2] 第250集 - 吸烟史 [2] 第250集-吸烟史[2]

Once it was established, the Tobacco Institute was |||kurulduğunda|||| Як тільки він був заснований, Інститут тютюну був 烟草研究所成立后，

hell-bent on trying to preserve its product's reputation. |||||korumak||ürünün| hell-bent on trying to preserve its product's reputation. determinado a tentar preservar a reputação de seu produto. наполегливо намагається зберегти репутацію свого продукту. 一心想维护自己产品的声誉。

Yet, try as it might, it was fighting a losing battle. No entanto, por mais que tentasse, estava travando uma batalha perdida. Проте, як би не намагалися, це була програна битва.

Since the Surgeon General Luther Terry released his bombshell report in 1964, dozens ||||||||şok edici rapor|||

of other reports have come out that linked smoking to chronic illness and death. ||||||||||crônica|||

People might have liked smoking, they might have liked the feeling of smoking cigarettes 人々はタバコを吸うのが好きだったかもしれないし、タバコを吸う感覚が好きだったかもしれない。

but they didn't like the idea of dying, and smokers started quitting the habit and |||||||||||bırakma||| aber der Gedanke an den Tod gefiel ihnen nicht, und die Raucher begannen mit dem Rauchen aufzuhören und

teenagers stopped taking it up, at least to the same degree that they had in previous years. Die Jugendlichen haben es nicht mehr aufgenommen, zumindest nicht mehr im gleichen Maße wie in den Vorjahren. os adolescentes deixaram de o fazer, pelo menos na mesma medida em que o faziam nos anos anteriores.

But it was in the 1980s and 1990s, that tobacco companies started to feel the Doch in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren begannen die Tabakkonzerne den Druck zu spüren.

legal consequences of being more concerned with profit than public health. |sonuçlar||||endişeli||||| 公衆衛生よりも利益を重視することの法的帰結。

In 1996, a man named Dr.

Jeffrey Wigand — a former executive at the U.S.

tobacco company Brown & Williamson — revealed that his company had added ||||açığa çıkardı|||||

harmful chemicals to its products in order to make them more addictive. zararlı|||||||||||

Perhaps the most groundbreaking case, however, was something called the Master Settlement Agreement. |||çığır açan||||||||Anlaşma| |||inovador||||||||| Der vielleicht bahnbrechendste Fall war jedoch der so genannte Master Settlement Agreement. Однако, возможно, самым новаторским делом стало так называемое генеральное соглашение об урегулировании.

In 1998, Brown & Williamson, along with three of the U.S.' largest tobacco companies, would be В 1998 году Brown & Williamson, наряду с тремя крупнейшими табачными компаниями США, будет

forced to pay $206 billion — around €350 billion in today's money— over a period of 25 years. вынуждены выплатить $206 млрд - около 350 млрд евро в сегодняшних деньгах - в течение 25 лет.

The money went towards covering tobacco-related healthcare costs in the United States, |||||||sağlık hizmetleri||||| El dinero se destinó a cubrir los costos de atención médica relacionados con el tabaco en los Estados Unidos,

and the settlement put an end to many of the industry's most harmful marketing efforts. ||uzlaşma||||||||endüstrinin|||| ||||||||||||prejudiciais|| e o acordo pôs fim a muitos dos esforços de marketing mais prejudiciais da indústria. и урегулирование положило конец многим наиболее вредным маркетинговым усилиям отрасли. і мирова угода поклала край багатьом найшкідливішим маркетинговим зусиллям галузі. 该和解协议终止了该行业许多最有害的营销活动。

Many individuals have also succeeded in suing tobacco companies over smoking-related health issues. ||||||起诉||||||| |bireyler|||başarı elde etti||dava açmak||||||| ||||||processando||||||| Viele Einzelpersonen haben auch erfolgreich gegen Tabakunternehmen geklagt, weil sie mit dem Rauchen verbundene Gesundheitsprobleme hatten. Muchas personas también han logrado demandar a las compañías tabacaleras por problemas de salud relacionados con el tabaquismo. Muitos indivíduos também conseguiram processar as empresas de tabaco por problemas de saúde relacionados ao fumo. Багато людей також успішно судилися з тютюновими компаніями через проблеми зі здоров'ям, пов'язані з курінням.

One of the most famous was Howard Engle, a paediatrician who, along with a group of other |||||||英格尔||儿科医生||||||| |||||||||pediatrist|||||||

plaintiffs, other people in the case, successfully sued the tobacco industry in 1994 for 原告|||||||||||| davacılar|||||||dava açtı|||||

smoking-related health problems, forcing the tobacco companies to pay out $145 billion.

And since the start of the 1990s, the leaders of the tobacco industry continue

to face lawsuits like these, and they have paid out hundreds of billions of ||dava açılması||||||||||| para enfrentar demandas como estas, y han pagado cientos de miles de millones de

Euros in damages to both victims of smoking-related illnesses and their families. евро в качестве компенсации ущерба как жертвам заболеваний, связанных с курением, так и их семьям.

And yet, Big Tobacco — the name given to the world's most Und doch ist Big Tobacco - der Name, der dem weltweit größten Tabakkonzern gegeben wurde Y, sin embargo, las grandes tabacaleras, el nombre dado a las empresas más importantes del mundo 然而，烟草巨头——这个世界上最

powerful tobacco companies — shows no sign of going anywhere. mächtigen Tabakkonzerne - ist nicht in Sicht. poderosas tabacaleras— no da señales de ir a ninguna parte. мощных табачных компаний - не подает признаков того, что она куда-то денется. потужні тютюнові компанії — не показує жодних ознак йти кудись. 强大的烟草公司——没有任何迹象表明会消失。

Even though smoking rates in the United States and the U.K. Auch wenn die Raucherquoten in den Vereinigten Staaten und im Vereinigten Königreich

have been falling for decades, and global rates have been falling on the whole, population ||düşen||on yıllar|||||||||| seit Jahrzehnten rückläufig, und die globalen Raten sind insgesamt gesunken, die Bevölkerung

growth has meant that more cigarettes are being smoked by more people than ever before. Das Wachstum hat dazu geführt, dass mehr Zigaretten von mehr Menschen als je zuvor geraucht werden. その結果、これまで以上に多くの人々がタバコを吸うようになった。 рост привел к тому, что больше сигарет выкуривает больше людей, чем когда-либо прежде.

Indeed, in 2019 there were an estimated 7.41 trillion ||||||万亿

cigarettes smoked worldwide by 1.14 billion people.

And although there are more cigarettes being smoked than ever before, and there is И хотя сейчас выкуривается больше сигарет, чем когда-либо прежде, и есть

no shortage of current customers for Big Tobacco, the percentage of adults who smoke |kıtlık|||||||||||| |falta|||||||||||| не испытывает недостатка в нынешних клиентах для Big Tobacco, процент взрослых курящих людей

is falling, and the percentage of teenagers taking up the habit is also falling. ist rückläufig, und auch der Prozentsatz der Teenager, die mit dem Rauchen beginnen, sinkt. está disminuyendo, y también está disminuyendo el porcentaje de adolescentes que adoptan el hábito. снижается, и процент подростков, приобщающихся к этой привычке, также снижается. падає, і відсоток підлітків, які вдаються до цієї звички, також зменшується.

This might be a good thing as far as public health is concerned, Это может быть хорошо с точки зрения общественного здоровья,

but it presents a rather large problem for Big Tobacco. mas representa um grande problema para a Big Tobacco. но это представляет собой довольно большую проблему для Big Tobacco.

Big Tobacco knows that it has an incredibly addictive product that its users A Big Tobacco sabe que tem um produto incrivelmente viciante que seus usuários Big Tobacco знает, что у него есть продукт, вызывающий невероятное привыкание у потребителей.

physically need to use multiple times a day and have great trouble stopping using. precisa fisicamente usar várias vezes ao dia e tem muita dificuldade para parar de usar. Физически необходимо использовать несколько раз в день и очень трудно прекратить использование.

With over a billion smokers worldwide, cigarette companies make vast amounts of Mit mehr als einer Milliarde Rauchern weltweit machen die Zigarettenhersteller riesige Summen mit

money, but the business model isn't sustainable long-term because fewer and fewer ||||||sürdürülebilir||||||

young people are taking up smoking and, well, it's not a nice thing to say but the Jugendliche fangen mit dem Rauchen an, und es ist nicht schön, das zu sagen, aber die

nature of smoking is that it doesn't help its customers live a long and healthy life. Das Wesen des Rauchens besteht darin, dass es seinen Kunden nicht zu einem langen und gesunden Leben verhilft.

In developing countries with less regulation about tobacco advertising, Big Tobacco can continue

to use the same strategies that worked to get hundreds of millions of Americans and Europeans

smoking, but in more regulated environments they need to innovate and develop new products. ||||düzenlenmiş|ortamlar||||yenilik yapmak||||

E-cigarettes, or “vapes”, for example, which allow the user to inhale nicotine through |||电子烟|||||||||| |||buharlaştırıcılar|||||||||| |||||||||||inalar||

vapour, have - as I'm sure you know - become enormously popular in recent years. 蒸汽|||||||||||| buhar||||||||son derece||||

This is particularly true among the younger generation; in

2018, over 20 percent of high school students in the U.S.

vaped — vaped is the word for using an e-cigarette – vs just 8% for cigarettes. |吸电子烟||||||||||||

Many vape brands, it just so happens, are owned by Big Tobacco. |电子烟|||||||||| |vape cihazı|markalar||||||||| Muchas marcas de vape, da la casualidad, son propiedad de Big Tobacco.

Although vaping is considerably less harmful than smoking, it still isn't without its dangers, and |尽管电子烟||||||||||||| |||önemli ölçüde|||||||||||

there have been hundreds of deaths and thousands of lung injuries caused by vaping in the US alone. |||||||||pulmão||||||||

Now, with everything we now know about the tobacco industry, one very

large question remains: what does the future of smoking look like?

As I mentioned at the beginning of this episode, New Zealand plans

to enact a law that will effectively ban anyone currently 14 years |yasalaştırmak||||||||| |promulgar||||||||| para promulgar una ley que prohibirá efectivamente a cualquier persona actualmente 14 años принять закон, который фактически запретит всем, кто достиг 14-летнего возраста ухвалити закон, який фактично заборонить будь-кому, кому зараз виповнилося 14 років

old or younger from purchasing cigarettes for their entire lives. лет или моложе от приобретения сигарет на всю жизнь.

The U.K.

government also recently announced its goal to make England smoke-free by the year 2030.

Tobacco companies like Philip Morris have even proposed what they're calling a ‘smoke-free future,'

in which cigarettes are replaced entirely by smoke-free tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes. bei dem Zigaretten vollständig durch rauchfreie Tabakprodukte, wie E-Zigaretten, ersetzt werden.

Yet there's still no evidence that switching to e-cigarettes Dennoch gibt es immer noch keinen Beweis dafür, dass der Umstieg auf E-Zigaretten

will help cigarette smokers quit tobacco for good. wird Zigarettenrauchern helfen, endgültig mit dem Rauchen aufzuhören.

So, all of this begs the question: will we ever live in a smoke-free world? Entonces, todo esto plantea la pregunta: ¿alguna vez viviremos en un mundo libre de humo?

And will mankind ever be able to wean itself off its addiction to tobacco?

Well, one thing's for sure.

Big Tobacco has been fighting hard for hundreds of years, and for all its

talk about a smoke-free future, it sure isn't going down without a fight. Wenn wir von einer rauchfreien Zukunft sprechen, dann wird sie sicher nicht kampflos aufgegeben.

OK then, that is it for today's episode on the history of smoking.

I hope it's been an interesting one, and that you've learnt something new.

As always, I would love to know what you thought of this episode.

What is the culture towards smoking in your country? Wie sieht die Kultur des Rauchens in Ihrem Land aus?

How has this changed over the course your lifetime? Wie hat sich dies im Laufe Ihres Lebens verändert? Как это изменилось в течение вашей жизни?

What do you think when you hear that a tobacco company wants to help create a “smoke free future”?

I would love to know, so let's get this discussion started. Я хотел бы знать, так что давайте начнем обсуждение.

You can head right into our community forum, which is at

community.leonardoenglish.com, and get chatting to other curious minds.

You've been listening to English Learning for Curious Minds, by Leonardo English.

I'm Alastair Budge, you stay safe, and I'll catch you in the next episode. ||||||||apanho|||||